【Chapter1】1. Whatisaword?Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensound,meaningandsyntacticfunction. 2. Inwhatwayarewordsrelatedtovocabulary?Vocabularyreferstothesumtotalofallthewordsofalanguage.Inotherwordsvocabularyiscomposedofwordsandwordsmakeupvocabulary.Ifwecomparevocabularytoafamily,wordsarefamilymembers.3. Illustratetherelationshipbetweensoundandmeaningwithexamples.Soundisthephysicalaspectofawordandmeaningiswhatthesoundrefersto.Soundandmeaningarenotintrinsicallyrelatedandtheirconnectionisarbitraryandconventional.Forexample,tree/tri:/means樹inEnglishbecausetheEnglish-speakingpeoplehaveagreedtodosojustasChinesepeopleuse/shù/(樹)torefertothesamething.Thisexplainswhypeopleofdifferentlanguagesusedifferentsoundstoexpressthesameconcept.However,inthesamelanguage,thesamesoundcandenotedifferentmeaningse.g./rait/canmeanright,riteandwrite.4. EnumeratethecausesforthedifferencesbetweensoundandformofEnglishwords.Therearegenerallyfourmajorcausesofthedifferencesbetweensoundandform.Theyare:(1)morephonemesthanlettersinEnglish,sothereisnowaytouseonelettertorepresentonephoneme;(2)thestabilizationofspellingbyprinting,whichbreaksthesynchronizedchangeofsoundandspelling;(3)influenceoftheworkofscribes,whodeliberatelychangedthespellingsofwordsand(4)borrowing,whichintroducesmanywordswhichareagainstEnglishrulesofpronunciationandspelling.5. GiveexamplestoshowtheinfluenceofearlyscribesonEnglishspelling.Earlyscribeschangedthespellingofmanywordswhilecopyingthingsforothersbecausetheoriginalspellingformsincursivewritingweredifficultforpeopletorecognize,suchassum,cum,wuman,munkandsoon.Later,theletteruwithverticallineswasreplacedwitho,resultinginthecurrentspellingformslikesome,come,woman,monk.Thechangedspellingformsaremoredistinguishabletoreaders.6. Whatarethecharacteristicsofthebasicwordstock?WordsofthebasicwordstockformthecommoncoreoftheEnglishlanguage.Theyarethewordsessentialtonativespeakers’dailycommunication.Suchwordsarecharacterizedbyallnationalcharacter,stability,polysemy,productivityandcollocability.7. Choosethestandardmeaningfromthelistontherighttomatcheachoftheslangwordsontheleft.(1) loosewoman (2) fellow(3) pistol (4) great(5) coward (6) fight(7) police (8) drunk(9) woman (10)girl8. Givethemodernequivalentsforthefollowingarchaicwords.haply=perhaps albeit=althoughmethinks=itseemstome eke=also sooth=truth morn=morning troth=pledge ere=beforequoth=said hallowed=holy billow=wave/thesea bade=bid9. Explainneologismswithexample.Neologismsrefertonewlycoinedwordsoroldwordswithnewmeanings.Forexample,euro(Europeandollar),e-book,COVID-19(新冠肺炎),netizen(網(wǎng)民)arenewlycoinedwords.Wordslikemouse（鼠標(biāo)），web（網(wǎng)絡(luò)），spaceshuttle(航天飛機(jī))etc.areoldwordswhichhaveacquirednewmeanings.10. Whatisthefundamentaldifferencebetweencontentwordsandfunctionalwords?Bynotionwordsfallintocontentwordsandfunctionalwords.Contentwordsincludenouns,verbs,adjectivesandadverbs,whichhaveclearnotionswhereasfunctionalwordsareavoidofnotionsbutaremainlyusedtoconnectcontentwordsintosentences.Contentwordsarenumerousandchangingallthetime,whilefunctionalwordsaresmallinnumberandstable.Butfunctionalwordshaveamuchhigherfrequencyinusethancontentwords.11. HowdoyouaccountfortheroleofnativewordsinEnglishinrelationtoloan-words?NativewordsformasmallportionoftheEnglishvocabulary,buttheymakeupthemainstreamofthebasicword-stockwhichbelongstothecommoncoreoftheEnglishlanguage.Comparedwithmostloan-words,nativewordsaremostlyessentialtonativespeakers’dailycommunicationandenjoyamuchhigherfrequencyinactualuse.12. Categorizethefollowingborrowedwordsintodenizens,aliens,translationloansandsemanticloans.Denizens Aliens Translationloans Semanticloanskettle confrere chopstick deamdie typoon blackhumourskirt propatria typhoonwall Wunderkind longtimenoseehus