EnvironmentalMonitoringandGreenhouseControlbyDistributedSensorNetwork（原文）Asensorisaminiaturecomponentwhichmeasurephysicalparametersfromtheenvironment.Sensorsmeasurethephysicalparametersandtransmitthemeitherbywiredorwirelessmedium.Inwirelessmediumthesensoranditsassociatedcomponentsarecalledasnode.Anodeisself-possessedbyaprocessor,localmemory,sensors,radio,batteryandabasestationresponsibleforreceivingandprocessingdatacollectedbythenodes.Theycarryoutjointactivitiesduetolimitedresourcessuchasbattery,processorandmemory.Nowadays,theapplicationsofthesenetworksarenumerous,variedandtheapplicationsinagriculturearestillbudding.Oneinterestingapplicationisinenvironmentalmonitoringandgreenhousecontrol,wherethecropconditionssuchasclimateandsoildonotdependonnaturalagents.Tocontrolandmonitortheenvironmentalfactors,sensorsandactuatorsarenecessary.Underthesecircumstances,thesedevicesmustbeusedtomakeadistributedmeasure,spreadingsensorsalloverthegreenhouseusingdistributedclustering.Thispaperrevealsanideaofenvironmentalmonitoringandgreenhousecontrolusingasensornetwork.Thehardwareimplementationshowsperiodicmonitoringandcontrolofgreenhousegasesinanenhancedmanner.Futureworkisconcentratedinapplicationofthesamemechanismusingwirelesssensornetwork.Keywords—Sensor,sensornodes,wirelesssensornetwork(WSN),greenhousecontrol,environmentalmonitoring,CO2monitoring,distributedclustering.I.INTRODUCTIONAsensorisabletoconvertphysicalorchemicalreadingsgatheredfromtheenvironmentintosignalsthatcanbecalculatedbyasystem.Amultisensornodeisabletosenseseveralmagnitudesinthesamedevice.Inamultisensor,theinputvariablesmightbetemperature(itisalsoabletocapturenippychangesoftemperature),fire,infraredradiation,humidity,smokeandCO2.Awirelesssensornetworkcouldbeanusefularchitectureforthedeploymentofthesensorsusedforfiredetectionandverification.Themostvitalfactorsforthequalityandproductivityofplantgrowtharetemperature，humidity,lightandthelevelofthecarbondioxide.Constantmonitoringoftheseenvironmentalvariablesgivesinformationtothefarmertobetterunderstand,howeachfactoraffectsgrowthandhowtomanagemaximalcropproductiveness.Theoptimalgreenhouse[3]climateadjustmentcanfacilitateustoadvanceproductivityandtoachieveremarkableenergysaving,particularlyduringthewinterinnortherncountries.Inthepastgenerationgreenhousesitwasenoughtohaveonecabledmeasurementpointinthemiddletooffertheinformationtothegreenhouseautomationsystem.Thesystemitselfwastypicallysimplewithoutopportunitiestomanagelocallyheating,lights,ventilationorsomeotheractivity,whichwasaffectingthegreenhouseinteriorclimate.Thetypicalsizeofthegreenhouseitselfismuchlargerthanitwasbefore,andthegreenhousefacilitiesprovideseveraloptionstomakelocaladjustmentstothelight,ventilationandothergreenhousesupportsystems.However,additionalmeasurementdataisalsoneededtoconstructthiskindofautomationsystemtoworkproperly.Increasednumberofmeasurementpointsmustnotdramaticallyaugmenttheautomationsystemcost.Itshouldalsobepossibletoeasilyalterthelocationofthemeasurementpointsaccordingtotheparticularneeds,whichdependonthespecificplant,onthepossiblechangesintheexternalweatherorgreenhousestructureandontheplantplacementinthegreenhouse.Wirelesssensornetworkcanformausefulpartoftheautomationsystemarchitectureinmoderngreenhousesconstructively.Wirelesscommunicationcanbeusedtocollectthemeasurementsandtocommunicatebetweenthecentralizedcontrolandtheactuatorslocatedtothedifferentpartsofthegreenhouse.InadvancedWSNsolutions,somepartsofthecontrolsystemitselfcanalsobeimplementedinadistributedmannertothenetworksuchthatlocalcontrolloopscanbeformed.Comparedtothecabledsystems,theinstallationofWSNisfast,cheapandeasy.Moreover,itiseasytorelocatethemeasurementpointswhenneededbyjustmovingsensornodesfromonelocationtoanotherwithinacommunicationrangeofthecoordinatordevice.Ifthegreenhousevegetationishighanddense,thesmallandlightweightnodescanevenbehangeduptotheplants’branches.WSNmaintenanceisalsorelativelycheapandeasy.Theonlyadditionalcostsoccurwhenthesensornodesrunoutofbatteries(figure1)andthebatteriesneedtobechargedorreplaced,butthelifespanofthebatterycanbeseveralyearsifanefficientpowersavingalgorithmisapplied.Inthiswork,theveryfirststepstowardsthewirelessgreenhouseautomationsystembybuildingawirelessmeasuringsystemforthatpurposeistakenandbytestingitsfeasibilityandreliabilitywithasimpleexperimentalsetup.Clustering[11,12]maybecentralizedordistributed,basedonthearrangementofCH.Incentralizedclustering,theCHispresetbutindistributedclusteringCHhasnofixedarchitecture.Distributedclusteringmechanismisusedforsomeprivatereasonslikesensornodespronetofailure,bettercollectionofdataandminimizingFigureSEQFigure\*ARABIC1:Variouscomponentsofasensornoderedundantinformation.HencethesedistributedclusteringFigureSEQFigure\*ARABIC1:VariouscomponentsofasensornodeII.RELATEDWORKSINSENSORNETWORKMilitaryapplicationsareverycloselylinkedtotheawarenessofwirelesssensornetworks.Infact,itisveryharshtosayforsurewhethermotesweredevelopedbecauseofmilitaryandairdefenseneedsorwhethertheywereinventedseparatelyandweresubsequentlyappliedtoarmyservices.Regardingmilitaryapplications,theregionofconcentrationextentsfrominformationcollection,generally,toenemytrackingorbattlefieldsurveillance.Forexample,minescouldberegardedasunsafeandobsoleteinthefutureandmaybereplacedbythousandsofisolatedsensorsthatwilldetectanintrusionofunreceptiveunits.Outdoormonitoringisanadditionalcelestialareaforapplicationsofsensorsnetworks.OneofthemostdelegateexamplesistheoperationofsensornodesonGreatDuckIsland[8].Thissensornetworkhasbeenusedforenvironmentmonitoring.Thesensornodesusedweretalentedtosensetemperature,barometricpressureandhumidity[1,2].Inaddition,passiveinfraredsensorsandphotoresistorswerebetrothed.Thearraywastomonitorthenaturalenvironmentofabirdanditsactivitiesaccordingtoclimaticchanges.Forthatcause,severalmoteswereinstalledwithinbirds’burrows,tospotoutthebird’spresence,whiletherestweredeployedinthenearbyareas.Dataareaggregatedbytheemploymentofsensornodesandarepassedthroughtoagateway.Managementofcostlypossessionslikeequipment,machinery,differenttypesofstockorproductscanbeaquandary.Thedilemmaishighlydistributed,asthesecompaniesenlargeallovertheworld.Agiftedmethodtoachieveassettrackingandcopewiththistroubleisbelievedtobewiththeuseofsensornetworks.Theapplicationofwirelesssensorsinpetroleumbunksandchemicalwarehousesreferstowarehousesandcargospaceadministrationofbarrels.Thethoughtisthatmotesattachedtobarrelswillbegiftedtolocatenearbyobjects(otherbarrels),detectingtheircontentandalertingincaseofinappropriatenesswiththeirown,agingeffectsofthefieldetc.Healthscienceandthehealthcaresystemcanalsoyieldfromtheemploymentofwirelesssensors.Applicationsinthisclassincludetelemonitoringhumanphysiologicaldataremotely,trackingandmonitoringofdoctorsandpatientswithinahospital,drugsuperintendentinhospitals,etc.InSmartSensors,retinaprosthesischipconsistingof100microsensorsarebuiltwithinthehumaneye.Thisallowspatientswithinadequatevisiontoseeatanadequatelevel.Cognitivedisorders,whichalmostcertainlydirecttoAlzheimer’s,canbemonitoredandcontrolledattheirprematurestageswiththesewirelesssensors.Roboticapplications[9,10]previouslyimplementedaretheunearthingoflevelsetsofscalarfieldsusingmobilesensornetworksandimitationofthefunctionofbacteriaforlookingforanddiscoveringdissipativegradientsources.Thetrackingofalightsourceiscompletedwithafewoftheeasyalgorithms.Inaddition,areplytothecoveragecrisisbyrobotsandmotesisaccomplishedforthickmeasurementsoverabroadarea.Theconnectionofbothstaticandmobilenetworksisaccomplishedwiththehelpofmobilerobots,whichtravelaroundtheenvironmentandsetupmotesthatactasbeacons.Thebeaconssupporttherobotstoportraythedirections.Themobilerobotscanperformasgatewaysintowirelesssensornetworks.Examplesofsuchtasksare:sustainingenergyresourcesofthewirelesssensornetworkindefinitely,maintainingandconfiguringhardware,detectingsensorfailureandappropriatedeploymentforconnectivityamidthesensornodes.Landslidedetectionemployssprinkledsensorsystemforpredictingthehappeningofthelandslides.Theconsiderationofpredictinglandslidesbymeansofsensornetworksaroseoutofamusttomitigatetheblemishcausedbylandslidestohumanlivesandtotherailwaynetworks.Amixtureoftechniquesfromearthsciences,signalprocessing,distributedsystemsandfault-toleranceisused.Onesolitarytraitofthesesystemsisthatitcombinesseveraldistributedsystemstechniquestodealwiththecomplexitiesofadistributedsensornetworkenvironmentwhereconnectivityisunderprivilegedandpowerbudgetsareveryconstrained,whilefulfillingreal-worldrequirementsofsafety.Generallythesemethodsuseasetofinexpensivesingle-axisstraingaugesattachedtocheapnodes,eachwithaCPU,batteryandelitewirelesstransmitterblock.Forestfires,alsorecognizedaswildfiresarewildfiresoccurringinwildareasandrootmajordamagetonaturalandhumanresources.Forestfireswipesoutforests,blazetheinfrastructureandmightresultinhighhumandeathtollclosertourbanareas.Commoncausesofforestfiresembracelightning,humancarelessnessandrevelationoffueltoextremeheatandaridity.Itiswellknownthatinfewcasesfiresareconstituentoftheforestecosystemandtheyareimportanttothelifecycleofnativehabitats.Sensor-Cloudscanbeusedforhealthmonitoringbyusingaquantityofsimplyobtainableandmostoftenwearablesensorslikeaccelerometersensors,proximityandtemperaturesensorsandsoforthtocollectpatient’shealth-relatedstatisticsfortrackingsleepactivitypatternbodytemperatureandotherrespiratoryconditions.ThesewearablesensordevicesmusthavesustainofBluetooth’swirelessinterface,Ultrawidebandandsoforthinterfaceforstreamingofdata,linkedwirelesslytoanysmartphonethroughtheinterface.Thesesmartphonedevicesforeseeperforminglikeagatewaybetweentheremoteserverandsensorthroughtheinternet.III.EXPERIMENTALSETUPINAGREENHOUSEA.TheGreenhouseEnvironmentAmoderngreenhouse[4-6]canconsistofplentifulpartswhichcontaintheirownlocalclimatevariablesettings.Asaresult,anumberofmeasurementpointsarealsoneeded.Thisclassofenvironmentischallengingbothforthesensornodeelectronicsandfortheshort-rangeIEEE802.15.4wirelessnetwork,inwhichcommunicationrangeisgreatlylongerinopenenvironments.B.SensorsHastyresponsetime,lowpowerconsumptionandtoleranceagainstmoistureclimate,relativehumidityandtemperaturesensorformsaperfectpreferenceandsolutionforthegreenhouseenvironment.CommunicationamidsensorandnodecanbecarriedoutbyIICinterface.Luminositycanbemeasuredbylightsensor,whichconvertslightintensitytovoltage.Unstableoutputsignalishandledbylow-passfiltertogetcorrectluminosityvalues.CO2measuring[7]takeslongertimethanothermeasurementsandCO2sensorvoltagesupplyhavetobewithinfewvolts.Thecarbondioxidevaluecanbereadfromtheensuingoutputvoltage.Operationalamplifierraisesthevoltagelevelofotherwisefrailsignalfromthesensor.C.GreenhousesAgreenhouseisaconfigurationcoveringgroundfrequentlyusedforgrowthandprogressofplantsthatwillreturntheowner’srisktimeandcapital.Thisdisplayismountedwiththepurposeofprotectingcropandofallowingabetterenvironmenttoitsprogress.Thisshieldisenoughtopromiseasuperiorqualityinproductioninsomecases.However,whenthemajorpurposeistoachieveabettercontrolonthehorticulturedevelopment,itisnecessarytotestandcontrolthevariablesthatinfluencethedevelopmentofaculture.Thechieffunctionofagreenhouseistoprovideamoresympatheticenvironmentthanoutside.Unlikewhathappensintraditionalagriculture,wherecropconditionsandyielddependonnatureresourcessuchasclimate,soilandothers,agreenhouseoughttoguaranteeproductionindependentlyofclimaticfactors.Itisnoteworthytoobservethateventhoughagreenhouseprotectscropfromexteriorfactorssuchaswinds,waterexcessandwarmthitmaycauseplentifulproblemssuchasfungusandexcessivehumidity.Therefore,mechanismstoscrutinizeandcontrolagreenhouseenvironmentareincrediblyvitaltoachievebetterproductivity.Togetsuperiorproductivityandquality,bettercontrolsystemisnecessaryandasaresulttheproductioncostsalsogetreduced.Thechiefelementsinvolvedinagreenhousecontrolsystemare:temperature,humidity,CO2concentration,radiation,waterandnutrients.D.TemperatureTemperatureisoneofthemostkeyfactorstobemonitoredbecauseitisunswervinglyrelatedtothegrowthandprogressoftheplants.Forallplants,thereisatemperaturerangeconsideredbestandtomostplantsthisrangeisrelativelyvaryingbetween10oCand30oC.Amongtheseparametersoftemperature:extremetemperatures,maximumtemperature,minimumtemperature,daytemperatureandnighttemperature,differencebetweendayandnighttemperaturesaretobevigilantlyconsidered.E.WaterandHumidityAnothermomentousfactoringreenhousesiswater.Theabsorptionofwaterbyplantsislinkedtotheradiation.Thelackorlowlevelofwateraffectsgrowthandphotosynthesis.Besidesair,thegroundhumidityalsoadjustthedevelopmentofplants.Theairhumidityisinterrelatedtothetranspirationwhilethegroundhumidityisconnectedtowaterabsorptionandphotosynthesis.Anatmospherewithextremehumiditydecreasesplantstranspiration,reducinggrowthandmaypromotetheproliferationoffungus.Ontheotherhand,squathumiditylevelenvironmentsmightcausedehydration.F.RadiationRadiationisafundamentalelementingreenhouseproductionandsunlightisthekeysourceofradiation.Itisanimportantcomponentforphotosynthesisandcarbonfixing.Thesignificantradiationfeaturesareintensityandduration.Theradiationintensityislinkedtoplantgrowthandthedurationisopenlyassociatedwithitsmetabolism.G.CO2ConcentrationCO2isanessentialnutrientforplantdevelopment,allowingtheassimilationofcarbon.ThecarbonretainingprocedureoccursthroughthephotosynthesiswhenplantstakeawayCO2fromtheatmosphere.Duringthephotosynthesis,theplantusescarbonandradiationtoproducecarbohydrate,whosefunctionistopermittheplantdevelopment.Therefore,anenrichedairenvironmentshouldcontributetoplantgrowth,butitisalsovitaltonotethatanextremecarbonlevelmayturntheenvironmentpoisonous.IV.THEPROPOSEDMODELAsolutiontotheexistingdrawbackscanbefoundoutfromthisproposedmodel.Theproposedmodelisimplementedinhardware,testedandtheresultsshowanexcellentimprovementinthesensingparameterswhencomparedtotheexistingsetofenvironmentalmonitoringandgreenhousecontrolmodels.Sensorarraysliketemperaturesensor,lightsensor,humiditysensorandvibrationsensorsareincorporatedintheboard.ThesenseddataisprocessedbythemicrocontrolleranddisplayedintheLCDdisplay.WirelesstransmissionoftheparametersisaccomplishedbyaZigBeemodulethatsendsinformationtotheremotemonitoringstationperiodically.Tocontrolandmonitortheenvironmentalvariablesplannedinanearliersection,sensorsandactuatorscapableofmeasuringandcontrollingthevaluesinsidethegreenhousearenecessary.Generally,agreenhousecontrolisimplementedjustbyapproximatingameasuredcosttoareferenceoridealcost.Figure2,showsthebasicblockdiagramoftheproposedmodel.Duetocostconsiderations,theproposedmodelusessensornetworkinsteadofwirelesssensornetwork.Thesenseddataisforwardedtothegateway.Thegatewaythenforwardsthedatatotheremotemonitoringbasestation.Thebasestationisaremotelylocatedsoftwareconfiguredcomputer,wherethemonitoreddetailsareperiodicallyvisualizedtocarryoutfurthercontrolactions.FigureSEQFigure\*ARABIC2:BlockdiagramoftheproposedmodelIntheproposedmodel,theidealassessmentdependsonthecultureandtypeofplant.Controlsystemscanbeseparatedintocentralizedanddistributedsystems.Inacentralizedsystemasingleconstituentisresponsibleforgatheringandprocessingthedata.So,allthecomponentsofthesystemareconnectedtothissolitaryelement.Inadistributedcontrolsystemtheconnectionsbetweennodesandinformationprocessingisdistributedamongstthesystemcomponents.Thefocaladvantagesofadistributedsystemmayinclude:Reliability:acomponentfailureaffectsbarelypartofthestructure,Expansion:thelikelihoodofaddingupofanewcomponentwithoutenormouschangesinthesystem,Flexibility:changesintheproceduresuchasadding,removingandsubstitutingofcomponentsimpactsmerelyinthecomponentsinvolvedinthesebasicoperations.ThemajortroubleofthesetechnologiesisthattheyarenotdevelopedforWSNandtheydonotpresentmechanismstoimproveenergyconsumption.Inthisway,itisprobabletocheckallplacesinsidethegreenhouse,identifyingnotonlylocalvaluesasinmanyapplications,butcheckingrealworldanddistributedvalues.Therefore,thegreenhousecontroloughttobeimproved,allowingasettlementinawaythatthecompleteenvironmentcanbeadjustedascloseasfeasibletoasetpoint.Itisessentialtoobservethat,inmostapplicationsthesensorsareplacedinapointofagreenhouseandthemeasuresgainedareusedtodirecttheentiregreenhouse.However,eventhoughinacontrolledandrelativelytinyplacelikeagreenhouse,itispossibletohavedifferentvaluesofclimaticagents.Figure3showstheexperimentalsetupforenvironmentalmonitoring.FigureSEQFigure\*ARABIC3:ExperimentalsetupforenvironmentalmonitoringThus,theuseofsensorinagreenhouseenvironmentshouldpermitarealtimemonitoringandanimprovedmeasurementthroughconvenientdistribution.Thecollecteddatainthesystemproposedmustbesenttoabasestationlocatedoutsidethegreenhouse.Thebasestationisconnectedbyagateway.Withtheimplementationofthisarchitecture,eachnodewillbeanswerablefordatacollectingthroughitssensorsandforsendingittoitsneighborsuntilallcollecteddataemergeatthebasestation.ThegatewaygenerallyuseswirelessandEthernetcommunication.Thebasestationwillbeaccountableformanagingcollecteddata,sosomegreenhousecontrolsoftwaresandsomewirelessactuatorsarenecessary.Inthisapplicationnodedefensewillalsobenecessarytoavoiddamagebywaterandinputs.Itisimperativetoemphasizethattheuseofwirelesssensorsandactuatorsisadvantageoustomakethesysteminstallationtrouble-freeandtoobtainflexibilityandmobilityinthenodesprototype.ThedifficultiesinapplyingWSNinagriculturalapplicationsmightincludecostsandlackofstandardizationonWSNcommunicationprotocols.Duetocostconstraints,theproposedmodelisdesignedwithsensors.Infuture,thesamesensornetworkwillbesimulatedinNS-2foradistributedclusteringmechanism.Wirelesssensornetworkwithtemperature,moistureandlightsensingandadvancedcapabilitieswillbeimplementedinreal-timeenvironmentforgreenhousemonitoringinfuture.V.DISCUSSIONSThemajorcontributionsofthismanuscriptareasfollows.Thedesignandimplementationoflarge-scaleandlong-termCO2monitoringsensornetworkisdiscussed.Alow-costsensordeploymentstrategywithguaranteedperformancewhichaddressesthesensordeploymentproblemsintheexistingmodelshasbeenproposed.Hardwareimplementationofthismodelhasbeendoneandtheparametersareperiodicallymonitoredwithfewsensors.VI.CONCLUSIONANDFUTUREWORKAmodelofagriculturalapplicationusingsensornetworksforgreenhousesmonitoringandcontrolwaspresented.Thewirelesssensornetworktechnology,althoughunderdevelopment,seemstobepromisingmainlybecauseitallowsrealtimedataacquisition.However,forsuchagriculturalapplicationtobedeveloped,sometechnologicalchallengesshouldberesolved.Agreenhouseisacontrolledenvironmentanddoesnotrequirealotofclimaticparameterstobecontrolled.Theuseofthistechnologyinlargescaleseemstobesomethingforthenearfuture.Inthisapplication,thegreatnumberofclimaticparameterscanbemonitoredusingthesensorsavailable.Asagreenhouseisarelativelysmallandcontrolledenvironment,andenergyisalimitedresource,thepossibilityofreplacingbatteriesorevenresortingtoasteadyenergysourceadaptationisaconstructiveaspect.Thispaperrevealsanideaofenvironmentalmonitoringandgreenhousecontrolusingasensornetwork.Thehardwareimplementationshowsperiodicmonitoringandcontrolofgreenhousegasesinanenhancedmanner.Futureworkisconcentratedinapplicationofthesamemechanismusingwirelesssensornetwork.Thistechnologycanalsobeappliedinbreedingofconfinedanimalsinprecisionzoo,wherethesensornodesshouldsendinformationaboutanimaltemperature,pressureandothervitalsignalstoguaranteeahealthyenvironmenttoanimals.Inordertoattainbetterenergyefficiency,thismechanismwillbeimplementedinreal-worldwirelesssensornetwork,withawell-knownenergyefficientdistributedclusteringmechanism(HEED).Author：CoimbatoreNationality：IndiaSource：Int.J.AdvancedNetworkingandApplicationsVolume:5Issue:5Pages:2060-2065PAGE分布式傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)與溫室控制（譯文）傳感器是一種微型組件可測(cè)量環(huán)境中的物理參數(shù)。傳感器測(cè)量物理參數(shù)并通過(guò)有線或無(wú)線介質(zhì)傳輸。在無(wú)線介質(zhì)中，傳感器及其相關(guān)組件稱為節(jié)點(diǎn)。基站自己擁有處理器、本地存儲(chǔ)器、傳感器、無(wú)線電、電池、負(fù)責(zé)接收和處理由節(jié)點(diǎn)收集的數(shù)據(jù)由于電池處理器和內(nèi)存等資源有限，他們開(kāi)展聯(lián)合活動(dòng)。如今，這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)的應(yīng)用眾多，種類繁多，但農(nóng)業(yè)應(yīng)用仍在蓬勃發(fā)展。一個(gè)有趣的應(yīng)用是環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)和溫室控制，其中作物條件如氣候和土壤不依賴于天然物質(zhì)。為了控制和監(jiān)控環(huán)境因素，傳感器和執(zhí)行器是必要的。在這些情況下，必須使用這些設(shè)備進(jìn)行分布式測(cè)量，使用分布式聚類在整個(gè)溫室內(nèi)傳播傳感器。本文揭示了使用傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)進(jìn)行環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)和溫室控制的想法。硬件實(shí)施以增強(qiáng)的方式定期監(jiān)測(cè)和控制溫室氣體。未來(lái)的工作集中在使用無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)的相同機(jī)制的應(yīng)用上。關(guān)鍵詞：-傳感器，傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)，無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)（WSN），溫室控制，環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)，CO2監(jiān)測(cè)，分布式聚類。1介紹傳感器能夠?qū)沫h(huán)境收集的物理或化學(xué)讀數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換為可由系統(tǒng)計(jì)算的信號(hào)。多傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)能夠在同一設(shè)備中感測(cè)多個(gè)幅度。在多傳感器中，輸入變量可能是溫度（它也能夠捕獲溫度的變化）、火災(zāi)、紅外輻射、濕度、煙霧和CO2。無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)可以用于部署火災(zāi)探測(cè)和驗(yàn)證的傳感器的有用架構(gòu)。影響植物生長(zhǎng)質(zhì)量和生產(chǎn)力的最重要因素是溫度、濕度、光照和二氧化碳水平。持續(xù)監(jiān)控這些環(huán)境變量可提供信息讓農(nóng)民更好地了解每個(gè)因素如何影響增長(zhǎng)以及如何管理產(chǎn)生最多農(nóng)作物。我們提高生產(chǎn)力，實(shí)現(xiàn)卓越的節(jié)能，特別是在北方國(guó)家的冬季。在上一代溫室中，中間有一個(gè)有線測(cè)量點(diǎn)足以為溫室自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)提供信息。該系統(tǒng)本身通常很簡(jiǎn)單，可以管理當(dāng)?shù)氐墓┡艄?、通風(fēng)或其他一些影響溫室內(nèi)部氣候的活動(dòng)。溫室本身的典型尺寸比以前大得多，溫室設(shè)施提供了幾種選擇，可以對(duì)光線、通風(fēng)和其他溫室支持系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行局部調(diào)整。但是，還需要額外的測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)構(gòu)建這種自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)才能正常工作。增加測(cè)量點(diǎn)數(shù)會(huì)大幅增加自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)成本。還應(yīng)該根據(jù)特定需要必要地改變測(cè)量點(diǎn)的位置，這取決于具體的工廠外部天氣或溫室結(jié)構(gòu)的可能變化以及溫室中植物的放置。無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)可以建設(shè)性地構(gòu)成現(xiàn)代溫室中自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)架構(gòu)的有用部分。無(wú)線通信可用于收集測(cè)量結(jié)果并在集中控制器和位于溫室不同部分的致動(dòng)器之間進(jìn)行通信。在高級(jí)WSN解決方案中，控制系統(tǒng)本身的某些部分也能以分布式方式實(shí)現(xiàn)到網(wǎng)絡(luò)，從而可以形成本地控制環(huán)路。與有線系統(tǒng)相比，WSN的安裝快速，便宜且簡(jiǎn)單。此外，通過(guò)僅在協(xié)調(diào)器設(shè)備的通信范圍內(nèi)將傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)從一個(gè)位置移動(dòng)到另一個(gè)位置，在需要時(shí)容易重新定位測(cè)量點(diǎn)。如果溫室植被高而密，那么小而輕的節(jié)點(diǎn)甚至可以掛到植物的樹(shù)枝上。WSN維護(hù)也相對(duì)便宜和容易。當(dāng)傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)電池耗盡時(shí)（圖1）并且電池需要充電或更換時(shí)，會(huì)產(chǎn)生唯一的額外成本，但如果采用有效的節(jié)電算法，電池的使用壽命可能會(huì)持續(xù)數(shù)年。在這項(xiàng)工作中，通過(guò)為此目的建立無(wú)線測(cè)量系統(tǒng)，邁出無(wú)線溫室自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)的第一步，并通過(guò)簡(jiǎn)單的實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)置測(cè)試其可行性和可靠性?；贑H的排列，聚類[11,12]可以是集中的或分布式的。在集中式集群中，CH是預(yù)設(shè)的，但在分布式集群中，CH沒(méi)有固定的架構(gòu)。分布式群集機(jī)制用于某些私人原因，如傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)容易出現(xiàn)故障，更好地收集數(shù)據(jù)和最小化冗余信息。因此，這些分布式聚類機(jī)制包含高度自組織能力。圖SEQ圖\*ARABIC1：傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)的各種組件2傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的相關(guān)工作軍事應(yīng)用與無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)的意識(shí)密切相關(guān)。事實(shí)上，它非?？量痰卣f(shuō)，是否因?yàn)檐娛潞头揽招枰_(kāi)發(fā)了微粒，或者它們是否是單獨(dú)發(fā)明的，后來(lái)又應(yīng)用于軍隊(duì)服務(wù)。關(guān)于軍事應(yīng)用，集中區(qū)域通常從信息收集到敵方跟蹤或戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)監(jiān)視。例如，未來(lái)的地雷可能被視為不安全和過(guò)時(shí)，可能會(huì)被數(shù)以千計(jì)的隔離傳感器取代，這些傳感器將檢測(cè)到不可接收單元的入侵。室外監(jiān)測(cè)是傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用的另一個(gè)天體區(qū)域。最代表性的例子之一是GreatDuckIsland上的傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)的操作[8]。該傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)已用于環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)。使用的傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)有能力感知溫度，氣壓和濕度[1,2]。此外，還訂購(gòu)了被動(dòng)紅外傳感器和光電阻器。該陣列旨在根據(jù)氣候變化監(jiān)測(cè)鳥(niǎo)類的自然環(huán)境及其活動(dòng)。為此，在鳥(niǎo)類的洞穴中安裝了幾個(gè)小動(dòng)物，以發(fā)現(xiàn)鳥(niǎo)類的存在，而其余的部署在附近區(qū)域。通過(guò)使用傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)來(lái)聚合數(shù)據(jù)并將其傳遞到網(wǎng)關(guān)。管理昂貴的財(cái)產(chǎn)，如設(shè)備、機(jī)器不同類型的庫(kù)存或產(chǎn)品可能是一個(gè)難題。這些難題是高度分散的，因?yàn)檫@些公司遍布全球。一種實(shí)現(xiàn)資產(chǎn)跟蹤和應(yīng)對(duì)這種麻煩的有效方法被認(rèn)為是使用傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)。無(wú)線傳感器在石油鋪位和化學(xué)倉(cāng)庫(kù)中的應(yīng)用是指?jìng)}庫(kù)和貨艙管理。我們的想法是，附加在桶上的微粒將被用來(lái)定位附近的物體（其他桶），檢測(cè)它們的內(nèi)容并在不適當(dāng)?shù)那闆r下提醒它們自己的老化效果等。健康科學(xué)和醫(yī)療保健系統(tǒng)也可以從無(wú)線傳感器的使用中獲益。此類應(yīng)用包括遠(yuǎn)程監(jiān)控人體生理數(shù)據(jù)，跟蹤和監(jiān)控醫(yī)院內(nèi)的醫(yī)生和患者，醫(yī)院的藥物監(jiān)督等。在智能傳感器中，人眼內(nèi)置有由100個(gè)微傳感器組成的視網(wǎng)膜假體芯片。這使得視力不足的患者能夠看到足夠的水平。幾乎可以肯定地指向阿爾茨海默氏癥的認(rèn)知障礙可以通過(guò)這些無(wú)線傳感器在其早產(chǎn)階段進(jìn)行監(jiān)測(cè)和控制。先前實(shí)施的機(jī)器人應(yīng)用[9,10]是使用移動(dòng)傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)挖掘標(biāo)量場(chǎng)的水平集，并模仿細(xì)菌的功能以尋找和發(fā)現(xiàn)耗散梯度源。使用一些簡(jiǎn)單的算法完成對(duì)光源的跟蹤。此外，還有一個(gè)對(duì)覆蓋面危機(jī)的回復(fù)機(jī)器人和微塵可以在廣闊的區(qū)域內(nèi)進(jìn)行厚厚的測(cè)量。靜態(tài)和移動(dòng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的連接是在移動(dòng)機(jī)器人的幫助下完成的，移動(dòng)機(jī)器人在環(huán)境中行進(jìn)并設(shè)置充當(dāng)信標(biāo)的微塵。信標(biāo)支持機(jī)器人描繪方向。移動(dòng)機(jī)器人可以作為無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)的網(wǎng)關(guān)。這些任務(wù)的示例是：無(wú)限期地維持無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)的能量資源，維護(hù)和配置硬件，檢測(cè)傳感器故障以及在傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)之間的連接的適當(dāng)部署。滑坡檢測(cè)采用噴灑傳感器系統(tǒng)來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)滑坡的發(fā)生。通過(guò)傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)預(yù)測(cè)滑坡的考慮產(chǎn)生了必須減輕滑坡對(duì)人類生活和鐵路網(wǎng)絡(luò)造成的瑕疵。使用來(lái)自地球科學(xué)，信號(hào)處理，分布式系統(tǒng)和容錯(cuò)的技術(shù)的混合。這些系統(tǒng)的一個(gè)獨(dú)特特征是它結(jié)合了幾種分布式系統(tǒng)技術(shù)來(lái)處理分布式傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境的復(fù)雜性，在這種環(huán)境中，連接處于低效狀態(tài)，功率預(yù)算受到很大限制，同時(shí)滿足現(xiàn)實(shí)世界的安全要求。通常，這些方法使用一組廉價(jià)的單軸應(yīng)變儀連接到廉價(jià)節(jié)點(diǎn)，每個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)都有CPU，電池和精英無(wú)線發(fā)射器模塊。森林火災(zāi)也被認(rèn)為是野火，是野火地區(qū)發(fā)生的野火，對(duì)自然和人力資源造成根本重大損害。森林大火摧毀了森林摧毀了基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，并可能導(dǎo)致靠近城市地區(qū)的高死亡人數(shù)。森林火災(zāi)的常見(jiàn)原因包括閃電、人類疏忽和燃料對(duì)極端高溫和干旱的啟示。眾所周知，在極少數(shù)情況下，火災(zāi)是森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的組成部分，它們對(duì)本地棲息地的生命周期很重要。傳感器云可用于健康監(jiān)測(cè)，通過(guò)使用一定數(shù)量的簡(jiǎn)單且最常見(jiàn)的可穿戴傳感器，如加速計(jì)傳感器，接近度和溫度傳感器等，以收集患者的健康相關(guān)統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)，以跟蹤睡眠活動(dòng)模式體溫和其他呼吸狀況。這些可穿戴傳感器設(shè)備必須有無(wú)線藍(lán)牙接口，超寬帶等數(shù)據(jù)流傳輸接口，通過(guò)無(wú)線接口連接到任何智能手機(jī)。這些智能電話設(shè)備預(yù)見(jiàn)到通過(guò)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)在遠(yuǎn)程服務(wù)器和傳感器之間執(zhí)行類似網(wǎng)關(guān)的操作。3溫室里的實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)置3.1溫室環(huán)境現(xiàn)代溫室[4-6]可以包含豐富的部分，其中包含自己的當(dāng)?shù)貧夂蜃兞吭O(shè)置。結(jié)果，還需要許多測(cè)量點(diǎn)。這類環(huán)境對(duì)于傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)電子設(shè)備和短距離IEEE802.15.4無(wú)線網(wǎng)絡(luò)都具有挑戰(zhàn)性，其中在開(kāi)放環(huán)境中通信范圍要長(zhǎng)得多。3.2傳感器匆忙的響應(yīng)時(shí)間，低功耗和對(duì)濕度