2025年考研英語（一）閱讀理解詞匯提升與實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練試卷考試時(shí)間：______分鐘總分：______分姓名：______第一部分閱讀理解Text1Theriseofthe"gigeconomy"hasbeenoneofthemostsignificanttransformationsinthelabormarketoverthepastdecade.Fueledbydigitalplatformsthatconnectserviceproviderswithcustomersonaflexible,oftenshort-termbasis,industriesfromtransportationandfooddeliverytofreelancewritingandgraphicdesignhavebeenprofoundlyreshaped.Proponentsarguethatthismodeloffersunparalleledfreedomandautonomy,allowingindividualstochoosetheirhours,projects,andsometimeseventheirboss.Theflexibilityisparticularlyappealingtothoseseekingtobalanceworkwitheducation,caregiving,orothercommitments,ortoescapetherigidstructuresoftraditionalemployment.However,thepictureisnotwithoutitsshadows.Thelackoftraditionalemploymentbenefitssuchashealthinsurance,paidleave,andretirementplansisamajorconcernforgigworkers.Furthermore,theinstabilityinherentingigwork—projectscomingandgoing,incomefluctuating—canleadtosignificantfinancialinsecurity.AstudybytheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,foundthatalargemajorityofgigworkersreportearninglessthan$20,000annually,oftenfarbelowthelivingwageinmanycities.Thisprecariousnessraisesquestionsaboutthelong-termsustainabilityofthisworkmodelforbothworkersandthebroadereconomy.Criticsalsopointtothepotentialforexploitationandtheerosionofworkerrights.Theclassificationofgigworkersasindependentcontractors,ratherthanemployees,oftenmeanstheylackthelegalprotectionsaffordedtotraditionalworkers.Thisincludeslimitationsoncollectivebargainingpowerandfeweravenuesforlegalrecourseagainstunfairtreatment.Theveryflexibilitythatdefinesthegigeconomycaninadvertentlycreateapowerimbalancebetweenplatformcompaniesandtheworkerstheyrelyupon.Astheshareofgigworkintheeconomycontinuestogrow,policymakersaregrapplingwithhowtoregulatethisspaceadequately,ensuringthatitprovidesgenuineopportunitieswithoutcompromisingworkerwelfareorthedynamismoftheeconomy.Questions:1.Accordingtothepassage,whataretheprimaryadvantagescitedbyproponentsofthegigeconomy?2.Whatspecificconcernsareraisedbycriticsregardingthelackoftraditionalbenefitsforgigworkers?3.Howdocriticsarguethattheclassificationofgigworkersaffectstheirlegalstandingandpotentialforcollectiveaction?4.Theword"precariousness"inthesecondparagraphisclosestinmeaningto:a)Unpredictabilityb)Unreliabilityc)Instabilityd)Undignifiedness5.Whatisthemaintensionhighlightedinthepassageregardingthegigeconomy?Text2Theconceptof"cognitiveload"hasgainedconsiderabletractionineducationaltheoryandpracticeoverthepastfewdecades.Originatingfromcognitivepsychology,itreferstotheamountofmentaleffortbeingusedintheworkingmemorywhenlearningorperformingatask.Ifthecognitiveloadexceedsthecapacityofworkingmemory,learningbecomesdifficult,ifnotimpossible.Therearegenerallyconsideredtobethreetypesofcognitiveload:intrinsic,extraneous,andgermane.Intrinsicloadstemsfromtheinherentdifficultyofthelearningmaterialitself.Extraneousloadresultsfrompoorlydesignedinstructionthatconsumescognitiveresources不必要的tothelearningtask.Germanecognitiveload,ontheotherwords,referstothementaleffortdedicatedtoprocessingandunderstandingtheinformation,constructingschemas,andmakingmeaningfulconnections.Educatorsseekingtooptimizelearningenvironmentsoftenstrivetomanagecognitiveloadeffectively.Reducingextraneouscognitiveloadisaprimarygoal,asitfreesupmentalresourcesformoreproductiveprocessing.Thiscanbeachievedthroughclearandconciseinstructions,well-structuredpresentations,andtheuseofvisualaidsthatsupportratherthandistractfromthecorematerial.Simultaneously,instructorsaimtopromotegermanecognitiveloadbyencouragingactivelearningstrategiessuchasproblem-solving,reflection,andtheintegrationofnewknowledgewithpriorunderstanding.Thechallengeliesinbalancingthesefactors;over-simplifyingcontentmightreduceintrinsicloadbutalsolimitdeeperlearning,whileoverlycomplexpresentationscanquicklyoverwhelmlearners.Theapplicationofcognitiveloadtheoryextendsbeyondtraditionalclassroomsettings.Intherealmofuserexperience(UX)design,forinstance,understandingcognitiveloadhelpsdesignerscreateinterfacesthatareintuitiveandeasytonavigate,minimizingthementaleffortrequiredforuserstocompletetasks.Similarly,inonlinelearningplatformsanddigitalcontent,principlesderivedfromcognitiveloadtheorycaninformthedesignofmoreeffectiveandengagingeducationalexperiences.Byacknowledgingthefinitecapacityofworkingmemory,designersandeducatorscancreateenvironmentsandmaterialsthatfacilitatelearningandperformancewithoutcausingcognitivefatigue.Questions:6.Whatisthefundamentalprincipleunderlyingcognitiveloadtheoryasdescribedinthepassage?7.Accordingtothepassage,whataretwostrategieseducatorscanemploytoreduceextraneouscognitiveload?8.Howdoesthepassagedistinguishbetweenintrinsicandgermanecognitiveload?9.Theword"schemas"inthethirdparagraphrefersto:a)Learningmaterialsb)Cognitiveframeworksc)Teachingmethodsd)Mentalfatigue10.Inwhatcontextbeyondtraditionaleducationiscognitiveloadtheoryapplied,asillustratedbythepassage?Text3Therelationshipbetweenurbanizationandenvironmentalqualityhaslongbeenasubjectofintensedebate.Whilecitiesareoftenseenascentersofinnovationandeconomicactivity,theirconcentrationofpeople,industry,andinfrastructureinevitablyplacessignificantstrainonnaturalresourcesandecosystems.Airpollution,stemmingfromvehicleemissions,industrialprocesses,andenergygeneration,isperhapsthemostvisiblemanifestationofthisimpact.Inmanymajorcitiesaroundtheworld,levelsofpollutantslikeparticulatematter(PM2.5)andnitrogenoxides(NOx)frequentlyexceedWorldHealthOrganizationguidelines,leadingtorespiratoryandcardiovascularhealthproblemsforresidents.Beyondtheair,urbanareascontributesignificantlytootherformsofpollutionandenvironmentaldegradation.Waterwaysoftensufferfromcontaminationduetorunoffcarryingchemicals,oils,andwastefromurbansurfaces.Theheatislandeffect,whereurbanenvironmentsaresignificantlywarmerthansurroundingruralareasduetotheprevalenceofimpermeablesurfacesandreducedvegetation,exacerbatesenergyconsumptionforcoolingandcontributestolocalclimatemodification.Additionally,thesheervolumeofwastegeneratedincitiesposesaconsiderablechallengeformanagementanddisposal,withlandfillspacebecomingincreasinglyscarceandenvironmentallyproblematic.Despitethesechallenges,thepassageisnotentirelypessimistic.Manycitiesarenowrecognizingtheneedforsustainableurbanplanningandareimplementingmeasurestomitigatetheirenvironmentalimpact.investmentsinpublictransportation,renewableenergysources,andgreenbuildingstandardscansignificantlyreduceemissionsandenergyconsumption.Greenspaces,bothlargeparksandsmallercommunitygardens,playacrucialroleinimprovingairquality,providingcoolingeffects,andenhancingbiodiversitywithinurbancores.Furthermore,theconcentrationofpeopleincitiescanalsofacilitatetheadoptionandscalingofenvironmentaltechnologiesandinitiatives,potentiallyleadingtomorerapidprogressinsustainabilitythanmightbepossibleinlower-densityruralareas.Questions:11.Whataretwospecifictypesofairpollutionmentionedasresultingfromurbanactivities?12.Howdoesthe"heatislandeffect"describedinthepassagecontributetoenvironmentalandenergy-relatedissuesincities?13.Accordingtothepassage,whataresomemeasuresbeingtakenbycitiestoaddressenvironmentalproblems?14.Theword"mitigate"inthethirdparagraphisclosestinmeaningto:a)Exacerbateb)Ignoringc)Reduced)Sustain15.Whatunderlyingassumptiondoesthepassagesuggestaboutthepotentialforurbanenvironmentstoinfluencebroadersustainabilityefforts?Text4Thefieldofartificialintelligence(AI)haswitnessedexplosivegrowthoverthepastdecade,drivenbyadvancementsincomputingpower,largedatasets,andsophisticatedalgorithms.Fromvirtualassistantsthatcanunderstandandrespondtonaturallanguagecommandstoalgorithmsthatcanidentifypatternsinvastmedical影像datasets,AIsystemsareincreasinglyintegratedintovariousaspectsofdailylifeandprofessionalworkflows.ThisprogresshasgeneratedimmenseexcitementaboutthepotentialforAItosolvecomplexproblems,enhanceproductivity,andimprovehumanlivesinnumerousdomains,includinghealthcare,transportation,andfinance.However,thisrapidadvancementalsobringsforthsignificantethicalconsiderationsandpotentialsocietalchallenges.Issuessurroundingdataprivacyandsecurityareparamount,asAIsystemsoftenrelyonlargeamountsofpersonalinformationtofunctioneffectively.Concernsexistabouthowthisdataiscollected,stored,used,andprotected,particularlyinlightofhigh-profiledatabreachesandmisuseincidents.Thereisalsothequestionofalgorithmicbias,whereAIsystemstrainedonnon-representativedatacanperpetuateandevenamplifyexistingsocietalinequalities,leadingtounfairordiscriminatoryoutcomesinareaslikehiring,loanapplications,andcriminaljustice.Furthermore,thepotentialimpactonemploymentisamajorpointofdiscussion.WhileAIislikelytoautomatecertaintasksandjobscurrentlyperformedbyhumans,italsoholdsthepotentialtocreatenewtypesofjobsanddriveinnovation.Thechallengeliesinmanagingthistransitionsmoothly,ensuringthatworkersdisplacedbyautomationreceiveadequatesupportforretrainingandeducation.Thelong-termeconomicandsocialconsequencesofwidespreadAIadoptionarestilllargelyuncertainandrequirecarefulconsideration.Questions:16.WhatfactorhasbeencitedasakeydriveroftherecentrapiddevelopmentofAI?17.Accordingtothepassage,whataretwomajorethicalconcernsassociatedwiththeincreasinguseofAI?18.HowmightAIsystemscontributetoperpetuatingsocietalinequalities,asdescribedinthepassage?19.Theword"paramount"inthesecondparagraphisclosestinmeaningto:a)Secondaryb)Optionalc)Primaryd)Controversial20.WhatuncertaintydoesthepassagehighlightregardingthefutureimpactofAIontheworkforce?---試卷答案1.Theprimaryadvantagescitedbyproponentsareflexibilityinchoosinghours,projects,andsometimestheboss,andtheabilitytobalanceworkwithothercommitmentslikeeducationorcaregiving.2.Thespecificconcernisthelackoftraditionalbenefitssuchashealthinsurance,paidleave,andretirementplans,leadingtofinancialinsecurity.3.Criticsarguethatclassifyinggigworkersasindependentcontractors,ratherthanemployees,limitstheirlegalprotections(likecollectivebargaining)andreducestheirabilitytoseeklegalrecourseagainstunfairtreatment.4.c)Instability5.Themaintensionisbetweenthebenefitsoffreedomandflexibilityofferedbythegigeconomyandthepotentialdrawbackslikelackofbenefits,financialinsecurity,andreducedworkerrights.6.Thefundamentalprincipleisthatlearningismosteffectivewhencognitiveload(mentaleffortinworkingmemory)ismanaged,avoidingoverloadtofacilitateinformationprocessingandschemaconstruction.7.Twostrategiesareusingclearandconciseinstructionsandemployingwell-structuredpresentationsorvisualaidsthatsupportlearningwithoutaddingunnecessarymentaleffort.8.Intrinsiccognitiveloadreferstotheinherentdifficultyofthematerialitself,whilegermanecognitiveloadreferstothementaleffortdedicatedtoprocessing,understanding,andmakingmeaningfulconnectionswiththeinformationtobuildschemas.9.b)Cognitiveframeworks10.Cognitiveloadtheoryisappliedinuserexperience(UX)designtocreateintuitiveinterfacesthatminimizementaleffortrequiredforuserstocompletetasks,similartoho