２４Chapter1IntroductionInthischapter,thebackgroundoftheresearch,thepracticalsignificanceandtheoreticalsignificanceoftheresearch,thepurposeoftheresearch,andtheresearchmethodofthisthesisareexpoundedandintroduced,soastoprovideabettertheoreticalbasisforthesubsequentresearchofthethesis.BackgroundoftheresearchAstheprocessofglobalintegrationaccelerates,communicationbetweencountriesisbecomingmoreandmorefrequent,andMoreandmorebusinessactivitiesarealsoincreasing.Intoday'scross-culturalbusinesscommunicationenvironment,businesspeoplewillhavemoreandmoreface-to-facecontact.Culturalconsciousnesswillbecomestrongerintheirconfrontationwitheachother.Culturaldifferenceswillinevitablyleadtosomecommunicationmisunderstandingsorcommunicationconflicts.It'sbadforbusiness.Forthepurposeofcross-culturalbusinesscommunicationtasks,businesspeopleinvolvedinitshouldconsidersomestrategiestodealwiththesecommunicationmisunderstandingsorcommunicationconflicts.Itspurposeistoadaptoneselftothenewculture-thecoexistenceofdifferentculturesinthecross-culturalbusinesscommunicationenvironment.Thus,linguisticandculturaldifferencesmakenonverbalcommunicationmoreimportant,andnonverbalcommunicationisoneofthemostimportantstrategiesthatcanbeadoptedinthesesituations.Whenitcomestocommunication,peoplefirstthinkofverbalcommunication,whileignoringnon-verbalcommunication.Infact,nonverbalcommunicationcanconveydifferentmeaningsthroughbody,expression,personalityandfont,andeventhroughdistance,sound,colorandsoon.Alargeproportionofcommunicationtakesplaceintheformofnon-verbalcommunication.Non-verbalcommunicationismoreimportant.Somestudieshaveevenshownthat"nonverbalsignalssometimesplayamoredecisiverolethanverbalmessagesindeterminingtheeffectivenessofcommunication,Thestudyoftheapplicationofnon-verbalcommunicationincross-culturalcommunicationcanprovideatheoreticalbasisforbettercross-culturalbusinesscommunicationandprovidereferencesforitsapplication,whichcandeepentheunderstandingandapplicationofnon-verbalcommunicationbybreakingdownthebarriersofcommunicationbetweendifferentcultures,andmakeitbecomeanimportanttoolforthesuccessofnonverbalcommunicationSignificanceofthestudyIncross-culturalbusinesscommunication,peopleoftenonlypayattentiontoverbalcommunication,butignorenon-verbalcommunication.Infact,understandingandmasteringtheknowledgeandapplicationofnon-verbalcommunicationwillhelpbusinesspeopleachievemoresuccess.Thisthesiswillexplainthesignificanceofnon-verbalcommunicationinbusinesscommunicationmoreclearlybyanalyzingtheapplicationofbodylanguage,gestureandspaceconceptincross-culturalbusinesscommunication.Itfurtherexplainstheimportanceofunderstandingandcontrollingone'sownnon-verbalcommunicationcuesandaccuratelyunderstandingtherealinformationcontainedinthesignalssentbytheotherparty,andputsforwardrelevantsuggestions.Thisthesisexpandstheresearchandapplicationofnon-verbalfactors,providesguidelineandbasisfortheapplicationofnon-verbalfactorsinbusinesscommunication,andprovidespracticalbasisandreferenceforenterprisestoapplynon-verbalfactorsinbusinesscommunication,andprovidesguidanceandmethodologyforthedevelopmentofnon-verbalcommunicationfactorsandbusinesscommunicationinthefuture.1.3ResearchObjectivesBystudyingdomesticandforeignliteraturesrelatedtononverbalfactorsandcross-culturalcommunication,thisthesisfocusesontheanalysisofnonverbalfactorssuchasbodylanguage,spatialconcept,imageandodor,expandstheimpactofsuggestivenonverbalfactorsoncross-culturalbusinesscommunication,andfurtherstudiesthespecificapplicationsincross-culturalbusinesscommunicationthroughcaseanalysis.Comparedwiththeliteratureonnonverbalcommunicationincross-culturalbusinesscommunicationofthesameperiod,thisthesisproposesmoreperfectnonverbalcommunicationguidelinesandnegotiationstrategiesincross-culturalbusinesscommunication,andprovidesspecificsuggestionsforenterprisesandorganizations.Thespecificresearchobjectivesofthisthesisareasfollows:(1)Toanalyzetheimportanceofnon-verbalcommunication:exploretheimportanceofnon-verbalcommunicationforinformationtransmission,relationshipbuildingandcooperationinacross-culturalbusinessenvironment.(2)Toexplorenon-verbalelements:delveintonon-verbalelements,includingbodylanguage,spatialconcepts,etc.,tounderstandhowtheyplayaroleinbusinesscommunication.(3)Toanalyzetheimpactofnon-verbalcommunicationonbusinessnegotiations:studytheroleofnon-verbalcommunicationinbusinessnegotiations,includingitsimpactonnegotiationresultsandresolvingpotentialculturaldifferences.(4)Putforwardpracticalapplicationsuggestions:developspecificnonverbalcommunicationguidelinesandinternationalbusinessnegotiationstrategiestohelppractitionersusenonverbalcommunicationmoreeffectivelyincross-culturalbusinessenvironments.1.4MethodologyCasestudymethod:Intheparagraph-by-paragraphanalysisofnonverbalcommunication,anumberofexamplesfromcross-culturalbusinesscommunicationwereselectedandgiventofurtherillustratetheapplicationofnonverbalcommunicationinavarietyofareasrangingfrombusinesstopolitics,sports,andentertainment.Afterapartialanalysisofnonverbalcommunication,acasestudyoccurredincross-culturalbusinesscommunication.Backgroundontheapplicationofnonverbalcommunicationandamoviecasewillbegiven.Thefirstcasedemonstratestheuseofeyebehavior,silenceandtheconceptoftimebythebusinesspeopleinvolved,whicharerelatedtobodylanguage,ambientlanguageandparalanguage,respectively.ThesecondcaseillustratestheapplicationofnonverbalcommunicationwiththeexampleofChinaPartners,amoviethatcontainsalargenumberofelementsaboutinternationalbusinessnegotiationsandisaclassicofitskind.Inthismovie,theuseofnonverbalcommunicationwassuccessfulwiththejointeffortsofthecrewandactors,whichplayedakeyroleinthesuccessofthismovie.Relevantaspectsofnonverbalcommunicationincludefacialexpressions,eyebehavior,gestures,personalspace,timeframing,dressandmake-up.Andthiscasedemonstratestheuseofbodylanguage,environmentallanguageandobjectivelanguage.Literature

researchmethod:UseCNKI,VIP,Wanfangandotherdatabasestocompletethethesisretrievalrelatedtothegraduationthesis;Makeuseoflibraryresourcestoconsulttherelevanttheoreticalcontent;MakefulluseoftheInternettosearchandcollectinformation,soastoprovideareliablebasisforthethesisandcompletetheapplicationofnon-verbalcommunicationincross-culturalbusinesscommunicationresearch.

Chapter2LiteratureReviewThischapterwillintroducethebasictheoriesaboutnon-linguisticfactorsandanalyzetheresearchstatusofdomesticandforeignliterature,putforwardtheirownviews,andelaboratethestudyofnon-verbalcommunicationinbusinesscommunication.2.1DomesticResearchStatusWiththeaccelerationoftheworldintegrationprocessandtherapiddevelopmentoftheworldeconomy,cross-culturalbusinessactivitiesarealsoincreasing.Duetothedifferencesinlanguageandculture,howtocommunicateandnegotiateinbusinessactivitiesbecomesmoreimportant.In1999,ChineselinguistsHuWenzhongandBiJiwan(1991:25)proposedthatthefunctionsofnon-verbalbehaviorincludesymbolicaction,emotionalaction,adaptiveaction,illustrativeactionandregulatoryaction.Bythe1980s,thestudyofnon-verbalcommunicationwasmoreextensive,anditalsopenetratedintootherfields,providingguaranteeforthedevelopmentofotherfields.ChengXiaoyan(2015:34-35)believedthatasearlyasintheancienttimeswhentherewasnolanguage,whenprimitivehumanswantedtoconveyinformationandexchangefood,theycouldonlydosothroughnon-verbalcommunicationmeans,suchasgesturesandbodymovements.Therefore,inthatperiodoflanguageabsence,non-verbalcommunicationplayedaroleinreplacingverbalcommunication.LanYan(2017:387)systematicallyanalyzedandstudiednon-verbalcommunicationinbusinessEnglishcommunicationfromfiveaspects:gesturelanguage,facelanguage,bodylanguage,eyelanguage,businessetiquetteanddressing.Accordingtothebook"NonverbalCommunication"translatedbyMengXiaopingetal.(1991:12),nonverbalcommunicationhasthreebasicfunctions:supplement,substituteandemphasize.Inaddition,thefunctionsofrefutation,repetitionandadjustmentofverbalcommunicationshouldnotbeignored.LiuXiuqin(2020:72-75)believesthatnon-verbalcommunicationisasimportantasverbalcommunication.Itcanconveydifferentmeaningsthroughbody,dress,expression,hairstyle,personalityandfont,andeventhroughdistance,soundandcolor.YueJiaxin(2023:39-72)believesthatnon-verbalcommunicationcanreplace,supplementandregulateverbalcommunicationincross-culturalcommunication.Itcanbeseenthatthestudyofnon-verbalcommunicationisnolongerapurelylinguisticcategory,anditisattractingextensiveattentionfromsociologists,psychologistsandsocialfields.Theroleplayedbynon-verbalcommunicationwillpushthebehaviorofcross-culturalcommunicationtoanewlevel.Evenwiththedevelopmentofnon-verbalcommunication,itplaysanincreasinglyimportantrole.Itsapplicationcanbreakthecommunicationbarrierbetweendifferentculturalbackgroundsandenablethecommunicativepartiestocarryouteffectivecommunicationandachievethepurposeofsuccessfulcommunicativenegotiation.Whenusingnon-verbalcommunicationinbusinessactivities,weshouldtakeintoaccounttheparticularityofdifferentcultures,soastoavoidambiguityandmistakesincommunication.Thisthesiswillanalyzeandstudytheapplicationofbodylanguage,spatialconcept,imageandinitiallanguageincross-culturalbusinesscommunication.Asafieldofnon-verbalcommunication,thehistoryofcross-culturalbusinesscommunicationisalsoarelativelynewfield.Domesticresearchisnotveryextensive,scatteredintheuniversitybusinessschooltextbooks,suchasProfessorZhaoShumingandProfessorZhuangEnping'sresearchandtextbooks,inrecentyearswiththeincreaseanddevelopmentofbusinesseconomy,itbegantohavefurtheracademicresearch.AccordingtoZhangYijuan(2006:11),themainproblemincross-culturalcommunicationisthatduetodifferencesinlanguagehabits,lifehabitsandwaysofthinking,thecommunicativepartiescannotcommunicatewitheachotheraccordingtotheirpreviousvaluesorsocialcommonsense,norcantheyadapttoeachother'sculture,resultinginalotofmisunderstandingsorconfusion,whichisactuallyamanifestationofcultureshock.LiuYan(2007:113)believesthatthekeyissuesincurrentresearchoncross-culturalbusinesscommunicationinclude:(1)therelationshipbetweencultureandbusiness;(2)Theroleoflanguageininterculturalcommunication;(3)Theroleofteaminbusinessculture;(4)Theinfluenceofcultureonenterprisemanagement.XueZhenduo(2014:21)proposedinhisresearchonNewPerspectivesofCross-culturalBusinessCommunicationthatthecurrentresearchperspectivesandmainideasofcross-culturalbusinesscommunicationinChinamainlyfocusonculturalcomparisonatthemacrolevelsuchasnationalculturalcontrast,nonverbalcommunication,culturaldifference,culturalintegrationandculturalconflictincross-culturalcommunicationtheories.Generally,itcanbedividedintothefollowingfourresearchcategories:Thefirsttypeprovidesguidanceforcross-culturalbusinesscommunication.Thesecondcategorydiscusseshowtocultivatecross-culturalcommunicationadaptability,improvecross-culturalbusinesscommunicationabilityandhowtoenhancecross-culturalawareness.Thethirdcategorycomparesthedifferencesofdifferentculturalcommunicationmodes,andstudiestheinfluenceofculturalvariantsonpeople'svaluesandbehaviorsinthebusinessenvironment.Thefourthtypeisengagedinthestudyofbusinesscommunicationstyle,comparingthespecificcommunicativestyleofdifferentcultures.HeSiqi(2019:118-119)believesthatbyimprovinginterculturalunderstandingininternationalbusinessnegotiationsaccordingtotheculturalattributesoftheotherparty,makingculturallyacceptablephysicalcontactorbehavior,clearlyrecognizingoneselfandrespectingtheotherparty'sculture,onecanbecomeawinnerincross-culturalcommunication.ItcanbeseenthattheaboveresearchisofgreathelpandcontributiontoenrichingChina'scross-culturalbusinesscommunicationresearchtheoryandconstructingteachingsystem.Thedisadvantageisthatitneglectstoanalyzetheroleandinfluenceofself-culturalidentityoncross-culturalbusinesscommunicationfromthemicrolevel,soastosolvethepracticalproblemsincross-culturalbusinesscommunication.Therefore,inthestudyofcross-culturalbusinesscommunication,thisthesiswillanalyzetheuniversalityandparticularityofnon-verbalfactors.Consideringtheparticularityofdifferentcultures,itwillprovidecorrespondingsuggestionsandcountermeasurestoavoidambiguityandmistakesincommunication.Basedontheaboveunderstanding,itisnecessarytoprovidetimelyguidanceonnon-verbalcommunicationtocultivatethesocialandculturalabilityofbusinesspeople.Itcanmakeaqualitativeleapintheircross-culturalcommunicationabilityandachievethedesiredgoalinbusinesscommunication.2.2CurrentstatusofforeignresearchComparedwithverbalcommunication,non-verbalcommunicationhasamuchshorterhistory.Therearen'tthatmanyclassicbooks.However,allagreethattheappearanceofabookcalledPhysicsandCharactermarkedthebeginningofresearchinthisfield.Thebookwaspublishedinthe1920s.Forthenexttwentyorthirtyyears,IntroductiontoKinesiologyandTheSilentLanguageweretwoofthemoreimportantbooksinthefield.Inparticular,EdwardT.(1973:113),publishedin1959,isconsideredtobethefounderofthestudyofcross-culturalcommunication.Sincethen,ithasalsobecomeaclassicinthefield.AccordingtoMalandzi(1989:12),"Nonverbalcommunicationiscommunicationwithoutwords.GuoMingchenandWillianJ(2007:85)defineitas"theunspokenattributesoractionsofapersonknowntosociety,whicharepurposefullytransmittedorperceivedasbeingpurposefullytransmittedbythesenderandconsciouslyreceivedbythereceiverwiththepossibilityoffeedback."Itcanbeseenthatwesternscholarsputforwardmoredefinitionsofnon-verbalcommunication,andtheybelievethatallformsofexpressioninverbalcommunicationexceptthespokenwordsbelongtothenon-verbalcategory.Theyandlanguageexpressionshaverichculturalconnotations.BasedontheanalysisandresearchofWesternscholars,thisthesiswillfurtheranalyzetheapplicationanduseofnon-verbalcommunicationinbusinesscommunication.IntheprocessofbusinessEnglishcommunication,inrecentyears,especiallyinthepast15years,businesscommunicationexpertshavepaidmoreandmoreattentiontothestudyofcross-culturalbusinesscommunication.Theirarticleshavebeenfeaturedinmanyinternationaljournals,includingTheJournalofBusiness,BusinessCommunicationQuarterlyandManagementCommunicationQuarterly.Alltheaboveworksorstudiescantellpeoplesomespecificrulesaboutacertaincountryoraspecificoccasion,andsomeofthemcanprovidesomeguidanceforbusinesspeopleengagedincross-culturalbusinesscommunication.AsthelinguistDavidAbercrombiepointsout,"Wetalkwithourvocalorgans,butwetalkwithourwholebodies."Itcanbeseenthatnonverbalcommunicationplaysanimportantroleintheprocessofhumancommunication.AccordingtoLaurak,Samovar(2000)etal.(2000:149),"Non-verbalcommunicationreferstoallthenon-verbalstimuligeneratedbythesenderandhisorheruseoftheenvironmentinthecommunicativeenvironment,whichhavepotentialinformationvaluetothesenderorreceiver.Fromthis,weknowthatnon-verbalcommunicationwilloccurnomatterwhetherpeopleintendtocommunicateornot,andtheoccurrenceofnon-verbalcommunicationhasnothingtodowithpeople'sbehavioralintentions.Therefore,howtobetterapplynon-verbalcommunicationandsuccessfullyconductbusinessnegotiationshasbecomethefocusofresearch.Thus,itcanbeseenthatnon-verbalcommunicationplaysadiversifiedroleinverbalcommunicationinbusinessnegotiations.Previousrelevantstudiesmostlyfocusedonthedetaileddifferentiationofthefunctionsandtypesofnon-verbalfactors.Thisthesiswillfocusontheanalysisoftheapplicationofnon-verbalfactorsinbusinesscommunicationandconductfurtherresearchonthesuggestivelanguagefactors.Itwilladdandprovidecommunicationguidelinesfornon-verbalelementsofbusinesscommunication,andmakerecommendationstorelevantenterprisesandorganizations.Therefore,thestudyoftheapplicationofnon-verbalcommunicationincross-culturalcommunicationwillcontributetothesuccessofbusinessnegotiations.2.3Theoreticalbase2.3.1Non-linguisticfactorMehrabianA(2017:6-27)proposedthatnonverbalbehaviorisameansofnonverballanguagecommunication,whichisallformsofexpressioninwhichcommunicatorsusetheirnaturalcharacteristicsandinstinctstoconveyinformationandexpressthoughtstoeachother.Psychologicalresearchshowsthatinface-to-faceinterpersonalcommunication,morethanhalfoftheinformationexchangeisachievedthroughsilentnon-verbalcommunication.LiuChenhua(2022:92-94)believesthatnonverbalcommunicationmainlyincludesbodylanguage,paralanguage,objectlanguageandenvironmentallanguage,amongwhichcorrespondenceisbestreflectedinbodylanguage,spatialconcept,imageandodor.Nonverbalcommunicationisanindispensablepartofculture,justlikelanguage.Therefore,understandingthiscomplexandinterestingsilentlanguagecanhelpusobtainmoreusefulsocialinformation.Thisthesiswillgiveabriefanalysisandexamplebasedonthethreemostclassicaspects,especiallyitsapplicationincross-culturalbusinessnegotiations.2.3.2Cross-culturalbusinesscommunicationSincetheIndustrialRevolution,withthecontinuousdevelopmentofglobalization,people'sinternationalbusinessactivitieshavebecomeincreasinglyfrequent.(LiuShasha,2016:218)Bothorganizationsandindividualshaveaccumulatedalotofwealththroughinternationalbusinessdealings.Therefore,internationalbusinesscommunicationhasanimportantvalueandstatusininternationalbusinessactivities,andthesuccessorfailureofnegotiationsisoftenrelatedtothegainandlossofgreatinterests.Sobothsideswilltrytoreachaconsensusandgaintheirowninterests.Asamediumofcommunication,languageplaysaveryimportantroleintheprocessofbusinesscommunication.Duetothedifferentculturalbackgroundsandinterestsofthetwosides,thespeechexpressionshouldchangeaccordingtothesituation,andthelanguagestrategyshouldbeusedfordifferentobjects.Therefore,theuseofnon-verbalfactorshasbecomeanimportantpartofcross-culturalbusinesscommunication.

Chapter3NonverbalCommunicationinCross-CulturalBusinessSettingsThischapterwillexplorenonverbalelements:itwilldelveintononverbalelements,includingbodylanguage,spatialconcepts,etc.,andhowtheyplayaroleinbusinesscommunication,anditwillanalyzetheimpactofnonverbalcuesonbusinessnegotiation,anditwilldemonstratetheapplicationofthestudyofnonverbalcommunicationincross-culturalcommunicationthroughtheuseofcasestudymethodologytogiveexamples.3.1NonverbalelementsNon-verbalcommunicationcanusenon-verbalcodeintuitively,effectivelyandaccurately,sothatthecommunicativeactorsandreceiverscanunderstandeachother'sinformationandjudgeeachother'srealintention.Throughthethoroughstudyofliterature,itisfoundthatmanyscholarsonlyselectacertaincategoryofbodylanguage,paralinguistics,objectlanguageandenvironmentallanguageforplanninganalysis,anddonotcarryoutagreementanalysisontheirrepresentativeorcommonnon-linguisticfactors.Therefore,thisthesiswillanalyzetheapplicationofnon-linguisticfactorsincross-culturalcommunicationbyanalyzingthemostcommonandrepresentativebodylanguage,spatialconcept,imageandinitiallanguage.3.1.1BodyLanguageBodylanguagewasfirstproposedbytheAmericanpsychologistBodstel(1952):themovementsandorgansofthemotormusclesinvariouspartsofthehumanbodycanexpressandcommunicateinformation,feelings,attitudes-thebodyistheinformation.Bodylanguageincludessocialdistance,gaze,gesture,posture,expressionandsoon.Bodylanguageisaverycommonformofnon-verbalcommunication,whichmainlyincludesheadmovements,limbsandrelatedpostures.Differentposturesexpressdifferentemotionalstates,andthroughdifferentbodylanguage,wecanunderstandtherelationshipandemotionsbetweenthetwoparties.Throughbodylanguage,wecanunderstandtherelationshipandemotionsbetweenthetwoparties.Throughbodygesturesandhandgestures,wecanaccuratelyexpressconfusion,doubt,excitementandothermentalactivities,however,duetothedifferentregionsandcultures,therearegreatdifferencesintheexpressionofbodylanguage.Forexample,intheUnitedStates,ifoneofthepartiesputsonefootupintheprocessofcommunication,itisinfactasignofcomfort,butifthisbehaviorisinsomeMiddleEasterncountries,itwillberegardedasasignofcontemptfortheotherparty.Therefore,whenusingbodylanguageinbusinessEnglishcommunication,itisnecessarytotakeintoaccountlocalcustomsandculturesandusebodylanguageflexibly,soastocompletethenonverbalcommunicationinbusinessEnglishefficiently.Bodylanguageisaverycommonformofnon-verbalcommunication,whichmainlyincludesheadmovements,limbsandrelatedpostures.Differentposturesexpressdifferentemotionalstates,andthroughdifferentbodylanguage,wecanunderstandtherelationshipandemotionsbetweenthetwoparties.Throughbodylanguage,wecanunderstandtherelationshipandemotionsbetweenthetwoparties.Throughbodygesturesandhandgestures,wecanaccuratelyexpressconfusion,doubt,excitementandothermentalactivities,however,duetothedifferentregionsandcultures,therearegreatdifferencesintheexpressionofbodylanguage.(cf.Cheng,Xiaoyan,2015:34)Forexample,intheUnitedStates,ifoneofthepartiesputsonefootupintheprocessofcommunication,itisinfactasignofcomfort,butifthisbehaviorisinsomeMiddleEasterncountries,itwillberegardedasasignofcontemptfortheotherparty.Therefore,whenusingbodylanguageinbusinessEnglishcommunication,itisnecessarytotakeintoaccountlocalcustomsandculturesandusebodylanguageflexibly,soastocompletethenonverbalcommunicationinbusinessEnglishefficiently.3.1.2SpatialconceptAmbientlanguagereferstothespatialinformationthatbothsidesofthecommunicationneed,thatis,theclosedistance.Edward,Americananthropologist.Hallbelievesthatalthoughspatialdistanceisnotaudible,theuseofspacecanconveyinformationaswellaslanguage(EdwardT.Hall.1973:113).Thisconceptismainlybasedondifferentcultures'understandingof"closeness"and"distance".Asianshaveaverystrongconceptofgroup,believingthatthecollectiveistheunit,andindividualsshouldbeintegratedintothecollective,andthiskindof"aggregated"behaviormakesAsiansbelievethatpeoplewhoareclosetoeachothershouldbeclosetoeachotherspatially,whilepeopleinEuropeandtheUnitedStatesattachgreatimportancetoprivatespace,andwillnotgettooclosetoeachothereveniftheyareverycloserelatives.Asians,representedbytheChinese,willtaketheinitiativetoapproachtheotherpartyinbusinesscommunicationtoshowtheirfriendship,whereasiftheotherpartyisaEuropeanorAmerican,theywillnotbetooclosetotheotherpartywhoispracticingthe"discrete"styleofcommunication.IfthecommunicatorisaEuropeanorAmericanwhofollowsa"discrete"patternofbehaviorandemphasizesindependenceandtheimportanceoftheprivatesphere,thedeliberateapproachoftheChineseisinappropriate,andthefirstreactionoftheEuropeanorAmericanistomovebackward,whichinturnmakestheChinesefeelveryuncomfortable.(LiZhi,2016:33)Spatialconceptsandbodylanguageareoftencombined,andfailuretomasterthesespatialconceptsinbusinesscommunicationbetweencountriesandnationsisconsideredrude.Inbusinesscommunication,theappropriateuseofproximitycanhelpthesmoothimplementationofcommunicationbehavior.Westernersemphasizedistanceinordertoshowrespect,whileChinesepeopleuseintimatedistancetoshowtheirwillingnesstosharetheirhappinessandtoadvanceandretreattogether.Thesizeofthecommunicationspacebetweenthetwopartiesdependsontheculturalbackgroundofthetwoparties.IntheUnitedStatesandmostotherNordiccountries,thesafedistanceforpeopletotalktoeachotherrangesfrom46cmto92cm,whereasinLatinAmericaandSouthernEuropeancountries,thedistanceforpeopletotalktoeachothermostlyrangesfrom15cmto46cm,andpeopleintheUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStateshavetokeepadistanceof7.6cmto11cmwhenwalkingwitheachother,andtheChinesehavetokeeparelativedistancebetweenpeopleofoppositesexeswhenwalkingwitheachother.Chinesepeoplealsokeeparelativedistancebetweenpeopleoftheoppositesex,whilepeopleofthesamesexkeepaveryclosedistanceandevenhavethephenomenonoftouchingeachother'slimbs.Onlybyfullyunderstandingtheprinciplesofcommunicationdistancebroughtaboutbytheculturesofdifferentcountriescanweensurethesuccessofbusinesscommunication.3.1.3ImageandsmellAccordingtoGeorgeetal.(2007:25)Thereis