年全國碩士研究生招生考試英語（二）真題82022年全國碩士研究生招生考試英語（二）真題SectionI UseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)HarlanCobenbelievesthatifyou’reawriter,you’llfindthetime;andthatifyoucan’tfindthetime,thenwritingisn’tapriorityandyou’renotawriter.Forhim,writingisa___1___job—ajoblikeanyother.Hehas___2___itwithplumbing,pointingoutthataplumberdoesn’twakeupandsaythathecan’tworkwithpipestoday. ___3___,likemostwritersthesedays,you’reholdingdownajobtopaythebills,it’snot___4___tofindthetimetowrite.Butit’snotimpossible.Itrequiresdeterminationandsingle-mindedness.___5___thatmostbestsellingauthorsbeganwritingwhentheyweredoingotherthingstoearnaliving.Andtoday,evenwriterswhoarefairly___6___oftenhavetodootherworkto___7___theirwritingincome. AsHarlanCobenhassuggested,it’sa___8___ofpriorities.Tomakewritingapriority,you’llhaveto___9___someofyourday-to-dayactivitiesandsomethingsyoureallyenjoy.Dependingonyour___10___andyourlifestyle,thatmightmeanspendinglesstimewatchingtelevisionorlisteningtomusic,thoughsomepeoplecanwrite___11___theylistentomusic.Youmighthaveto___12___theamountofexerciseorsportyoudo.You’llhavetomakesocialmediaan___13___activityratherthanadaily,time-consuming___14___.There’llprobablyhavetobelesssocialisingwithyourfriendsandlesstimewithyourfamily.It’sa___15___learningcurve,anditwon’talwaysmakeyoupopular. There’sjustonethingyoushouldtrytokeepatleastsometimefor,___16___yourwriting—andthat’sreading.Anywriterneedstoreadasmuchandaswidelyastheycan.It’stheone___17___supporter—somethingyoucan’tdowithout. Timeisfinite.Theolderyouget,the___18___itseemstogo.Weneedtouseitcarefullyandas___19___aswecan.Thatmeansprioritisingoutactivitiessothatwespendmosttimeonthethingswereallywanttodo.Ifyou’reawriter,thatmeans—___20___—writing.1.A.difficult B.normal C.steady D.pleasant2.A.combined B.compared C.confused D.confronted3.A.If B.Though C.Once D.Unless4.A.enough B.strange C.wrong D.easy5.A.Accept B.Explain C.Remember D.Suppose6.A.well-known B.well-advised C.well-informed D.well-chosen7.A.donate B.generate C.supplement D.calculate8.A.cause B.purpose C.question D.condition9.A.highlight B.sacrifice C.continue D.explore10.A.relations B.interests C.memories D.skills11.A.until B.because C.while D.beforeA.putupwith B.makeupfor C.hangonto D.cutdownon13.A.intelligent B.occasional C.intensive D.emotional14.A.habit B.test C.decision D.plan15.A.tough B.gentle C.rapid D.funnyA.in

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of B.inchargeof C.inresponseto D.inadditionto17.A.indispensable B.innovative C.invisible D.instant18.A.duller B.harder C.quieter D.quicker19.A.peacefully B.generously C.productively D.gratefully20.A.atmost B.inturn C.onaverage D.aboveall SectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourpassages.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachpassagebychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Onarecentsunnyday,13,000chickensroamoverLarryBrown’s40windsweptacresinShiner,Texas.Somerestintheshadeofaparkedcar.Othersdrinkwaterwiththecows.Thisallseemsrandom,butit’sbydesign,partofwhatthe$6.1billionU.S.eggindustrybetswillbeitsnextbigthing:climate-friendlyeggs.Theseeggs,whicharemakingtheirdebutnowonshelvesforasmuchas$8adozen,arestilllabeledorganicandanimal-friendly,butthey’realsofrombirdsthatliveonfarmsusingregenerativeagriculture—specialtechniquestocultivaterichsoilsthatcantrapgreen-housegases.Sucheggscouldbemarketedashelpingtofightclimatechange.“I’mexcitedaboutourprogress,”saysBrown,whoisaddingmorecovercropsthatdrawwormsandcricketsforthechickenstoeat.Thebirds’wastethenfertilizesfields.Suchimprovements“allowourhenstoforageforhigher-qualitynaturalfeedthatwillbegoodfortheland,thehens,andtheeggsthatwesupplytoourcustomers.”Theeggindustry’spushisthefirstmajortestofwhetheranimalproductsfromregenerativefarmscanbecomethenextpremiumoffering.Inbarelymorethanadecade,organiceggswentfrombeingdismissedasanicheproductinnaturalfoodsstorestobeingsoldatWalmart.Morerecentlythereweresimilardoubtsaboutprobioticsandplant-basedmeats,butbothhaveexplodedintomajorsupermarketcategories.Ifthesustainable-eggrolloutissuccessful,itcouldopenthefloodgatesforregenerativebeef,broccoli,andbeyond.Regenerativeproductscouldbeahardsell,becausetheconceptistoughtodefinequickly,saysJulieStanton,associateprofessorofagriculturaleconomicsatPennsylvaniaStateUniversityBrandywine.Suchfarmingalsobringsminimal,ifany,improvementtothefoodproducts(thoughsomeproducerssaytheireggshavemoreprotein).Theindustryisbettingthatthesameconsumerspayingmoreforpremiumattributessuchasfree-range,non-GMO,andpasture-raisedeggswillembracesustainability.Surveysshowthatyoungergenerationsaremoreconcernedaboutclimatechange,andsomeofthesuccessofplant-basedmeatcanbechalkeduptoshopperswantingtosignaltheirdesiretoprotecttheenvironment.Youngadults“reallycareabouttheplanet,”saysJohnBrunnquell,presidentofEggInnovations.“TheyareabsolutelyalteringthefoodchainbeyondwhatIthinkeventheyunderstandwhatthey’redoing.”21.Theclimate-friendlyeggsareproduced________.A.ataconsiderablylowcostB.atthedemandofregularshoppersC.asareplacementfororganiceggsD.onspeciallydesignedfarms22.LarryBrownisexcitedabouthisprogressin________.A.reducingthedamageofwormsB.acceleratingthedisposalofwasteC.creatingasustainablesystemD.attractingcustomerstohisproducts23.TheexampleoforganiceggsisusedintheParagraph4tosuggest________.A.thedoubtstoovernaturalfeedsB.thesetbacksintheeggindustryC.thepotentialofregenerativeproductsD.thepromotionalsuccessofsupermarkets24.Itcanbelearnedfromthelastparagraphthatyoungpeople________.AarereluctanttochangetheirdietBarelikelytobuyclimate-friendlyeggsCarecuriousaboutnewfoodsDareamazedatagriculturaladvances25.JohnBrungvellwoulddisagreewithJulieStantonoverregenerativeproducts’________.A.marketprospectsB.nutritionalvalueC.standarddefinitionD.moralimplicationText2MoreAmericansareoptingtoworkwellintoretirement,agrowingtrendthatthreatenstoupendtheoldworkforcemodel.OneinthreeAmericanswhoareatleast40have,orplantohaveajobinretirementtoprepareforalongerlife,accordingtoasurveyconductedbyHarrisPollforTDAmeritrade.Evenmoresurprisingisthatmorethanhalfof“unretirees”—thosewhoplantoworkinretirementorwentbacktoworkafterretiring—saidtheywouldbeemployedintheirlateryearseveniftheyhadenoughmoneytosettledown,thesurveyshowed.Financialneedsaren’ttheonlyculpritforthe“unretirement”trend.Otherreasons,accordingtothestudy,includepersonalfulfillmentsuchasstayingmentallyfit,preventingboredomoravoidingdepression.“Theconceptofretirementisevolving,”saidChristineRussell,seniormanagerofretirementatTDAmeritrade.“It’snotjustaboutfinances.Thevalueofworkisalsodrivingfolkstocontinueworkingpastretirement.”O(jiān)nereasonforthechangeinretirementpatterns:Americansarelivinglonger.OlderAmericansarealsothefastest-growingsegmentoftheU.S.workforce.Thepercentageofretirement-agepeopleinthelaborforcehasdoubledoverthepastthreedecades.About20%ofpeople65andolderwereintheworkforceinFebruary2019,upfromanall-timelowof10%inJanuary1985,accordingtomoneymanagerUnitedIncome.Becauseoflongerlifespans,Americansarealsoboostingtheirsavingstopreservetheirnesteggs,theTDAmericansstudyshowed,whichsurveyed2,000adultsbetween40to79.Sixin10“unretirees”areincreasingtheirsavingsinanticipationofalongerlife.Amongthemostpopularwaystheyaredoingthis,thecompanysaid,isbyreducingtheiroverallexpenses,securinglifeinsuranceormaximizingtheircontributionstoretirementaccounts.Unfortunately,manypeoplewhoareoptingtoworkinretirementarepreparingtodosobecausetheyareworriedaboutmakingendsmeetintheirlateryears,saidBrentWeiss,aco-founderatBaltimore-basedfinancial-planningfirmFacetWealth.Hesuggestedthatpre-retireesshouldspeakwithafinancialadvisertosetlong-termfinancialgoals.“Themostchallengingmomentsinlifearegettingmarried,startingafamilyandultimatelyretiring,”Weisssaid.“It’snotjustafinancialdecision,butanemotionalone.Manypeoplebelievetheycan’tretire.”26.ThesurveyconductedbyHarrisPollindicatesthat________.A.overhalfoftheretireesarephysicallyfitforworkB.theoldworkforceisasactiveastheyoungeroneC.oneinthreeAmericansenjoyearlierretirementD.moreAmericansarewillingtoworkinretirement27.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3thatAmericanstendtothinkthat________.A.retirementmaycauseproblemsforthemB.boredomcanberelievedafterretirementC.thementalhealthofretireesisoverlookedD."unretirement"contributestotheeconomy28.Retirementpatternsarechangingpartlydueto________.A.laborshortagesB.populationgrowthC.longerlifeexpectancyD.risinglivingcosts29.Many"unretirement"areincreasinglytheirsavingsby________.A.investingmoreinstocksB.takingupoddjobsC.gettingwell-paidworkD.spendingless30.Withregardtoretirement,BrentWeissthinksthatmanypeopleare________.A.unpreparedB.unafraidC.disappointedD.enthusiasticText3Wehaveallencounteredthem,inbothourpersonalandprofessionallives.Thinkaboutthetimesyoufelttrickedorfrustratedbyamembershipsubscriptionthathadaseamlesssign-upprocessbutwaslaterdifficulttocancel.Somethingthatshouldbesimpleandtransparentcanbecomplicated,intentionallyorunintentionally,inwaysthatimpairconsumerchoice.Theseareexampleofdarkpatterns.Firstcoinedin2010byuserexperienceexpertHarryBrignull,“darkpatterns”isacatch-alltermforpracticesthatmanipulateuserinterfacestoinfluencethedecision-makingabilityofusers.Brignullidentifies12typesofcommondarkpatterns,rangingfrommisdirectionandhiddencoststo“roachmotel”,whereauserexperienceseemseasyandintuitiveatthestart,butturnsdifficultwhentheusertriestogetout.Ina2019studyof53,000productpagesand11,000websites,researchersfoundthataboutonein10employsthesedesignpractices.Thoughwidelyprevalent,theconceptofdarkpatternsisstillnotwellunderstood.Businessandnonprofitleadersshouldbeawareofdarkpatternsandtrytoavoidthegrayareastheyengender.Whereisthelinebetweenethical,persuasivedesignanddarkpatterns?BusinessesshouldengageinconversationswithIT,compliance,risk,andlegalteamstoreviewtheirprivacypolicy,andincludeinthediscussionthecustomer/userexperiencedesignersandcodersresponsibleforthecompany’suserinterface,aswellasthemarketersandadvertisersresponsibleforsign-ups,checkoutbaskets,pricing,andpromotions.Anyoralltheseteamscanplayaroleincreatingoravoiding"digitaldeception".Lawmakersandregulatorsareslowlystartingtoaddresstheambiguityarounddarkpatterns,mostrecentlyatthestatelevel.InMarch,theCaliforniaAttorneyGeneralannouncedtheapprovalofadditionalregulationsundertheCaliforniaConsumerPrivacyAct(CCPA)that“ensurethatconsumerswillnotbeconfusedormisledwhenseekingtoexercisetheirdataprivacyrights.”Theregulationsaimtobandarkpatterns—thismeansprohibitingcompaniesfromusing“confusinglanguageorunnecessarystepssuchasforcingthemtoclickthroughmultiplescreensorlistentoreasonswhytheyshouldn’toptout.”Asmorestatesconsiderpromulgatingadditionalregulations,thereisaneedforgreateraccountabilityfromwithinthebusinesscommunity.Darkpatternsalsocanbeaddressedonaself-regulatorybasis,butonlyiforganizationsholdthemselvesaccountable,notjusttolegalrequirements,butalsotoindustrybestpracticesandstandards.31.Itcanbelearnedfromthefirsttwoparagraphsthatdarkpatterns________.A.improveuserexperiencesB.leakuserinformationforprofitC.undermineusers’decision-makingD.remindusersofhiddencosts32.The2019studyondarkpatternsismentionedtoshow________.A.theirmajorflawsB.theircomplexdesignsC.theirseveredamageD.theirstrongpresence33.Tohandledigitaldeception,businessesshould________.A.listentocustomerfeedbackB.talkwithrelevantteamsC.turntoindependentagenciesD.relyonprofessionaltraining34.TheadditionalregulationsundertheCCPAareintendedto________.A.guideusersthroughopt-outprocessesB.protectconsumersfrombeingtrickedC.grantcompaniesdataprivacyrightsD.restrictaccesstoproblematiccontent35.Accordingtothelastparagraph,akeytocopingwithdarkpatternsis________.A.newlegalrequirementsB.businesses’self-disciplineC.strictregulatorystandardsD.consumers’safetyawarenessText4Althoughethicsclassesarecommonaroundtheworld,scientistsareunsureiftheirlessonscanactuallychangebehavior;evidenceeitherwayisweak,relyingoncontrivedlaboratorytestsorsometimesunreliableself-reports.ButanewstudypublishedinCognitionfoundthat,inatleastonereal-worldsituation,asingleethicslessonmayhavehadlastingeffects.Theresearchersinvestigatedoneclasssession’simpactoneatingmeat.Theychosethisparticularbehaviorforthreereasons,accordingtostudyco-authorEricSchwitzgebel,aphilosopherattheUniversityofCalifornia,Riverside:student’sattitudesonthetopicarevariableandunstable,behavioriseasilymeasurable,andethicsliteraturelargelyagreesthateatinglessmeatisgoodbecauseitreducesenvironmentalharmandanimalsuffering.Halfofthestudentsinfourlargephilosophyclassesreadanarticleontheethicsoffactory-farmedmeat,optionallywatchedan11-minutevideoonthetopicandjoineda50-minutediscussion.Theotherhalffocusedoncharitablegivinginstead.Then,unknowntothestudents,theresearchersstudiedtheiranonymizedmeal-cardpurchasesforthatsemester—nearly14,000receiptsforalmost500students.Schwitzaebelpredictedtheinterventionwouldhavenoeffect:hehadpreviouslyfoundthatethicsprofessorsdonotdifferfromotherprofessorsonarangeofbehaviors,includingvotingrates,blooddonationandreturninglibrarybooks.Butamongstudentsubjectswhodiscussedmeatethics,mealpurchasescontainingmeatdecreasedfrom52to45percent—andthiseffectheldsteadyforthestudy’sdurationofseveralweeks,Purchasesfromtheothergroupremainedat52percent.“That’sactuallyaprettylargeeffectforaprettysmallintervention.”Schwitzgebelsays.PsychologistNinaStrohmingerattheUniversityofPennsylvania,whowasnotinvolvedinthestudy,saysshewantstheeffecttoberealbutcannotruleoutsomeunknownconfoundingvariable.Andifreal,shenotes,itmightbereversiblebyanothernudge:“Easycome,easygo.”Schwitzgebelsuspectsthegreatestimpactcamefromsocialinfluence—classmatesorteachingassistantsleadingthediscussionsmayhavesharedtheirownvegetarianism,showingitasachievableormorecommon.Second,thevideomayhavehadanemotionalimpact,Leastrousing,hethinks,wasrationalargument,althoughhisco-authorssayreasonmightplayabiggerrole,Nowtheresearchersareprobingthespecificeffectsofteachingstyle,teachingassistants’eatinghabitsandstudents’videoexposure.MeanwhileSchwitzgebel—whohadpredictednoeffect—willbeeatinghiswords.36.Scientistsgenerallybelievethattheeffectsofethicsclassesare_____.A.hardtodetermineB.narrowlyinterpretedC.difficulttoignoreD.poorlysummarized37.Whichofthefollowingisareasonfortheresearcherstostudymeat-eating?A.Itiscommonamongstudents.B.Itisabehavioreasytomeasure.C.Itisimportanttostudents’health.D.Itisahottopicinethicsclasses.38.EricSchwitzgebel’spreviousfindingssuggestthatethicsprofessors.A.areseldomcriticaloftheirstudentsB.arelesssociablethanotherprofessorsC.arenotsensitivetopoliticalissuesD.arenotnecessarilyethicallybetter39.NinaStrohmingerthinksthattheeffectoftheinterventionis.A.permanentB.predictableC.uncertainD.unrepeatable40.EricSchwitzgebelsuspectsthatthestudents’changeinbehavior.A.canbringpsychologicalbenefitsB.canbeanalyzedstatisticallyC.isaresultofmultiplefactorsD.isasignofself-developmentPartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextandanswerquestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubheadingfromthelistA—Gforeachofthenumberedparagraphs(41-45).Therearetwoextrasubheadingswhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)A.Makeitahabit.B.Don’tgoitalone.C.Startlow,goslow.D.Talkwithyourdoctor.E.Listentoyourbody.F.Gothroughthemotions.G.Roundoutyourroutine.HowtoGetActiveAgainGettingbackintoexerciseafterabreakcanbeachallengeinthebestoftimes,butwithgymsandin-personexerciseclassesoff-limitstomanypeoplethesedays,itcanbetrickytoknowwheretostart.Andit’simportanttogettherightdoseofactivity."Toomuchtoosooneitherresultsininjuryorburnout,"saysMaryYoke,PhD,afacultymemberinthekinesiologydepartmentatIndianainBloomington.Thefollowingsimplestrategieswillhelpyoureturntoexercisesafelyafterabreak.41._____________________Don’ttrytogobacktowhatyouweredoingbeforeyourbreak.Ifyouwerewalking3milesaday,playing18holesofgolfthreetimesaweek,orlifting10-pounddumbbellsforthreesetsof10reps,Increasetime,distance,andintensitygradually."Thisisn’tsomethingyoucandoovernight,"saysKeriL.Denay,MD,leadauthorofarecentAmericanCollegeofSportsMedicineadvisorythatencouragesAmericanstonotoverlookthebenefitsofactivityduringthepandemic.Butyou’llreapbenefitssuchaslessanxietyandimprovedsleeprightaway.42._____________________Ifyou’rebreathingtoohardtotalkincompletesentences,backoff.Ifyoufeelgood,goalittlelongerorfaster.Feelingwipedoutafterasession?Goeasiernexttime.Andstayalerttoserioussymptoms,suchaschestpainorpressure,severeshortnessofbreathordizziness,orfaintness,andseekmedicalattentionimmediately.43._____________________Consistencyisthekeytogettingstrongerandbuildingenduranceandstamina.Tenminutesofactivityperdayisagoodstart,saysMarcusJackovitz,DPT,aphysicaltherapistattheUniversityofMiamiHospital.Alltheexpertswespokewithhighlyrecommendwalkingbecauseit’stheeasiest,mostaccessibleformofexercise.Althoughitcanbeaworkoutonitsown,ifyourgoalistogetbacktoZumbaclasses,tennis,cycling,oranyotheractivity,walkingisalsoagreatfirststep.44._____________________Evenifyoucan’tyetdoafavoriteactivity,youcanpracticethemoves,Withorwithoutacluborracket,swinglikeyouarehittingtheball.Paddlelikeyouareinakayakorcanoe,Mimicyourfavori