Unit4Astronomy:thescienceofthestars語言要點(diǎn)（模塊）Ⅰ.詞語辨析1.loudly/loud/aloud【解釋】 loudlyadv響亮地，高聲地loudadj/adv與sing,speak,talk連用aloudadv相對默讀而言；出聲【練習(xí)】根據(jù)句子的意思在括號里填入適當(dāng)?shù)脑~。1).Willyoupleasespeak______?2).ItisgoodforyoutoreadEnglish______everymorning.3).Thebombexploded______.4).Ishervoice______enough?5).Actionspeaks______thanwords(事實(shí)勝于雄辯).Keys:1).louder2).aloud3).loudly4).loud5).louder2.unlike/dislike【解釋】unlikeprep.不像，和……不同adj.[作表語]不相似；不同dislikevt./n.不喜愛，厭惡【練習(xí)】根據(jù)句子的意思在括號里填入適當(dāng)?shù)脑~。1).Agoodhotelmanagershouldknowhisregularguests’likesand______.2).Herlatestnovelisquite______herearlierwork.3).Ifyougoonlikethatyou’llgetyourself_______(like).4).Iwasveryinterestedinthelecture,______manyofthestudents.Keys:1).dislikes2).unlike3).disliked4).unlike3.remain/leave【解釋】remainvi.仍然是；留下；剩下常用句型：remain+n.仍然是remain+adj./adv./prep.仍然是 remain+v-ed/v-ing仍然是remaintobedone有待去做，依然要做leavevt.剩下，忽略或未拿或未帶（某物），使或讓（某人、事物）處某狀態(tài)﹑某地等常用句型：leavesb.sth./leavesth.tosb.給某人留下某物leavesth(forsb)留下，交待下(某物)leavesthtosb將某物遺贈(zèng)給某人remaining/left兩者都可以作形容詞，表示“剩下的”，前者用于被修飾的名詞之前，后者用于被修飾的名詞之后。【練習(xí)】根據(jù)句子的意思在括號里填入適當(dāng)?shù)脑~。1).Someone______youthisnotewhileyouwereout.2).Aftertheearthquake,little______ofthevillage. 3).Heusedthe______moneytobuyadictionary.4).Afterbuyingthedictionary,hehadnotmuchmoney______.5).Arrivinghome,IfoundthatI’d______mykeyintheoffice.6).Don’tleaveher______(wait)outsideintherain.7).Sheremained_______(change)afteralltheseyears.8).Agreatmanythingsremain_______(do).Keys:1).left2).remained3).remaining4).left5).left6).waiting7).unchanged8).tobedone4.climate/weather【解釋】climate指從長時(shí)間的范圍來看某地的平均氣候或經(jīng)常性的氣候；weather指某地一時(shí)的天氣，如寒暖、晴雨和干濕的變化情況。【練習(xí)】根據(jù)句子的意思在括號里填入適當(dāng)?shù)脑~。1).Weshallgooutforapicnictomorrowifthe_______isfine.2).Adrier_______wouldbegoodforyourhealth.3).Icouldn’timaginewhatitwouldbeliketoliveinahot________.4).The_______ofourcountryismild,butindividualplacesexperiencebad________.Keys:1).weather2).climate3).climate4).climate;weather5.nowthat/since/because/as【解釋】都可引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句，語氣最強(qiáng)的是because，引導(dǎo)直接而明確的原因，也用來回答why的問句或用于強(qiáng)調(diào)句型；其次是since/nowthat，表示已知或明顯的原因，再次是as，引導(dǎo)的原因是不言而喻、顯而易見的；for引導(dǎo)的是并列分句，表推測或判斷的原因，前面有逗號隔開。【練習(xí)】根據(jù)句子的意思在括號里填入適當(dāng)?shù)脑~。1)._______everybodyishere,let’sbeginourmeeting.2)Itwas_______hewasillthathedidn’tgotoschool.3).Itmusthaverainedlastnight,_______thegroundisallwet.4)._______wearealone,wecanspeakfreely.Keys:1).since/nowthat2).because3).for4).Now(that)Ⅱ.詞性變化1.violentadj.強(qiáng)暴的，猛烈的violencen.暴力，強(qiáng)暴；猛烈violentlyadv.強(qiáng)暴地；猛烈地2.fundamentaladj.基本(礎(chǔ))的n.[pl.]基本原則(法則)fundamentallyadv.基本地；根本地fundamentn.基礎(chǔ)；根本3.developmentn.生長，發(fā)展；新情況developvt.發(fā)展；產(chǎn)生vi.生長；發(fā)展developedadj.發(fā)達(dá)的developingadj.發(fā)展的4.layvt.放下；擺設(shè)；產(chǎn)(蛋)lay---laid---laid---layinglievi.躺，平放；位于lie---lay---lain---lyinglien.&vi.謊話；說謊lie---lied---lied---lying5.preventvt.預(yù)防，防止preventionn.預(yù)防；阻止；妨礙preventableadj.可防止的，可預(yù)防的6.gentleadj.和藹的；輕柔的gentlyadv.溫和地；靜靜地7.physicsn.物理，物理學(xué)physicistn.物理學(xué)家physicaladj.身體的；物理(學(xué))的；物質(zhì)的【練習(xí)】用括號內(nèi)所提供詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1).Thenaughtyboy_______(lie)tomethatthehenthat_______(lie)therejustnowhad______(lay)twoeggsthedaybefore.2).Inmyopinion,________(prevent)ismoreimportantthantreatment.3).SomeprogramsontheInternetarefullof________(violent)andsex.4).Withthe________(develop)ofmodernindustry,moreandmorepollutioniscaused.5).Chinaisa________(develop)countrybelongtothethirdworld.6).Thereare________(fundament)differencesbetweenyourreligiousbeliefsandmine.7).Hisambitionistobecomeagreat________(physics).Keys:1).lied;lay;laid 2).prevention 3).violence4).development5).developing6).fundamental7).physicistⅢ.重點(diǎn)詞匯1.systemn.[c]系統(tǒng)；體系；制度；方法systematicadj有系統(tǒng)的;有條理的[典例]1).Thesolarsystemincludesthesunanditseightplanets.太陽系包括太陽和它的八顆行星。2).Alcoholisbadforyoursystem.喝酒對身體有害。[練習(xí)]根據(jù)句子的意思完成句子。1).The____________(教育系統(tǒng))operatesverydifferentlyintheUSandChina.2).Heintroducedusawell-designed____________(鐵路系統(tǒng)).Keys:1).educationalsystem 2).railwaysystem2.layvt.(laid,laid,laying)把放下；擺設(shè)；鋪(地毯)；產(chǎn)(蛋)[典例]1).Helaidhishandonmyshoulder.他把手放在我的肩上。2).Whoshouldwelaytheblameon?我們該責(zé)備誰?[重點(diǎn)用法]lay短語：layeggs下蛋 laysth.aside把某物放在一邊；積蓄（錢）laysth.down把某物放下 laytheblameonsb.責(zé)備某人laythetable擺桌子 layemphasis/stressonsth.把重點(diǎn)放在某事上[練習(xí)]根據(jù)句子的意思在括號里填入適當(dāng)?shù)脑~或翻譯。1).Thebird______itseggsinotherbirds’nests.2).Heisapoliticalleaderthat____________________(非常強(qiáng)調(diào))individualresponsibility.3).He______somemoney______forrainydays.Keys:1).lays 2).laysgreatstresson3).lays/puts;aside3.harmfuladj.有害的；傷害的harmn.&vt.傷害（某人）[典例]Manypeopleareawareoftheharmfuleffectsofsmoking.很多人都意識到吸煙的危害。[重點(diǎn)用法]beharmfultosb./sth.對……有害 doharmtosb.=dosb.harm=harmsb.對……有害；傷害……[練習(xí)]根據(jù)句子的意思在括號里填入適當(dāng)?shù)脑~或翻譯。1).Everyoneknowsthatsmokingis______toyourhealth. 2).Inmanycases,toomuchcareforchildrenfromparentsmightevendo______totheirgrowth.3).在陽光下看書對你的眼睛傷害很大。_______________________________________________________________________________Keys:1).harmful 2).harm3).Readinginthesundoesalotofharmtoyoureyes.=Readinginthesundoesyoureyesalotofharm.=Readinginthesunisveryharmfultoyoureyes.4.existvi.存在；生存existencen.存在[典例]1).DoeslifeexistonMars?火星上有生命嗎?2).IcanhardlyexistonthewageI’mgetting.我靠我掙的工資簡直難以餬口。[重點(diǎn)用法]exist+prep.存在于地方 existonsth.靠某物生存[練習(xí)]用exist的短語或其適當(dāng)形式填空。1).Thisplant______only______Australia.2).Canyou____________suchalowsalary?3).Idoubtthe______(exist)ofalien.Keys:1).exists;in 2).existonto3).existence5.puzzlevt.&vi.(使)迷惑；(使)苦思n.謎；難題puzzledadj.無法了解的；困惑的puzzlingadj.令人費(fèi)解的[典例]1).Herreplypuzzledme.她的回答把我弄糊涂了。2).Theirreasonfordoingitisstillapuzzletome.他們?yōu)槭颤N要做此事我仍莫名其妙。[重點(diǎn)用法]sth.puzzlessb.某事使某人迷惑/為難 sb.bepuzzledbysth.某人對……感到迷惑puzzleabout/oversth.對某事感到迷惑或苦苦思索（以便理解） solveapuzzle解決一個(gè)難題[練習(xí)]用puzzle的適當(dāng)形式填空或翻譯。1).Toexplainthe________(puzzle)findings,heofferstwotheories.2).I_______(puzzle)thatIhaven’theardfromLizforsolong.3).Shelistenedwitha_______(puzzle)expressiononherface.4).Noonehasyetsucceededinexplainingthe_______(puzzle)ofhowlifebegan.5).He_______(puzzle)whattodonext.6)._____________________(使我困惑的事情)iswhyheleftthecountrywithouttellinganyone.Keys:1).puzzling2).ampuzzled3).puzzled4).puzzle5)waspuzzled6).Whatpuzzlesme6.pullv.拉，拖，拔；移動(dòng)n.拉，拖；拉(引)力[典例]1).YoupushandI’llpull.你來推，我來拉。2).Ifeltapullatmysleeveandturnedround.我覺得有人扯我的袖子，便轉(zhuǎn)過身來。[重點(diǎn)用法]pullahead(ofsb/sth)領(lǐng)先（於某人/物） pull(sb)back（使某人）退卻；撤回（某人）pulloff(sth)（指機(jī)動(dòng)車輛）駛離（道路）（至路側(cè)停車處停下） pullout(sth.)拉掉；使分離；掏出；駛離（車站）pullon穿，戴上（襪子、手套等） pulltogether同心協(xié)力；通力合作[練習(xí)]用pull短語的適當(dāng)形式填空。1).Iarrivedasthelasttrainwas____________.2).He____________agunandaimedatthecriminal.3).Solongaswe____________,there’snomountaintopwecan’tconquer.Keys:1).pullingout 2).pulledout3).pulltogether7.cheervt.&vi.(使)高興、振奮；(對)歡呼cheerfuladj.高興的cheerlessadj.不高興的[典例]1).ThecrowdcheeredloudlyastheQueenappeared.女王出現(xiàn)時(shí)群眾高聲歡呼。2).Hewasgreatlycheeredbythenews.他聽到這個(gè)消息非常高興。[重點(diǎn)用法]cheersb.on為某人加油 cheer(sb)up（使某人）更高興或更快活[練習(xí)]用cheer的短語或其適當(dāng)形式填空。1).Yourvisithasgreatly______himup.2).Thecrowd______therunners______astheystartedthelastlap.3).Youlookasthoughyouneed______up.Keys:1).cheered2).cheered;on3).cheeringⅣ.重點(diǎn)詞組1.tobeginwith=tostartwith以……開始；由……作為開頭；首先[典例]Tobegin/startwith,Icouldn’tunderstandasingleword.起初，我一句也沒弄明白。[重點(diǎn)用法]begin/startwith從……開始 begin/startsthwith從……開始……[練習(xí)]根據(jù)句子的意思完成句子。1).He______hisspeech______apoem.2).Hisspeech____________apoem.3).__________________,petsaregoodfriendsofmanylonelypeople,especiallytheold.Keys:1).began/started;with2).began/startedwith3).Tostart/beginwith2.intime及時(shí)；最終；遲早[典例]1).Theycaughtthebusintime.他們及時(shí)趕上了汽車。2).Ifyoukeepon,youwillsucceedintime.如果堅(jiān)持下去，你們總有一天會(huì)成功的。[短語歸納]time短語：intimeforsth./todosth.及時(shí)；不遲 atthesametime同時(shí)；atnotime永不……attimes=sometimes有時(shí)allthetime一直；始終；老是 ontime按時(shí)；準(zhǔn)時(shí) bythetime到……的時(shí)候?yàn)橹筬romtimetotime不時(shí)地，間或 aheadoftime提前，提早 It’s(high/about)timethatsb.did/shoulddosth.是做某事的時(shí)候了 [練習(xí)]用time短語填空。1).Theysentthemailtomejust______________,beforeI1eft.2).Williamarrivedatthetheatrejust______________fortheplaywastobeon.4)._____________________willIgiveup.5).Theboylaughedandcried__________________________.Keys:1).intime2).intime4).Atnotime5).atthesametime3.inone’sturn輪到某人；接著[典例]Iwillseeyou,eachinyourturn.我將要一個(gè)接著一個(gè)地看你。[短語歸納]turn短語：inturn輪流；一個(gè)接著一個(gè) byturns輪流；一陣……一陣……taketurns(todosth.)輪流（做某物） It’sone’sturntodosth.輪到某人做某事了[練習(xí)]用turn短語填空或翻譯句子。1). Shewenthotandcold______________.2). 我們輪流著開車。_______________________________________________________________________________3).今天輪到誰發(fā)言了？_______________________________________________________________________________Keys:1).byturns2).Wedrovethecarbyturns/inturn.=Wetookturnstodrivethecar.3).Whoseturnisittogiveaspeechtoday?4.prevent...from=stop...from=keep....from使……不做事；阻止……做某事[典例]Hisbackinjurymaypreventhimfromplayingintomorrow’sgame.他背部的傷可能使他參加不了明天的比賽?！居梅ū嫖觥孔⒁?prevent/stopsb.fromdoingsth.中的from可省,keepsb.fromdoingsth.中from不可省略，因?yàn)閗eepsb.doingsth.是“使某人一直做某事”之意；但如在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中，三者的from都不可省；當(dāng)后接sb’sdoingsth.作賓語時(shí)，只能用prevent或stop，不能用keep，因?yàn)闆]有keepsb’sdoingsth.的句型。 [練習(xí)]根據(jù)句子的意思完成句子或翻譯。1).Doctorstookactionto___________________________________(防止這種疾病的蔓延).2). OfcourseIcan’t_______yourgoingabroad.3).警察阻止他們攜帶武器。_______________________________________________________________________________Keys:1).prevent/stop/keepthediseasefromspreading2).prevent/stop3).Thepoliceprevented/stopped/keptthemfromcarryingweapons.=Theywereprevented/stopped/keptfromcarryingweapons.5.blockout擋?。ü饩€）[典例]Thatwallblocksoutallthelight.那堵墻把光線都遮住了。6.beoff=setoff出發(fā)；動(dòng)身；不用上班/學(xué)/開張[典例]Thenwewereoff.隨后我們就啟程了。[短語歸納]off短語：getoff下車 falloff從……摔下來 takeoff脫下；起飛 turnoff關(guān)閉 payoff付清，還清 see...off給……送行 shutoff關(guān)閉[練習(xí)]用turn短語填空或翻譯。1).ItisaSundayandwe______________(不用上班)today.2).Herhusband______________onabusinesstripsomewhere.4).Aftertenyearsofhardwork,shefinally______________allherdebts.Keys:1).areoff2).wasoff3).Keepoff4).paidoff7.breakout(災(zāi)難、戰(zhàn)爭等)突發(fā)；爆發(fā)[典例]Firebrokeoutduringthenight.夜間突然發(fā)生了火災(zāi)。[短語歸納]break短語：breakawayfrom脫離（黨派）；擺脫（控制） breakdown毀掉；壞掉；(計(jì)劃/談判)失敗breakup打碎；拆散；(會(huì)議)結(jié)束；分裂(解體) breakoff(使)停止；中斷；折斷breakintosth.強(qiáng)行進(jìn)入某處 breakone’sword/promise食言；說話不算數(shù)[練習(xí)]用break短語填空。1).Aterribletsunami______________inthesoutheasterncountriesofAsiaatChristmas,2004.2).Whendoyou______________forChristmas?3).Negotiationsbetweenthetwosideshave______________.4).Hishousewas______________lastweek.Keys:1).brokeout2).breakup3).brokendown4).brokeninto8.watchout密切注視；當(dāng)心；提防[典例]Watchout!There’sacarcoming.小心!汽車來了。[重點(diǎn)用法]watchoutforsb/sth警惕或注意某人/事物 watchover保護(hù)；照看[練習(xí)]用watch短語填空。1).Theremusthavebeenanangel______________methatday.2).WhatproblemsshouldI_____________________whenbuyinganoldhouse?3).You’llbecomeanalcoholicifyoudon’t______________.Keys:1).watchingover2).watchoutfor3).watchoutⅤ.重點(diǎn)句子1.Itexplodedloudlywithfireandrock,whichwereintimetoproducethewatervapour,carbondioxide,oxygen,nitrogenandothergases,whichweretomaketheearth’satmosphere.它(地球)巨大的爆炸噴出了烈火與巖石。最終產(chǎn)生了水蒸氣、二氧化碳、氧、氮和其他多種氣體，從而形成了地球的大氣層。[解釋]“be+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)通常用來表示“按計(jì)劃或安排將要做的事情”，或表示上級對下級、父母對子女下命令，“應(yīng)該做某事”或表示某事“將必然發(fā)生”。例如：1).Hereisamessageforyoufromyourheadteacher:youaretogotoherofficeafterclass.你的班主任給你一個(gè)口信，要你下課后到她的辦公室去。2).Theworstisstilltocome.更糟糕的事情還會(huì)發(fā)生。3).We’llholdameetingtomorrow.=Wearetoholdameetingtomorrow.=Ameetingistobeheldtomorrow.我們明天將開會(huì)。4).ThetrainistoarriveinBeijingat10:25am.這趟火車將于上午10:25到達(dá)北京。[練習(xí)]完成句子或翻譯。1).Hereisamessageforyoufromyourheadteacher:you__________________toherofficeafterclass.(你的班主任給你一個(gè)口信，要你下課后到她的辦公室去。)2).Theworstisstill____________(come).3).We’llholdameetingtomorrow.=We__________________ameetingtomorrow.=Ameetingis__________________tomorrow.4).這趟火車將于上午10：25到達(dá)北京。_______________________________________________________________________________Keys:1).aretogo2).tocome3).aretohold;tobeheld4).ThetrainistoarriveinBeijingat10:25am.2.Thatmadeitpossibleforlifetobegintodevelop.那使生命的生長發(fā)育成為一種可能。[解釋]此句中的made后跟帶形式賓語it的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，其中it是形式賓語，真正賓語是不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，“forlivetobegintodevelop”，賓語補(bǔ)足語是possible。再如：Shemadeitherbusinesstofindoutwhowasresponsible.她非要弄清楚是誰的責(zé)任不可。提示：常用于此結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞還有think，feel，find，consider等。例如：1).Wemakeitaruletogetupat6o’clockeverymorning.2).Ifindithardtogetalongwithhim.3).HefounditimpossibletoleaveGermanyfortheUSA.他發(fā)現(xiàn)不可能離開德國去美國了。4).Ithink/find/feel/consideritmydutytohelpyou.我覺得我有責(zé)任幫助你。[練習(xí)]完成句子或翻譯。1).We________________________(規(guī)定)togetupat6o’clockeverymorning.2).I__________________(發(fā)現(xiàn)很難)togetalongwithhim．3).他發(fā)現(xiàn)不可能離開德國去美國了。_______________________________________________________________________________4).我覺得我有責(zé)任幫助你。_______________________________________________________________________________Keys:1).makeitarule2).findithard3).HefounditimpossibletoleaveGermanyfortheUSA.4).Ithink/find/feel/consideritmydutytohelpyou.3.ButwhenItriedtostepforwardIfoundIwascarriedtwiceasfarasontheearthandfellover.而當(dāng)我試著向前邁步的時(shí)候，我發(fā)覺我被送出去很遠(yuǎn)，步子的跨度竟是地球上的兩倍，因而我摔倒了。[解釋]twiceas...as...“是……的兩倍”，英語常見倍數(shù)的表示句型：1).倍數(shù)+as+adj./adv.+as“是……的幾倍”Myroomistwiceaslargeashis.2).倍數(shù)+adj./adv.比較級+than“比……(多/大)幾倍”Myroomistwicelargerthanhis.3).倍數(shù)+the+表示長度/高度/寬度等的名詞+of“是……的長度/高度/寬度幾倍”Myroomistwicethesizeofhis.注意：此結(jié)構(gòu)中常用的名詞有：size,height,weight,length,widthdepth等。例如：1).Thisruleristhreetimesaslongasthatone.=Thisruleristhreetimeslongerthanthatone.=Thisruleristhreetimesthelengthofthatone.這把尺子是那把的三倍那么長。2).Therearefourtimesasmanystudentsasweexpected.到的學(xué)生是我們預(yù)計(jì)的五倍。[解釋]twiceas...as...是的兩倍，英語常見倍數(shù)的表示句型：1).倍數(shù)+as+adj./adv.+as“是……的幾倍”Myroomistwiceaslargeashis.2).倍數(shù)+adj./adv.比較級+than“比……(多/大)幾倍”Myroomistwicelargerthanhis.3).倍數(shù)+the+表示長度/高度/寬度等的名詞+of“是……的長度/高度/寬度幾倍”Myroomistwicethesizeofhis.注意：此結(jié)構(gòu)中常用的名詞有：size,height,weight,length,widthdepth等。[練習(xí)]完成句子或翻譯。1).這把尺子是那把的三倍那么長。_____________________________________________________________________________2).到的學(xué)生是我們預(yù)計(jì)的五倍。Thereare____________________________________weexpected.Keys:1).Thisruleristhreetimesaslongasthatone.=Thisruleristhreetimeslongerthanthatone.=Thisruleristhreetimesthelengthofthatone.2).fourtimesasmanystudentsas主語從句作主語用的名詞性從句,因其在復(fù)合句中作主語,又稱主語從句。（1）連接詞:1)從屬連詞that,whether等。that引導(dǎo)主語從句只起引導(dǎo)作用,本身無實(shí)際意義,在主語從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分,但不能省略。Thatshelefthimcuthimtotheheart.她的離開使他很傷心。由whether引導(dǎo)的主語從句放在句首、句末都可。Whetheritwillpleasethemisnoteasytosay./Itisnoteasytosaywhetheritwillpleasethem.很難說這會(huì)不會(huì)使他們高興。2)連接代詞who,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever等。Whatseemseasytosomepeopleseemsdifficulttoothers.對某些人看來很