Mappingpatternsofspeciesrichnessand

endemismtounderstandevolutionof

particulargroups

SergeiVolis

Whypatternsofspeciesrichnessandendemismareimportant?

forconservationconcerns

narrowendemicsareusuallyrareandthereforepotentiallythreatened

Myersetal.Nature2000

Currentlyrecognizedglobalhotspotsofplantendemism,whicharedefinedashaving>1500endemicplantspecies

Harrison&Noss2017

Huangetal.Biol.Cons.2016

Huangetal.Front.PlSc.2022

Noroozietal.Biol.Cons.2019

ConservationpriorityzonesinMadagascar

Kremenetal.Science2008

Whypatternsofspeciesrichnessandendemismareimportant?

forunderstandinggroups’evolution

Centersofspeciesrichnessandendemismcanhelptoidentifytheareasoforigin,intensivespeciationorrefugia

Metrics

?SpeciesRichness(SR),definedasthenumberofspeciespresentineachgridcell,

?Absoluteendemism(numberofspeciesendemictoacell),

?WeightedEndemism(WE;Crispetal.,2001),definedasaspeciesrichnessinverselyweightedbyspeciesranges,

?CorrectedWeightedEndemism(CWE;Crispetal.,2001)whichisWEdividedbythetotalspeciescountinagridcelltopartiallyaccountforhighspeciesrichness

?PhylogeneticDiversity(PD;Faith,1992)isthesumof

branchlengthsconnectingtherootofthephylogenetictreetoallspecieswithineachgridcell

?Phylogeneticendemism(PE;Rosaueretal.,2009)

measuresthedegreetowhichbranchesfoundinagridcellarerestrictedtothislocation

Irissect.Oncocyclus-47species

Results

?ThehighestspeciesrichnessinLevantandTranscaucasia

?Thehighestendemismunderresolutionof200×200kminLevant,andunderresolutionof400×400and600×600kminLevant,theCaucasus,northeasternTurkeyandnorthwesternIran

?Togetherwiththeresultsofphylogeneticand

biogeographicanalysestheseresultshelpedtoreconstructevolutionofthegroup

Irissect.Scorpiris-74species

?AmajorcenterofspeciesrichnessandendemisminCentral

Asia/Afghanistan,asecondaryoneinTurkey/Levant,andathirdoneintheCaucasus/westernIran

?ThehighestbyfarspeciesrichnessandendemismareinthemountainousareaembracingTienShan,Pamir-AlayandHinduKushchains.

Allium-901species

TheareasofexceptionalspeciesrichnessareTianShanandPamiro-AlaymountainsofCentralAsiaandTranscaucasia,includingeasternTurkeyandnorth-westernIran,Levant,centralandwesternTurkey,andGreece

LocationsharbouringmanyendemicAlliumspeciesaremainlyinTurkey,Greece,Levant,westernIranandanareaembracingnorthernAfghanistanand

mountainousCentralAsia

Phylogeneticdiversity(PD)ishighinEuropeanMediterranean,Turkey,Levant,theCrimea,theCaucasusandtheareaofRussianorthofit,CentralAsia,

southernSiberiaandChina

Highphylogeneticendemism(PE)wasrestrictedalmostexclusivelytoCentralAsia,withafewpointsscatteredinIran,Pakistan,Turkey,IsraelandChina

Thecentresofpaleo-endemism,i.e.areaswithanover-representationoflong

branches,arescatteredacrossabeltstretchingfromItalytoKorea;particularlyrichinthegridcellsdominatedbypaleo-endemismareSicilyandKazakhstan.

Thecentresofneo-endemism,i.e.areaswithanover-representationofshort

branches,arescatteredinthesamebelt;particularlyrichingridcellsdominatedbyneo-endemismaretheBalkans,IranandKorea.

AreasofmixedendemismaremainlyinCentralAsia,IranandtheLevant,withsomeareasalsointheEuropeanMediterranean,theCaucasus,andChina.

Conclusions

?Thispatternofspeciesrichnessandendemismsuggeststhatareaswithroughterrainandcomplextopography,ontheonehand,andopenanddrylandscapes,ontheotherhand,werethemajorareasofAlliumevolutionanddiversification.

?AlthoughthevastmajorityofAlliumspeciesaredistributedoutsidetheQinghai-TibetPlateau(QTP),ineachevolutionarylineagewefindtaxathatare

distributedintheQTP,andmighthaveevolvedinconnectionwiththegeologicaldevelopmentoftheQTPandtopographicandclimatechangesthatoccurredintheareassurroundingQTPfromtheearlyOligocenetothelateMiocene.

?TherapiddiversificationofAlliumtaxaweobservewestofQTPinmountainousareasembracingtheIranianplateau,Zagros,Alburz,Kopet-Dag,TienShan,

Pamiro-Alai,KarakorumandHinduKushmountainchains.

?Thelatterareasupportedrapidspeciationandalsoapparentlyactedasthe

areaofmanylocalrefugiaduringtheclimaticoscillationssincetheMiocene,asevidentbyhighpaleo-andneo-endemismthatwedetected.

Magnolia-371species

3000x3000km

2000x2000km

1000x1000km

500x500km

300x300km

100x100km

TheareasofexceptionallyhighspeciesrichnessareinsouthernChinaand

IndochinaintheEasternHemisphere,andsouthernMexico,CentralAmerica,ColombiaandEcuadorintheWesternHemisphere

TherearemorecellswithexceptionallyhighWEandthesecellsaremoredenselydistributedintheWesternHemispherethanintheEastern

Hemisphere

Phylogeneticdiversity(PD)wasfoundtobemuchhigherintheEasternHemispherethanintheWesternHemisphere,andtheareaswithhighPDwerealmostexclusivelyinChina

Theareaswithhighphylogeneticendemism(PE)weredetectedinbothEasternHemisphereandthe

WesternHemisphere,butintheformerthenumberofsuchlocationswashigher.IntheWesternHemispheresuchlocationswererestrictedtoMexico,CentralAmerica,ColombiaandEcuador,andintheEastern

HemispheretheyweremostlyinChina,AssamandIndochina

?Onlythreecellswereidentifiedascentersofpaleo-endemism,i.e.

areaswithanover-representationoflongbranchesthatarerareacrossthelandscape,allinChina.

?Fivecellswereidentifiedasthecentersofneo-endemism,i.e.areaswithanover-representationofshortbranchesthatarerareinthe

landscape:threeinChina,oneinVietnamandoneinMyanmar.

?However,thereweremanyareasofmixedendemisminbothWesternandeasternHemisphere

Conclusions

?TheresultsofCANAPEanalysissuggestthatthe

WesternHemisphereandtheEasternHemis