BackgroundInformationLongorDifficultSentencesNewwords&phrasesTextAStayingAlive:AdaptingtoExtremesUnitEightProperNamesThefight-or-flightisaphysiologicalreactionthatoccursinresponsetoaperceivedharmfulevent,attack,orthreattosurvival.Theautonomicnervoussystemisacontrolsystemthatactslargelyunconsciouslyandregulatesheartrate,digestion,respiratoryrate,pupillaryresponse,urination,andsexualarousal.Thissystemistheprimarymechanismincontrolofthefight-or-flightresponse.Thephysiologicalchangesthatoccurduringthefightorflightresponseareactivatedinordertogivethebodyincreasedstrengthandspeedinanticipationoffightingorrunning.Anevolutionarypsychologyexplanationisthatearlyanimalshadtoreacttothreateningstimuliquicklyanddidnothavetimetopsychologicallyandphysicallypreparethemselves.Thefightorflightresponseprovidedthemwiththemechanismstorapidlyrespondtothreatsagainstsurvival.BackgroundInformation

ISurvived:anAmericanrealityshowthatsawitsfirstseasonpremiereonABCJune24,2008.TheshowfollowedagroupofAmericans,wholeavetheUnitedStatesforJapanwheretheycompetedinaJapanesestylegameshow.ThewinnertakeshomeUS$250,000.TheserieswonboththeBestRealityprizeandtheoverallprizeatthe2009Rosed'Orceremony.Duetothesecondseasonhavingonlyhalftheratingsofthefirstseason,ABCcanceledtheshowin2010.

Sentence:Para.1Whatwouldyoudoifyouwereconfrontedwithdeathandthreat?Whatgivessomeonethestrengthtosurvive?Isitluck,chance,orinstinct?Thisarticleelaboratesonphysicalreactionstoaseriesofextremeconditionsandbuilt-inmechanismstosurvive.Analysis:這句話出現(xiàn)了一些生物學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)需要注意。面臨死亡威脅時(shí)你會(huì)怎么做？究竟是什么給了人們生存的力量？是運(yùn)氣、機(jī)會(huì)還是本能？本文將闡釋人類在極端條件下產(chǎn)生的生理反應(yīng)以及人們賴以生存的內(nèi)部機(jī)制。LongorDifficultSentences

Sentence:Para.2Mosthumanbeingswillneverbesubjectedtoextremesituations,suchasextremetemperaturesorweekswithoutfood,butthosethatarewilllearnthatthebodyisabletosurvive.Analysis:這句話出現(xiàn)了詞組besubjectedto，表示遭受，經(jīng)歷。此外需要注意分句省略的部分butthosethatare(subjectedtoextremesituations)。大多數(shù)人并不會(huì)遭遇到諸如極端溫度、食物匱乏達(dá)數(shù)周之類的極端情況，然而曾經(jīng)置身過(guò)此類環(huán)境的人們會(huì)明白人類是可以在極端環(huán)境中存活下來(lái)的。LongorDifficultSentences

Sentence:Para.3

Humansarehard-wiredtorejectediblethingstheybelievecouldbeharmfulbasedontheirsenseoftaste.Analysis:詞組hard-wired表示天生的，與生俱來(lái)的。人類天生就能夠基于味覺拒絕可能對(duì)身體造成傷害的食物。LongorDifficultSentences

Sentence:Para.9Fromamedicalperspectivewhenthinkingaboutanaveragehealthyadult,mostdoctorswillagreethataslongasthepersonhaswater,theycanliveaslongaseightweekswithoutfood.Somewillnotmakeitthefulleightweeksandsomewillsurvivelonger.Analysis:這句話要注意詞組aslongas兩次出現(xiàn)，意思不同。第一個(gè)是引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句，第二個(gè)表示長(zhǎng)達(dá)…之久。從醫(yī)學(xué)視角看，多數(shù)醫(yī)生認(rèn)為一個(gè)健康的普通成人在有水的情況下即使沒有食物也可以存活長(zhǎng)達(dá)八周。一些人可以存活更久，一些人則堅(jiān)持不了八周。

LongorDifficultSentences

Sentence:Para.10Signsofmilddehydrationmayincludenosaliva,lessurineandurinewithastrongcolorandodor.Moderatedehydrationmaycauselesserurine,sunkenanddryeyes,drymouthandrapidheartbeat.Severedehydrationmaycauseirritabilityandlethargy,nourineandvomitinganddiarrhea.Analysis:這句話需要注意一些生理癥狀的生詞翻譯。輕度脫水的體征包括唾液消失，尿液減少，尿液顏色變深且有強(qiáng)烈氣味。中度脫水則會(huì)使尿液進(jìn)一步變少，眼眶下陷，眼睛變干，口干，心跳加速。重度脫水會(huì)引起焦躁，嗜睡，無(wú)尿，嘔吐和腹瀉。

LongorDifficultSentences

Sentence:Para12:Humansurvivalinstinctsaremorethanjusthungerpangsandfeelingthirsty.Theentirebodyhasmechanismsthatgointoactionwhenitsensesdangeranduncertainty.Bystayingcalmandpayingattentiontothesemechanisms,humanshavegonethroughthemostextremesituationsknowntomanandlivedtotellaboutit.Analysis:最后一句話的主語(yǔ)是humans，后面跟了and引導(dǎo)的并列句，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞分別為havegonethrough和(have)livedto。人類的生存本能決不僅僅是陣陣饑餓感或是感到口渴。當(dāng)身體感到危險(xiǎn)和不安全因素時(shí)，它會(huì)啟動(dòng)全身的生理機(jī)制。通過(guò)保持鎮(zhèn)定并關(guān)注身體的生理機(jī)制，人們?cè)谌祟愃淖顬槲ｋU(xiǎn)的情境中生存下來(lái)并告訴別人他們的經(jīng)歷。

LongorDifficultSentences1.Shunt

v..changethedirectionorcourseofsth.改變方向或路線,轉(zhuǎn)移

Hehasspentmostofhislifebeingshuntedbetweenhismother,fatherandvariousfosterfamilies.Whenrailwayenginesshuntwagonsorcarriages,theypushorpullthemfromonerailwaylinetoanother.Newwords&phrases

2.prolongv.makesth.longer,esp.intime;extend延長(zhǎng)(尤指時(shí)間);使延伸

Mr.Cheslersaidforeignmilitaryaidwasprolongingthewar.theprolongation(n.)ofproductivehumanlifeNewwords&phrases

3.Starvationn.sufferingordeathcausedbylackoffood挨餓,餓死

Overthreehundredpeoplehavediedofstarvationsincethebeginningoftheyear.Theelectricityindustryisnottheonlyonetohavebeenstarved(v.)ofinvestment.4.Dehydration

n.lossofwaterormoisture脫水,失水

Thechildhasgotdiarrhoeaandissufferingfromdehydration.Alcoholquicklydehydrates(v.)yourbody.5.Counterpartn.personorthingthatcorrespondstoorhasthesamefunctionassb.orsth.else相對(duì)應(yīng)或具有相同功能的人或物

TheForeignSecretarytelephonedhisItaliancounterparttoprotest.(prefix)Counter-e.g.counterbalance,counter-flow6.besubjectedtoexperience,suffer.遭受,經(jīng)受

Thosewhodidnotwanttobesubjectedtolectures,gossipsandshameoptedtostaymiserablymarried.對(duì)于那些不希望受到訓(xùn)斥的人們，流言蜚語(yǔ)和恥辱使他們選擇了保持他們的不幸婚姻。7.onparwithequalinimportance,quality同等重要,同等水平JohnCacioppo,apsychologistattheUniversityofChicago,hashighlightedsocialisolationasahealth-riskfactoronparwithobesityandsmoking.約翰卡·西奧波是芝加哥大學(xué)的一位心理學(xué)家，他已經(jīng)把社交孤立突出作為一項(xiàng)與肥胖和吸煙程度相同的健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素。BackgroundInformationLongorDifficultSentencesTextBMoreFriendsMakeLemursBetterThieves(ButWhatDoesItMeanForBrainEvolution?)ProperNamesDr.JasonG.GoldmanisacognitivescientistandsciencewriterbasedinLosAngeles.HereceivedhisPh.D.attheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia,whereheconductedresearchattheintersectionofdevelopmentalpsychologyandanimalcognition.HereceivedanMAinDevelopmentalPsychologyandaBAinPsychologyfromUSCaswell.HeblogsforScientificAmerican,writesacolumnforBBCFutureandforConservationMagazine,andhascontributedtoTheGuardian,Salon,NautilusMagazine,andelsewhere.Lemurs

areprimatesendemictotheislandofMadagascar.Theword"lemur"derivesfromthewordlemures

(ghostsorspirits)fromRomanmythologyandwasfirstusedtodescribeaslenderlorisduetoitsnocturnalhabitsandslowpace,butwaslaterappliedtotheprimatesonMadagascar.LemursarrivedinMadagascararound62to65

myabyraftingonmatsofvegetationatatimewhenoceancurrentsfavoredoceanicdispersaltotheisland.Sincethattime,lemurshaveevolvedtocopewithanextremelyseasonalenvironmentandtheiradaptationsgivethemalevelofdiversitythatrivalsthatofallotherprimategroups.Untilshortlyafterhumansarrivedontheislandaround2,000

yearsago,therewerelemursaslargeasamalegorilla.Today,therearenearly100speciesoflemurs,andmostofthosespecieshavebeendiscoveredorpromotedtofullspeciesstatussincethe1990s;however,lemurtaxonomicclassificationiscontroversialanddependsonwhichspeciesconceptisused.Ranginginsizefrom30gto9kg,lemurssharemanycommon,basalprimatetraits,suchasdivergentdigitsontheirhandsandfeetandnailsinsteadofclaws(inmostspecies).However,theirbrain-to-bodysizeratioissmallerthanthatofanthropoidprimates,andamongmanyothertraitstheysharewithotherstrepsirrhineprimates,theyhavea"wetnose".Lemursaregenerallythemostsocialofthestrepsirrhineprimatesandcommunicatemorewithscentsandvocalizationsthanwithvisualsignals.

Sentence:Para1:Thesocialintelligencehypothesisclaimsthattheevolutionofprimateintelligencewasdrivenbytheneedtopredictandmanipulatethebehaviorofothers.Analysis:社會(huì)智力假說(shuō)認(rèn)為靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物的智力由預(yù)測(cè)和操控他人行為的需求驅(qū)動(dòng)。LongorDifficultSentences

Sentence:Para1:Sothemoreaprimatespecieshastokeeptrackofsocialrelationships,thesmarterthoseprimatesoughttobe,thebettertheyshouldbeatstealingfromyou.Analysis:因此，一個(gè)靈長(zhǎng)類物種對(duì)社會(huì)關(guān)系的掌控能力越佳，他們就越聰慧，也越善于從你那兒偷東西。LongorDifficultSentences

Sentence:Para3:Itisthereforeunclearwhethersocialityiscausallyrelatedtobrainsize,leavingintelligenceasabyproductofthisrelationship,orwhethersocialityiscausallyrelatedtointelligence,makingbrainsizethebyproduct.Analysis:因此不能明確斷言社會(huì)能力與大腦體積為因果關(guān)系而智力只是連帶結(jié)果，或者說(shuō)不確定的是社會(huì)能力是否與智力是因果關(guān)系，而大腦體積是其連帶結(jié)果。LongorDifficultSentences

Sentence:Para10:Thenon-socialtestmeasuredinhibitorycontrolbyusingwhatiscalleda“detourtask.”Thelemursweretrainedtoremoveapieceoffoodfromanopaquecylinderthatwasonlyopenonthetwoends.Analysis:而非社會(huì)性測(cè)試則使用我們謂之“迂回任務(wù)”的方法測(cè)試抑制控制力。狐猴被訓(xùn)練從兩端開口的不透明圓柱容器中取出食物。LongorDifficultSentences

Sentence:Para12:Thereisnoreasonthatskillssuchasthoseinvolvedinspatialnavigationwouldbesubjecttothesamepressuresassocialreasoning.Analysis:與空間導(dǎo)航能力相關(guān)的技能發(fā)展并不會(huì)與社會(huì)推理能力發(fā)展所對(duì)應(yīng)的壓力相同。LongorDifficultSentences

Sentence:Para13:Infact,thisstudyaddstoagrowingsetoffindingsinwhichsmaller-brainedspeciesoutperformlarger-brainedspecies:forexample,dogsroutinelyoutperformwolves,especiallyatsocial-cognitivetasks,andbonobossometimesoutperformchimpanzees.Analysis:事實(shí)上，本研究進(jìn)一步發(fā)現(xiàn)腦體積小的物種比腦體積大的物種表現(xiàn)更優(yōu)。例如，狗比狼表現(xiàn)更佳，特別是在社會(huì)認(rèn)知任務(wù)中。倭黑猩猩有時(shí)比黑猩猩也表現(xiàn)更佳。LongorDifficultSentences

Sentence:Para15:Or,itcouldbethatlemursocialinteractions,typicallyoccurringbetweenpairsofindividuals,requirelessmentalsophisticationthanthemorecomplexalliance-basedsocialinteractionsthattendtooccuramongmonkeysandapes.Analysis:還有一個(gè)可能性是：狐猴的社會(huì)交往通常在一對(duì)對(duì)個(gè)體間發(fā)生，這種交往與基于合作的復(fù)雜社會(huì)交往相比需要較小的心理復(fù)雜度，而復(fù)雜的社會(huì)交往通常發(fā)生于猴子和類人猿之間。LongorDifficultSentences

Sentence:Para16:Astheresearcherswrite,“theaccumulationoffindingsviolatingastrict1-to-1relationshipbetweenthesetraitswarrantsgreatcautionwhenmakinginferencesaboutcognitionbasedsolelyonbrainsize.”Analysis:如研究人員所述：“越來(lái)越多的發(fā)現(xiàn)否定了這種簡(jiǎn)單的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系，因此在推論大腦體積與認(rèn)知能力之間關(guān)系時(shí)需加倍謹(jǐn)慎?！盠ongorDifficultSentences專題補(bǔ)充講解Abstract一、摘要的功能摘要是一篇學(xué)術(shù)論文的縮影，對(duì)論文的主體內(nèi)容進(jìn)行綜述并且突出論文的精華。通過(guò)閱讀摘要，讀者可以獲取以下信息：1、研究的主要領(lǐng)域(whattheresearchisabout)2、研究問(wèn)題以及論文的創(chuàng)新點(diǎn)(researchquestionandwhatgapinpreviousresearchthepresentresearchfills)3、研究目的與意義(researchaimsandwhytheresearchwasdone)4、研究方法(methodology,howtheresearchwasdone)5、研究結(jié)果及啟示(researchresultsandimplications)

專題補(bǔ)充講解二、摘要的結(jié)構(gòu)摘要一般可以分為兩種類型：1、描述型摘要(descriptiveabstract)：描述型摘要就像是微縮版本的目錄，按照全文的結(jié)構(gòu)列舉研究的內(nèi)容；2、消息型摘要(informationalabstract)：消息型摘要重點(diǎn)突出研究的結(jié)果。實(shí)際寫作中，也常常會(huì)將兩種類型摘要結(jié)合。

專題補(bǔ)充講解三、摘要的寫作技巧1、摘要的數(shù)字是有限制的，一般來(lái)說(shuō)在200至500字之間，或者根據(jù)期刊的具體要求而定。2、摘要一般需要避免出現(xiàn)“本文”、“本作者”等主觀性字詞，因此常常使用被動(dòng)句來(lái)凸顯研究的內(nèi)容。3、摘要的語(yǔ)言是高度概括、簡(jiǎn)潔而凝練的。

專題補(bǔ)充講解四、摘要寫作常見句型1、研究背景：(1)Thepreviouswork…h(huán)asindicatedthat….(2)Severalresearchershavetheoreticallyinvestigatedthat….(3)Recentscientificworkdemonstrates…;empiricalevidenceconsistentlyshows....Despitethisevidence,…remainslargelyunexplored.(4)Almostalltheavailable…dealwiththe…problemsby….(5)In…investigationof…,animportantissueunderenduringdebateiswhether….

專題補(bǔ)充講解2、研究目的與研究方法：(1)Thispaperisintendedto….(2)Thepurposeofthisthesisisto….(3)Thisstudyexamineswhether…(4)Inordertoexploit…,weproposeanovel…method…(5)Thepresentstudyaddressesthisgapintheliteraturebyexamining….3、研究結(jié)果(1)Theresearchwehavedonesuggestsanincreasein….(2)Ourexperimentaldataarebrieflysummarizedasfollows:(3)Experimentalresultson…demonstratetheeffectivenessof….(4)Itis