2025年考研英語閱讀理解技巧分享試卷（含答案）考試時間：______分鐘總分：______分姓名：______模擬試卷PartAReadingComprehensionDirections:Inthepassagebelow,eachparagraphisfollowedbysomequestions.ForeachquestiontherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageTheriseofthe"gigeconomy"hasbeenoneofthemostsignificanttransformationsinthelabormarketoverthepastdecade.Fueledbydigitalplatformsthatconnectserviceproviderswithcustomersonaflexible,oftenshort-termbasis,industriesfromtransportationtofreelancewritinghaveseenasurgeinnon-traditionalworkarrangements.Proponentsarguethatthismodeloffersunparalleledfreedomandflexibility,allowingindividualstochoosetheirownhours,projects,andsometimeseventheiremployer.However,thisshiftalsoraisesprofoundquestionsaboutjobsecurity,benefits,andtheverydefinitionofemploymentinthemodernworld.Oneoftheprimaryappealsofthegigeconomyforworkersistheautonomyitprovides.Unliketraditionalemployment,gigworkersarenottypicallyboundbyafixedscheduleoralong-termcontract.Theycandecidewhentowork,whichprojectstoundertake,andoftensettheirownprices.Thisflexibilityisparticularlyattractivetoindividualswhovalueindependence,suchasparents,students,orthoseseekingtobalancemultiplejobsorpassions.Digitalplatformsactasintermediaries,streamliningtheprocessofmatchingsupplyanddemandintheservicemarket.Companiesbenefitfromaccessingavast,pre-vettedpooloftalentwithouttheoverheadcostsassociatedwithtraditionalhiring,training,andbenefitspackages.Despitetheseadvantages,thegigeconomyisnotwithoutitssignificantdrawbacks.Thelackofjobsecurityisperhapsthemostprominentconcern.Gigworkisoftenproject-basedandintermittent,meaningincomecanbeunpredictableandfluctuatedrasticallyfromweektoweek.Thisinstabilitycanmakefinancialplanningdifficultandleaveworkersvulnerable,especiallyduringeconomicdownturnsorpersonalcrises.Furthermore,theabsenceofbenefitslikehealthinsurance,retirementplans,paidleave,andunemploymentprotectionisamajordrawback.Thesebenefitsaretypicallyprovidedbytraditionalemployersbutareoftennotavailableoraffordableforgigworkers,leavingthemwithoutasafetynet.Anothercriticalissuerelatestothenatureoftheworkitselfandthepowerdynamicsinherentintheplatformmodels.Manygigjobsarecharacterizedbyalowbarriertoentrybutalsobylowpayandhighcompetition.Workersoftenfaceintensepressuretocompletetasksquicklyandcheaplytosecuregigs,whichcanleadtoburnoutandaracetothebottomintermsofwages.Moreover,thecontroloverworkingconditionsandtheabilitytosetpricescanbelimited,asplatformsoftenimposetheirownrulesandalgorithmsthatdictatepricingandavailability.Thiscanunderminetheveryautonomythatthegigeconomyissupposedtooffer,creatingasystemwhereworkersaremoredependentontheplatformthaneverbefore.Theregulatoryresponsetothegigeconomyhasbeenmixedandoftenfragmented.Somegovernmentshaveattemptedtoclassifygigworkersasemployeesratherthanindependentcontractorstoprovidethemwithcertainprotectionsandbenefits.However,thisapproachfaceslegalandpracticalchallenges,asplatformsarguethatreclassificationwouldunderminetheflexibilityofthemodelandpotentiallyleadtojoblosses.Otherregulatoryeffortsfocusoncreatingframeworkstosupportgigworkers,suchasportablebenefitssystemsorfinancialliteracyprograms.Yet,therapidevolutionofthesectorandtheglobalnatureofmanyplatformsmakeitdifficultforpolicymakerstokeeppaceandimplementeffective,comprehensivesolutions.Thegigeconomyrepresentsacomplexandmultifacetedshiftinthenatureofwork.Whileitoffersvaluableopportunitiesforflexibilityandautonomy,italsopresentssignificantchallengesrelatedtosecurity,benefits,andworkerrights.Astheeconomycontinuestoevolve,findingabalancethatharnessesthebenefitsofthegigmodelwhilemitigatingitsriskswillbecrucial.Thismayinvolveinnovationsinbenefitsstructures,platformdesign,orevenarethinkingofthesocialsafetynettobettersupportaworkforcethatisincreasinglydefinedbyflexibilityandindependence.Questions:1.Whatisthemaincharacteristicoftheworkarrangementsinthegigeconomyaccordingtothepassage?2.Accordingtoproponents,whatisoneofthemainbenefitsofparticipatinginthegigeconomy?3.Theword"profound"inthefirstparagraphisclosestinmeaningto:a)Shallowb)Initialc)Deepandsignificantd)Temporary4.Whatproblemishighlightedasaconsequenceoftheflexibilityofferedbythegigeconomy?5.Thephrase"racetothebottom"inthethirdparagraphrefersto:a)Acompetitiontoachievethehighestpricesb)Asituationwherewagesandworkingconditionsbecomeprogressivelyworsec)Acompetitiontocompletetasksintheshortesttimepossibled)Acompetitiontoattractthemostskilledworkers6.Whatisamajorchallengecitedbyplatformsinresponsetoregulatoryeffortstoclassifygigworkers?7.Theauthorsuggestsinthefinalparagraphthatfindingabalanceinthegigeconomyinvolves:a)Encouragingmorepeopletobecomegigworkersb)Strengtheningtraditionalemploymentmodelsc)Supportingworkerswhilemaintainingtheflexibilityofthegigmodeld)EliminatingdigitalplatformsentirelyPartBReadingComprehensionDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Passage1Theconceptof"darkmatter"wasfirstproposedinthe1930sbyastronomerFritzZwicky,whoobservedthatthegravitationaleffectsinsomegalaxyclusterswerestrongerthancouldbeaccountedforbythevisiblematteralone.Heinferredtheexistenceofanunseenformofmatter,whichhetermed"darkmatter."Decadeslater,evidencefordarkmatterhasaccumulateddramaticallythroughvariousastronomicalobservations.Onekeylineofevidencecomesfromgalaxyrotationcurves.Observationsshowthattheouterstarsandgasingalaxiesrotatemuchfasterthancanbeexplainedbythegravitationalpullofthevisiblematter.Tomaintainthesehighvelocitieswithoutflyingapart,astronomersconcludethattheremustbeasignificantamountofunseenmassexertingagravitationalforce.Similarly,darkmatterplaysacrucialroleintheformationandstabilityofgalaxyclusters,whicharethelargeststructuresintheuniverseheldtogetherbygravity.Withouttheadditionalgravitationalbindingprovidedbydarkmatter,theseclusterswouldnotformorremainintact.Whiletheexistenceofdarkmatterisnowwidelyacceptedinthescientificcommunity,itsnatureremainsoneofthebiggestmysteriesinmodernphysics.Darkmatterdoesnotemit,absorb,orreflectlight,makingitinvisibleandundetectablebyconventionalmeans.Itdoesnotconsistoftheparticlesthatmakeupordinarymatter,suchasprotons,neutrons,andelectrons.Instead,itisinferredsolelyfromitsgravitationaleffects.Severaltheoreticalcandidatesfordarkmatterparticleshavebeenproposed,includingweaklyinteractingmassiveparticles(WIMPs),axions,andsterileneutrinos.However,sofar,directexperimentalevidenceforanyofthesecandidateshasnotbeenfound.ExperimentssuchasundergrounddetectorssearchingforWIMPcollisionsorsatellitemissionsattemptingtoobservedarkmatterannihilationproductscontinuetoyieldnegativeorinconclusiveresults,leavingtheidentityofdarkmatteraprofoundpuzzle.Theimplicationsofdarkmatterforourunderstandingoftheuniverseareprofound.Currentcosmologicalmodels,knownastheLambda-CDMmodel,incorporatedarkmatterasacrucialcomponentalongsideordinarymatter,darkenergy,andthecosmologicalconstant(Lambda).Thesemodelspredictthatdarkmattermakesupabout27%oftheuniverse'stotalmass-energycontent,whileordinarymatteraccountsforonlyabout5%.Thismeansthatdarkmatterisnearlysixtimesmoreabundantthanordinarymatter.Thepresenceofdarkmatterisessentialforexplainingtheobservedlarge-scalestructureoftheuniverse,suchasthedistributionofgalaxiesandthecosmicmicrowavebackgroundradiation.Withoutdarkmatter,theuniversewouldlikelyhaveevolvedverydifferently,perhapsremaininghotanddensewithoutformingthecomplexstructuresweseetoday.Despitethechallengesindetectingdarkmatterdirectly,itsinfluenceisundeniable.Itsgravitationaleffectsshapethecosmosonthelargestscales,dictatingtheformationandevolutionofgalaxiesandclusters.Understandingdarkmatterisnotjustaboutsolvingapuzzleinastrophysics;itcouldalsoprovidecrucialinsightsintothefundamentallawsofphysics,potentiallyrevealingnewparticlephysicsbeyondtheStandardModel.Thesearchfordarkmattercontinuestobeamajorfocusofobservationalandexperimentalphysics,drivenbythedesiretouncoveroneofthemostelusivecomponentsofouruniverseandtorefineourunderstandingofitsoriginsandnature.Questions:8.WhatwastheinitialmotivationforFritzZwickytoproposetheconceptofdarkmatter?9.Howdogalaxyrotationcurvesprovideevidencefordarkmatter?10.Accordingtothepassage,whatmakesdarkmatterparticularlydifficulttodetect?11.Theword"elusive"inthelastparagraphisclosestinmeaningto:a)Obviousb)Commonc)Hardtofindorunderstandd)Expensive12.Whatistheprimaryroleofdarkmattermentionedinthepassageregardingthelarge-scalestructureoftheuniverse?Passage2Thehumanbrain,withitsestimated86billionneuronsandtrillionsofconnections,isthemostcomplexorganinthebodyandthefoundationofhumanconsciousness,thought,andemotion.Fordecades,neuroscientistshavereliedheavilyonanimalmodelstostudybrainfunctionanddysfunction,assumingthatwhatistrueformiceormonkeyswould,toalargeextent,betrueforhumans.Whileanimalresearchhasprovidedinvaluableinsights,anincreasingnumberofscientistsarearguingthatthisapproachhassignificantlimitationsandthathuman-centricresearchmethodsareessentialforfullyunderstandingthehumanbrain.Onemajorlimitationofanimalmodelsliesinthefundamentaldifferencesbetweenspecies.Althoughhumansandotherprimatesshareacommonancestorandhavesimilarbrainstructuresinsomeregions,therearealsosubstantialvariations.Forinstance,thehumanbrainisdisproportionatelylarger,withparticularlywell-developedareasassociatedwithcomplexcognitivefunctionslikelanguage,abstractthought,andself-awareness,whicharedifficult,ifnotimpossible,tostudydirectlyinanimals.Relyingsolelyonanimalmodelsmeansthatresearchersmaymisscrucialaspectsofhumanbrainfunctionordiseasemechanismsthatareuniquetohumans.Furthermore,theethicalconsiderationssurroundinganimalresearchpresentsignificantchallenges.Manystudiesinvolvinganimalsubjectsraiseconcernsaboutanimalsufferingandwelfare.Whileregulationsaimtominimizeharm,theverynatureofinvasiveproceduresortheinductionofdiseasesinanimalsforresearchpurposesinevitablyinvolvescausingthemdistress.Thisraisesethicalquestionsaboutthejustificationforsuchstudies,especiallywhenthefindingsmaynotbedirectlytranslatabletohumanconditions.Thereisagrowingmovementadvocatingforthereduction,refinement,andreplacementofanimaluseinresearch,promotingalternativessuchashumanbrainorganoids,computermodeling,andadvancedhumanneuroimagingtechniques.Advancementsintechnologyhavemadeitincreasinglyfeasibletoconducthuman-centricbrainresearch.Techniquessuchasfunctionalmagneticresonanceimaging(fMRI),positronemissiontomography(PET),andelectroencephalography(EEG)allowresearcherstoobservebrainactivityinlivinghumanswithunprecedenteddetail.Additionally,thedevelopmentofbrainorganoids—miniature,simplifiedversionsofthebraingrownfromhumanstemcells—offersapowerfultoolforstudyingbraindevelopmentanddiseasemechanismsinahuman-relevantcontext.Thesetechnologies,combinedwithgeneticengineeringandlarge-scaledataanalysis,areopeningnewfrontiersinneuroscience,enablingresearcherstoinvestigatethehumanbraindirectlyandgaininsightsthataresimplynotpossiblewithanimalmodelsalone.Despitethepotentialofhuman-centricresearch,italsofacesitsownsetofchallenges.Accessingthehumanbrainforstudyisinherentlydifficultduetoethical,technical,andpracticallimitations.Researchonhealthybrainsisoftenlimitedtonon-invasivemethods,whilestudyingdiseasedbrainstypicallyrequiresexaminingpost-mortemtissue,whichcanbealteredbythediseaseprocessitself.Moreover,humanstudiesareoftenlimitedbysamplesizeandtheneedfordiversepopulationstocapturethefullrangeofhumanbrainvariation.Addressingthesechallengesrequiresinterdisciplinarycollaboration,innovativeresearchdesigns,andsustainedinvestmentintechnologyandmethodology.Thepushtowardshuman-centricneurosciencereflectsabroaderrecognitionthatunderstandingthehumanmindrequiresstudyingthehumanbrainitself.Whileanimalmodelswillundoubtedlycontinuetoplayaroleinneuroscienceresearch,theycannotfullysubstituteforstudiesconducteddirectlyinhumans.Amorecomprehensiveunderstandingofhumancognition,emotion,andtheunderlyingcausesofneurologicalandpsychiatricdisordersnecessitatesresearchapproachesthatprioritizehumansubjects.Astechnologycontinuestoevolve,thefutureofneuroscienceliesinintegratingdiversemethods,blendinginsightsfromanimalmodelswithincreasinglysophisticatedhuman-centricinvestigationstounravelthecomplexitiesofthehumanbrain.Questions:13.Accordingtothepassage,whyhaveanimalmodelstraditionallybeenusedextensivelyinneuroscience?14.Whatisakeyargumentagainstrelyingsolelyonanimalmodelsforstudyingthehumanbrain?15.Thephrase"reduction,refinement,andreplacement"inthethirdparagraphrefersto:a)Methodstoimprovetheeffectivenessofanimalexperimentsb)Ethicalprinciplesguidingtheuseofanimalsinresearchc)Stepstoincreasethenumberofanimalsubjectsinstudiesd)Techniquestoreplaceanimalstudieswithhumanstudies16.Whatadvantagedobrainorganoidsofferovertraditionalanimalmodelsforstudyinghumanbraindisorders?17.Accordingtotheauthor,whatistheultimategoalofhuman-centricneuroscienceresearch?---試卷答案PartAReadingComprehension1.C2.A3.C4.D5.B6.A7.C解析思路1.定位：第一段首句"Fueledbydigitalplatformsthatconnectserviceproviderswithcustomersonaflexible,oftenshort-termbasis..."提到了核心特征。結(jié)合后文對自由、靈活的描述，可知非傳統(tǒng)工作安排的核心是靈活性。2.定位：第二段首句"Oneoftheprimaryappealsofthegigeconomyforworkersistheautonomyitprovides..."以及后面列舉的自主選擇時間、項目、雇主等例子，都指向了自主性是主要優(yōu)勢。3.定位：第一段"raisesprofoundquestionsaboutjobsecurity,benefits,andtheverydefinitionofemploymentinthemodernworld.""Profound"意味著深刻、重大的。選項C"Deepandsignificant"與之意思最接近。4.定位：第二段"Thisflexibilityisparticularlyattractivetoindividualswhovalueindependence,suchasparents,students...However,thisshiftalsoraisesprofoundquestionsaboutjobsecurity,benefits,andtheverydefinitionofemploymentinthemodernworld."雖然靈活性是優(yōu)點，但第四段明確指出缺乏保障（jobsecurity,benefits）是其后果之一。選項D"Thelackofjobsecurity"指出了靈活性帶來的問題。5.定位：第三段"...canleadtoburnoutandaracetothebottomintermsofwages."結(jié)合上下文，作者描述了競爭激烈、壓力大導(dǎo)致工資水平下降的情況?！癛acetothebottom”比喻情況不斷惡化，選項B"Asituationwherewagesandworkingconditionsbecomeprogressivelyworse"最符合此意。6.定位：第四段"...platformsoftenimposetheirownrulesandalgorithms...Thiscanunderminetheveryautonomythatthegigeconomyissupposedtooffer,creatingasystemwhereworkersaremoredependentontheplatformthaneverbefore."平臺通過規(guī)則和算法控制，使工人更依賴平臺，這實際上是反對將工人歸類為雇員的理由之一，即控制權(quán)問題。選項A"Thecontroloverworkingconditionsandtheabilitytosetpricescanbelimited"概括了平臺控制權(quán)的問題，與平臺反對被歸類為雇主的原因相關(guān)。7.定位：末段"...findingabalancethatharnessesthebenefitsofthegigmodelwhilemitigatingitsriskswillbecrucial.""...Understandingdarkmatterisnotjustaboutsolvingapuzzleinastrophysics;itcouldalsoprovidecrucialinsightsintothefundamentallawsofphysics,potentiallyrevealingnewparticlephysicsbeyondtheStandardModel."作者認為需要平衡利用靈活性帶來的好處和減少風(fēng)險。選項C"Supportingworkerswhilemaintainingtheflexibilityofthegigmodel"最符合這種平衡的觀點。PartBReadingComprehension8.A9.B10.C11.C12.A解析思路8.定位：第一段"...observedthatthegravitationaleffectsinsomegalaxyclusterswerestrongerthancouldbeaccountedforbythevisiblematteralone.Heinferredtheexistenceofanunseenformofmatter,whichhetermed'darkmatter'."Zwicky觀察到引力效應(yīng)超出了可見物質(zhì)的解釋，從而推斷出存在看不見的物質(zhì)。選項A"Thatthegravitationaleffectsobservedingalaxyclustersweregreaterthanthoseexplainedbyvisiblematter"最準(zhǔn)確地概括了他的觀察和推斷的基礎(chǔ)。9.定位：第一段"Observationsshowthattheouterstarsandgasingalaxiesrotatemuchfasterthancanbeexplainedbythegravitationalpullofthevisiblematter.Tomaintainthesehighvelocitieswithoutflyingapart,astronomersconcludethattheremustbeasignificantamountofunseenmassexertingagravitationalforce."外圍天體旋轉(zhuǎn)速度快，需要額外的引力（來自暗物質(zhì)）來束縛它們。選項B"Thatthehighrotationalvelocitiesofstarsandgasingalaxies'outerregionsrequireadditional,unseengravitationalforce"概括了這一點。10.定位：第二段"Darkmatterdoesnotemit,absorb,orreflectlight,makingitinvisibleandundetectablebyconventionalmeans."暗物質(zhì)不發(fā)光、不吸光、不反光，因此無法通過常規(guī)方法（如光學(xué)望遠鏡）探測到。選項C"Itslackofinteractionwithelectromagneticradiation,makingitinvisible"指出了核心原因，即不與電磁波相互作用。11.定位：最后一段"Thesearchfordarkmattercontinuestobeamajorfocusofobservationalandexperimentalphysics,drivenbythedesiretouncoveroneofthemostelusivecomponentsofouruniverse...""Elusive"在這里指難以找到、難以理解的。選項C"Hardtofindorunderstand"是最接近的意思。12.定位：第一段"...darkmatterplaysacrucialroleintheformationandstabilityofgalaxyclusters,whicharethelargeststructuresintheuniverseheldtogetherbygravity.Withouttheadditionalgravitationalbindingprovidedbydarkmatter,theseclusterswouldnotformorremainintact."暗物質(zhì)對于星系團的形成和穩(wěn)定至關(guān)重要，提供了額外的引力束縛。選項A"Itsroleinprovidingthenecessarygravitationalforcetoformandholdtogetherlarge-scalestructureslikegalaxyclusters"概括了其在宇宙大尺度結(jié)構(gòu)中的作用。13.定位：第一段"neuroscientistshavereliedheavilyonanima