上海開放大學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位英語統(tǒng)一管理英語3教材文章中英文對照.《管理英語3》教材文章（中英文對照）Unit1Reading1ManagingOneself自我管理Weliveinanagefullofopportunities:Ifyouaresmartenough,andhavegotambitionandkeeppushingforward,youcanrisetothetopofyourchosenprofession,nomatterwhereyoustartedout.Butwithopportunitycomesresponsibility.Companiestodayaren’tmanagingtheiremployees’careers.Professionalworkersmustbetheirownchiefexecutiveofficers(CEO).It’suptoyoutostriveoryourplace,tokeepyourselfengagedandproductiveduringaworkinglifethatmaylastaround50years.Todothosethingswell,you’llneedtohaveadeepunderstandingofyourself—notonlywhatyourstrengthsandweaknessesare,butalsohowyoulearn,howyouworkwithothers,whatyourvaluesare,andwhereyoucanmakethegreatestcontributionbecauseonlywhenyouoperatefromstrengthcanyouachievetrueexcellence.History’sgreatachievers—Napoléon,daVinci,andMozart—havealwaysmanagedthemselves.ButtheyaresounusualbothintheirtalentsandintheiraccomplishmentsastobeconsideredrareexceptionsNow,mostofus,eventhoseofuswithmodesttalents,willhavetolearntomanageourselves.Wewillhavetolearntodevelopourselves.Wewillhavetoplaceourselveswherewecanmakethegreatestcontribution.Andwewillhavetostaymentallyalertandengagedduringa50-yearworkinglife,whichmeansknowinghowandwhentochangetheworkwedo.自我管理我們生活在一個充滿機(jī)遇的時代︰無論你從哪里開始，如果你既聰明過人，又有遠(yuǎn)大抱負(fù)，并且勇往直前，那么你就可以在自己所選的職業(yè)領(lǐng)域中出類拔萃。但是，隨著機(jī)遇而來的便是責(zé)任?，F(xiàn)在的公司已經(jīng)不管理員工的職業(yè)生涯，自由職業(yè)者必須成為自己的首席執(zhí)行官(CEO)。在大約五十年的職業(yè)生涯中，能否積極上進(jìn)、勤奮工作、取得成效取決于你自己。要把事情做好，你需要對自己有一個深刻的了解，不僅僅是你的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)，還有你的學(xué)習(xí)方式，你與人共事的方式，你的價值觀，以及你能作出最大貢獻(xiàn)的領(lǐng)域。因?yàn)橹挥挟?dāng)你充分發(fā)揮自己的長處時，你才能做到真正優(yōu)秀。歷史上那些取得偉大成就的人——拿破侖，達(dá)·芬奇和莫扎特，他們一直在管理自己。正因?yàn)樗麄兗炔胖沁^人，又成就非凡，所以人們把他們視為少之又少的例外?，F(xiàn)在，我們中的大多數(shù)人，即使智力平平，也都得學(xué)會自我管理。我們不得不學(xué)會發(fā)展自己。我們應(yīng)該把自己放到能作出最大貢獻(xiàn)的位置。在將近五十年的工作生涯中，我們必須讓自己時刻頭腦清醒，全神貫注，這意味著我們該了解轉(zhuǎn)變我們現(xiàn)有工作的方式和時機(jī)。Unit1Reading2OrganizationStructureinHoogleEngineeringI’mMichaelBush,ManagingDirectorofHoogleEngineering.IampleasedtowelcomeyouheretoourwebsiteandI’dliketotellyoualittleaboutthecompanyanditsorganization.HoogleEngineeringwassetupin1960.Itwasdividedintoseveraldepartmentsatthattime,suchasthesalesdepartment,marketingdepartmentandproductiondepartment.Lotsofmanagerswereemployedtomanageitall.Fortunatelythingsaredifferentnow.SixtypeopleareemployedbyHoogleandcommunicationbetweendepartmentsisconsideredtobeoneofthemostimportantaspectsofthebusiness.Themarketisglobalsoweneedtomakecontactwithcustomersworldwide,notjustlocally.Butintheolddayswewereallindifferentdepartmentsandneverspoketoeachother.Wehadatallstructure.Traditionallywehadpeopleatthefirstlevelontheshopfloor,manufacturingproductsaccordingtotheinstructionswhichtheyweregiven.Thenyouhadasupervisorylevelofpeoplewhosupervisedthemeveryday.Thenyoumoveduptothemiddlemanagement,whoweredoingthetasksofgettingnewbusiness,andthenyouhadtheseniormanagementteam,andthenyouhadtheboard,whodecidedthebusinessstrategy.Sotherewerealotoflevelsinthecompanyintheolddaysactually.Thestructuretodayisthatweformteamswithinteamstoplacepeoplewhocanmanufactureaproduct.Eachteamhasmembersthatcanmanufacturedifferentproducts.Theactualteamsnowareself-managing,sowedon’tevenhaveteamleaders.You’vegottheteams,andthenyou’vegottwopeople,onlytwopeople,whoarewhatyouthinkofasmanagement.Thisisgenerallycalledflatstructure.Hoogle工程公司的組織結(jié)構(gòu)我是Hoogle工程公司的主管麥克·布什。歡迎你來到我們的網(wǎng)站，請允許我為你介紹一下公司及其結(jié)構(gòu)的情況。Hoogle工程始建于1960年，當(dāng)時被分為幾個部門，如銷售部、營銷部和生產(chǎn)部。我們要聘請許多管理人員來管理各個部門。幸運(yùn)的是現(xiàn)在的情況不一樣了。Hoogle雇傭了六十個人，而部門之間的溝通被認(rèn)為是業(yè)務(wù)中最重要的一個方面。市場是全球性的，所以我們需要與全球的客戶密切聯(lián)系,而不僅僅是本地客戶。但在過去，我們在不同的部門,也沒有互相溝通。以前，我們是直線式結(jié)構(gòu)，車間里的一線員工按照指令生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品，會有一個管理層人員每天監(jiān)督他們。當(dāng)你上升到要處理新業(yè)務(wù)的中層管理時,你就會有高級管理團(tuán)隊,你上面有董事會來決定業(yè)務(wù)策略。因此，在過去的年代，一個公司有很多層級管理?，F(xiàn)在的結(jié)構(gòu)是，我們在團(tuán)隊內(nèi)組建小團(tuán)隊，安排能夠生產(chǎn)同一產(chǎn)品的人員在其中。每個團(tuán)隊都有可以制造不同產(chǎn)品的成員?，F(xiàn)在的團(tuán)隊是自我管理的，所以我們甚至不需要團(tuán)隊領(lǐng)袖。你有團(tuán)隊，然后你有兩個人，只有兩個人，這就是你認(rèn)為的管理。這通常被稱為扁平式結(jié)構(gòu)。Unit2Reading1“WarforTalent”GoesoninJobMarketThe“warfortalent”readslikeheadlinesfrommanyyearsago,butithasnevergoneaway,saysEleanorNickerson,directorofUKoperationsforTopEmployers.Manycompaniestheyhaveresearchedonareshortoftalents.Thoughthecompaniesmayreceivemanyapplications,theycannotfindthepeopletheywant.TopEmployers’researchshowsthatofferinggoodcareerchancesisthekeytoattractingandkeepingthetalent.Smartemployeesknowtheirownvalueandwillwanttoknowwhattheiremployerscanofferthemafter5or10years’careerdevelopment.So,keepingstaffisthebiggestchallengeemployersfaceinthelongrun.Yetnoteveryemployeefeelsthattheycanbettertheircareerchances.Somearestillnervousaboutlosingtheirjobs,despitearecentfallinunemployment,saystheTradesUnionCongress(TUC).TUCpointsoutthatsomefour-fifthsofnewjobscreatedhavebeeninpartoftheeconomywhereaveragepayratesarelessthan￡8anhoursincetherecessionbegan.Manyofthesejobsareontemporaryorzero-hourscontracts.AreportfromtheOfficeforNationalStatisticspublishedinFebruaryshowedthatrealwageshavebeenfallingconsistentlysince2010.It’sthelongestperiodsinceatleast1964.“We’restillinthehardestlivingstandardssqueezeforoveracenturyandthosewhoarealreadyworkinghavehadyearsofreal-termspaycuts,”saysTUCspokespersonLizChinchen.“Understandingthepressuresthatstafffaceisagoodstartingpointforanyemployer.Ifemployerswanttoshowconcernfortheirstaff,theyshouldbepayingthemwellandunderstandthatzero-hourscontractsbringinsecurityandextrememoneyworries.”就業(yè)市場持續(xù)上演“人才爭奪戰(zhàn)”頂尖雇主的英國業(yè)務(wù)主管EleanorNickerson說，“人才爭奪戰(zhàn)”看起來像許多年前的頭條新聞，但它從未離開過我們的眼球。他們調(diào)查的許多公司都缺乏人才。雖然那些公司可能會收到很多應(yīng)聘申請，但他們找不到他們想要的人才。頂尖雇主的研究表明，提供優(yōu)厚的事業(yè)發(fā)展前景是吸引和留住人才的關(guān)鍵。聰明的員工知道自身價值，并希望知道雇主在他們5-10年的職業(yè)發(fā)展后可以給他們提供什么。所以，從長遠(yuǎn)來看，留住員工是雇主面臨的最大挑戰(zhàn)。但是，并不是每位員工都覺得他們能夠獲得更好的事業(yè)發(fā)展機(jī)會。貿(mào)易聯(lián)盟大會（TUC）表示，雖然近期失業(yè)率有所下降，但有些人仍然擔(dān)心失去工作。TUC指出，自經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退開始以來，約有五分之四的新就業(yè)機(jī)會是來自于平均工資水平低于時薪8英鎊的工業(yè)，其中許多工作是臨時或零時工合同。2月份發(fā)布的國家統(tǒng)計局的報告顯示，自2010年以來，實(shí)際工資一直在持續(xù)下降。這是自1964年以來最長的時期。TUC發(fā)言人LizChinchen說：“一個多世紀(jì)以來，我們的生活水平一直處于最艱難的狀況，而且，多年來員工的收入實(shí)際上一直在減少?！薄傲私鈫T工面臨的壓力是每一位雇主的良好起點(diǎn)。如果雇主想要關(guān)心他們的員工，他們應(yīng)該很好地支付他們，并理解零時工合同給員工帶來不安全感和極大的金錢憂慮。Unit2Reading2HumanResourcesManagementHumanResourcesManagement(HRM)istheprocessofmanagingpeopleandtheirrelationshipsinanorganization.Thesetwoprocessesareimportantinthesuccessandgrowthofabusiness.Inmanagingpeople,staffingisthemostimportantcomponentofHRM.Itneedstomakeguidelineandproceduresforhiringandplacement.Staffingalsoinvolvesthemanagementofemployeesonmatterslikemonitoringofholidays,absences,healthandsafety,disciplinaryaction,anddismissal.AnotherimportantelementofHRMinmanagingpeopleiskeepingtheemployeesinthecompany.Thetrainingofemployeestoenablethemtoimprovetheircareerdevelopmentisveryimportant.GoodHRMpoliciesensurethatthereareclearregulationswhichshowthepaylevelsforthedifferentpositionsinanorganization.Itisimportantforthestafftoknowthecareerpath,pay,trainingandotheropportunitiesthatareavailabletothem.PerformancemanagementisanotherimportantcomponentofHRM.Thereasonforthisisthatmanyemployersuseittoevaluatecareerimprovementandtodeterminepayincreases.ThesecondaryroleofHRMisthemanagementoftherelationshipsamongpeopleinanorganization.Thisincludesstaffwithindepartmentsaswellasacrossthewholeorganization.Therelationshipbetweenstaffandmanagementisanimportantfactorinthesuccessofanorganization.Itdecideshowfastanorganizationwillrealizetheirgoals.ThefocusofHRMisthepeoplewithinanorganization.Regularplanning,monitoringandevaluationareimportantforthesuccessofHRM.Successfulmanagementensuresthatallemployeesknowtheirrole,careerdevelopmentandalsofeelpartofanorganization.人力資源管理人力資源管理（HRM）是在一個組織里管理人員和他們之間的關(guān)系的過程，這兩個過程對于企業(yè)的成功和發(fā)展至關(guān)重要。在管理人員方面，人事工作是人力資源管理最重要的內(nèi)容，得制定招聘和安置的指導(dǎo)方針和章程。人事工作也包含對員工的管理，如休假、缺勤、健康與安全、紀(jì)律處分和解雇等事項(xiàng)。人力資源管理在人員管理上另一個重要作用是留住員工在公司。提升員工職業(yè)發(fā)展能力的培訓(xùn)十分重要。優(yōu)質(zhì)的人力資源管理能夠保證公司有明確的制度實(shí)行以崗定薪，重要的是讓員工了解他們可能得到的職業(yè)前景，薪資，培訓(xùn)和其他機(jī)會?？冃Ч芾硎侨肆Y源管理的另一個主要內(nèi)容，這樣做的原因是，許多雇主用它來評估職業(yè)提升和確定加薪。人力資源管理的另一個內(nèi)容是管理員工之間的關(guān)系，這包括部門內(nèi)以及整個機(jī)構(gòu)的人員。員工與管理層之間的關(guān)系是一個機(jī)構(gòu)成功的重要因素之一。它決定了機(jī)構(gòu)實(shí)現(xiàn)其企業(yè)目標(biāo)的快慢。人力資源管理的重點(diǎn)是機(jī)構(gòu)內(nèi)部的人。常規(guī)規(guī)劃、記錄和評價對人力資源管理的成功非常重要。成功的管理確保所有員工都知道他們的角色、職業(yè)發(fā)展以及歸屬感。Unit3Reading1SaveMoneybyUnderstandingWhyYouSpendItTosavemoney,yousimplyneedtospendlessthanyouearn.Itiseasytosay,butwhyisitsodifficulttodo?Toanswerthisquestion,youneedtostudythefactorsthatkeepyouspendingallthetime.EasyaccesstocreditFormostpeople,thisisthebiggestreasonforoverspending.Peoplecaneasilygetacreditcard,simplybyfillingoutashortforminabankorjumpingontheirwebsite.Theycanborrowmoneyfrombankstogoshopping,evenbuycarsorhouses.Whenyouaren’tphysicallyhandingsomeonemoneyoracheckforapurchase,youwillfeelyouarespendingfreemoneyoryouaren’tpendingmoneyatall.Tryusingcashtogetyourspendingundercontrol.MisusingcreditcardsAcreditcardisaninterestfreeshort-termloan.Whenusedasplanned,thiscanbeapowerfulfinancialtool.Theproblemiswhenyoubegintoletthebalancecontinuefrommonthtomonth.Ifyoumakea$200purchaseonyourcreditcardandfindoutthatattheendofthemonthyoucan’taffordtorepaythefullamount,thisiswhenthehighinterestratesonthecardsreallybegintohurtyou.Thatisnowayofsavingmoney.GivingintotemptationWeallneedtoenjoylife,butdon’twasteyourfinancialfutureforafewguiltypleasurestodayiftheyaren’tinyourbudget.Whenyouknowthatyoucan’taffordanactivity,don’tgivein.Instead,inviteyourfriendsoverforahomedinnerparty,gamenight,orsomeotheractivitieswhereyoucanstillenjoytimetogether,butwithoutbreakingyourbudget.SpendingtofeelgoodEveryoneenjoysgettingsomethingnew—buyingyourselfsomethingfeelsgood.Thereisabsolutelynothingwrongwiththis,aslongasyoudon’tgooverboard.You’llfeelgoodaboutyourpurchasewhetheryoumakeitwithcashorbycreditcard,butyou’llfeelevenbetterwhenyoudon’thavetospendthenexttwoyearstryingtopayitoffwith20%interest.知道為何花錢才知道如何省錢為了省錢，你的花費(fèi)只要不超過你掙得的錢就行。但為什么說得容易做的難呢？回答這個問題，你需要研究一下是哪幾個因素讓你一直不停的花錢。容易獲得信貸對大多數(shù)人來說，這是超支最大的原因。信用卡獲取方便，人們只需要在銀行或在其網(wǎng)站上填寫一個簡易表格就行。有了信用卡，人們就可以從銀行借錢去購物，甚至去買汽車或房子。當(dāng)你在購物時不是實(shí)實(shí)在在用現(xiàn)金或支票付款，你會覺得你在免費(fèi)消費(fèi)或者完全沒有花錢。試著用現(xiàn)金付款來控制你的消費(fèi)。濫用信用卡信用卡是短期的無息貸款。如果有計劃的使用，信用卡是一個強(qiáng)有力的金融工具。問題是你何時開始可以保持每月的收支平衡。如果你用信用卡支付了200美元后，發(fā)現(xiàn)在這個月底你不能全額償還，這時高利率可能真的開始傷害你了。那當(dāng)然更不是省錢的辦法。屈服于誘惑我們都需要享受生活,但是如果有些消費(fèi)不在你的預(yù)算內(nèi)，就不要讓今天的一些負(fù)罪享樂影響你的未來財務(wù)狀況。當(dāng)你知道自己負(fù)擔(dān)不起有些開銷時，就別被誘惑了。不如邀請你的朋友來家里聚餐,設(shè)計家庭游戲夜,或一些其他的活動,這樣你既沒有超出預(yù)算，也可以和朋友們一起享受時光。支出感覺良好每個人都喜歡得到一些新的東西——給自己買東西的感覺總是很好的。只要不過火，這件事就沒有任何錯。無論你用現(xiàn)金還是用信用卡支付，你都會感覺良好，不過，當(dāng)你隨后兩年不用被迫還清附加20%高利息的債務(wù)時，感覺會更好。Unit3Reading2ThreeStepstoaGoodMarketingBudgetWithoutgoodbudgetmanagement,youarelikelytooverspendonmarketingaccidentally.Herearethreestepsthathelptomakeagoodmarketingbudget.Step1:OrganizefinancialinformationThefirststepistobeclearofyourcurrentfinancialsituation.Youneedtoknowhowmuchmoneyyourcompanymakesmonthlyandthechangesthatmightariseinthefuture.Althoughincomeflowschangethroughouttheyear,youmustorganizetheinformationbasedonreliablerevenue—theminimumamountofmoneyyourcompanymakeseachmonth.Arealisticbudgetplanwillalwaysfocusontheincomethatexceedstheexpenses,notthetotalrevenuethatcomesin.Whenyouhavedeterminedtheamountofdisposableincomeavailableforthecompany,youshoulddeterminewherethemoneywillgo.Step2:DeterminewhereyouwanttospendmarketingfundsAfteryouknowthetotalamountavailabletospendonmarketing,thenextstepishowyouplantospendthatmoney.Threemainfactorsdecidehowyouspendmarketingfunds:thebudgetamount,yourpastexperiences,andwhereyoucanreachtherightaudience.Youwillstartorganizinghowtospendthefundsbasedontheamount.Besides,youneedtoconsiderthestrategiesthathaveworkedinthepast.Also,youneedtoconsiderwhichmarketingchannelswillallowyoutoreachtherightaudience.Step3:AssessdataandmakeappropriatechangesThefinalstepinbuildingagoodmarketingbudgetistheanalysisoftheplanandanychangesthatmayimproverevenue.ultimately,marketingisdesignedtobringinextrarevenue.Iftheactivitydoesnotbringinanyadditionalrevenueoveritscost,thenitisbettertochangestrategyandtrysomethingelse.Assessingthedataisavitalpartofcreatinganeffectivemarketingstrategy.Evaluationbeginswithcomparingpastperformancetotheperformanceaftermarketingtheproductorservices.However,agoodbudgetaloneisnotenough.Youhavetotakeactionandremaincommittedtofollowingthroughyourplan.Bykeepingthebudgetinmindwhenyoumakedecisions,youwillhavetheopportunitytoworkoutdifferentstrategiestofindthebestsolutionsforyourbusinessgoalsandpreventoverspendingonmarketing.三個步驟做好營銷預(yù)算如果你不做好預(yù)算管理，可能在做營銷時不小心就超支了。這里介紹三個步驟幫助你做好營銷預(yù)算。步驟1:整理財務(wù)信息第一步是要弄清楚你當(dāng)前的財務(wù)狀況。你要知道公司每月的收入和未來可能出現(xiàn)的變化。雖然全年收入量在變化,你必須基于可靠的收入數(shù)據(jù)——公司每月的最低收入額來整理信息。一個切實(shí)可行的預(yù)算方案永遠(yuǎn)關(guān)注的是大于支出的收入，而不是總收入。一旦確定了公司現(xiàn)有的可支配收入，你就應(yīng)該確定如何花這些錢。步驟2:確定如何支配營銷資金下一步就是當(dāng)你知道可用于營銷的資金總額后，你就應(yīng)該計劃如何花這些錢。三個因素決定如何使用營銷資金：預(yù)算額度、以往經(jīng)驗(yàn)和尋找目標(biāo)客戶?；谝延蓄~度你要開始策劃如何使用這些資金。除此之外,你需要考慮以往工作中的營銷策略，還要考慮尋找目標(biāo)客戶的營銷渠道。步驟3:評估數(shù)據(jù)和適當(dāng)調(diào)整做好一個營銷預(yù)算的最后一步是分析，即對可提高收入的計劃和可能產(chǎn)生的變化進(jìn)行分析。市場營銷的最終目的是帶來額外收益。如果營銷活動不帶來任何額外的收入，那么最好是改變戰(zhàn)略,嘗試別的方法。數(shù)據(jù)評估是制定有效市場營銷策略的重要一環(huán)。評估始于對產(chǎn)品銷售和服務(wù)的過去的業(yè)績與現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行比較。然而,僅僅有一個好的預(yù)算方案是不夠的。你必須付諸行動,繼續(xù)致力于實(shí)施你的計劃。在你決策時，只有不忘預(yù)算，你才有機(jī)會找到多種策略和相應(yīng)措施，達(dá)到商業(yè)目標(biāo)，并防止?fàn)I銷超支。Unit4Reading1RoadClosureProceduresinSydneyTominimizetrafficjamsinthecitycenterandonmajorroadsoutofSydney,theCity’shighwaydepartmentwillnotagreetoroadclosuresscheduleforweekdaysorSaturdays.Onminorroadsoutsidethecitycenter,weekdaysandSaturdaysmaybeconsidered.Youmustapplyforapprovaltodoroadworkandotherroad-relatedactivities,treecuttinganduseofverylargeconstructionmachinery,ladder,etc.Pleasenotethatapprovalisneededifyouplantoblocktheroadorfootpath.ApplicationstohavearoadclosedtotrafficmustbecompletedandsenttotheDepartment’sTrafficCalmingCommitteeatleastamonthbeforethescheduleddate.Roadscanbeclosedpartiallyorfully,dependonyourrequirements.Partialroadclosuresareonlyallowedinlighttrafficareaswheretherewillbeatleast1lanefortrafficwithextratrafficcontrolmeasurestomakesure2-waytrafficcancontinuetorunforthedurationofthework.Anychangeoftrafficflowwillrequiretheproposaltobetreatedasafullroadclosure.Forfurtherinformationaboutapartialroadclosure,pleaserefertoContacts.Ifyouareorganizingaparade,marchorothertypeofstreet-basedevent,approvalisalsorequiredandwerecommendyouchooseoneofour4preferredroute.Choosinganexistingroutereducetheamountofplanningyouwillneedtodo.悉尼道路封閉程序?yàn)榱藴p少悉尼市中心和主要道路的交通堵塞，市公路局不會同意工作日或周六的道路封閉，不過可考慮市中心外的次要道路的封閉。道路施工或?qū)嵤┡c道路有關(guān)的活動，如砍樹、使用大型筑路機(jī)械、云梯等，必須提交申請。請注意，如果計劃封鎖道路或人行道，是需要獲得批準(zhǔn)才能進(jìn)行的。道路交通封閉申請必須在離預(yù)定日期至少一個月之前提交給政府交通穩(wěn)靜化委員會。根據(jù)要求，道路可實(shí)行全封閉或部分封閉。部分道路封閉只允許在交通不繁忙的地段進(jìn)行，封閉期間至少得有一條車道用于通行，輔以交通管制措施保證雙向交通順暢通行。以任何方式改變交通流量都被視為全面封路，需要提交申請。組織示威游行或其他需要占用道路的活動也須得到批準(zhǔn)。建議從四條預(yù)定的路線中選擇一條。選擇一條現(xiàn)有的線路，需要做的準(zhǔn)備工作會少很多。Unit4Reading2Beijing’sRoadsfortheFutureTheroadsysteminBeijing’scentralbusinessdistrict(CBD)isbeingre-designtomakepublictransportationeasyandimproveefficiency.Plansfor45roadswithintheCBDhavebeenapproved,measuring41.5kilometersintotal.Inadditiontopublicbuses,freeorlowpriceshuttlebusesfromresidenceareastosubwaystationswillalsobeprovidedforcommuters.Thisisjustoverfourtimesthenumberofroadsopenedin2007,andwilladdanother15.5kmtotheexistingroadnetwork.Besidesroads,anundergroundtrafficsystemhasalsobeenoperating,whichincludesfournewsubwaylinesbeneaththeCBD.Theundergroundconnectionsystemismadeupoftwolevels.Thefirstundergroundfloorissetasidemainlyforpedestriansandcommercialfacilities,whilethesecondundergroundfloorisplannedforparking.Thecityhasalsoinvested140millionyuantosetupatrafficinquirysystem,throughwhichthepubliccanchecktrafficconditionsonlineandseethemostconvenientroutesontheirGPSsystem.Inthefuture,theCBDwillbefullycoveredbyanintelligenttrafficcontrolsystem.北京未來的道路系統(tǒng)北京中心商務(wù)區(qū)（CBD）的道路系統(tǒng)正在被重新設(shè)計，以便讓公共交通更加便捷。在CBD內(nèi)新建四十五條道路的規(guī)劃已獲批準(zhǔn)，總長度為41.5公里。除公交車外，還將向上班族提供免費(fèi)或廉價的班車往返于居住地與地鐵站之間。規(guī)劃中的道路略高于2007年開通道路的四倍，將在現(xiàn)有道路網(wǎng)的基礎(chǔ)上增加15.5公里。除了道路，一套地下交通系統(tǒng)也一直在運(yùn)行，包括在CBD下運(yùn)行的四條地鐵線。地下互聯(lián)系統(tǒng)有兩層，地下一層主要用于行人和商業(yè)設(shè)施，而地下二層計劃為停車場。北京市還投資了一億四千萬元建立一個交通查詢系統(tǒng)，通過這個系統(tǒng)，市民可以在網(wǎng)上查詢交通狀況，在GPS系統(tǒng)上查到最方便的路線。今后，CBD將全面覆蓋智能交通控制系統(tǒng)。Unit5Reading1FoodSafetyAquestionthatoftentroublesfoodcompaniesishowtocontrolproblemslikeratsandinsectwithoutharmingthefood.Pestcontrolexpertssaypoisonshouldneverbeusedwheretheymayenterfood.Theysaythefirstlineofdefenseagainstpestsistocleantheplaceswherethefoodishandledorstored.Floors,foodpreparationsurfacesandtoolscanbedisinfectedwithchemicalslikechlorineiodineorbromine.Foodcontainersshouldbestoredabouthalfameteroffthegroundandabouthalfameterawayfromanywalls.Storageareasshouldbekeptdryandclean.Containersforrawmaterialssuchasrice,wheat,etc.shouldbekeptclosedandclean.Anyfoodstuffsplitduringdeliveryorhandlingshouldbeclearedupbothinsideandoutsidethebuilding.Pestsenterabuildingfromtheoutside,sopayattentiontoouterwalls.Smallstonescanbeusedtocoverthegroundandblockthegrowthofplantsandthegrassshouldbekeptshorttodenypestsaplacetolive.Checkthatdoorsandwindowsarecompletelyclosed.Alsoanyholethatmightallowpeststoenterabuildingshouldbefilled.Ratscanenterthroughaholethesizeofacoin.Amousecanpassthroughaholehalfthatsize.Supervisorsshouldmakealistofpestcontrolmeasurestobetakenbyemployees.Thiswillaidtheeffortsandalsohelpprepareforanyinspections.Inmostcountries,thereisafoodandadministrationbureau,orsomeagencywithasimilarname,whichenforcesrulesnationwide,responsibleforrulesabouttheuseofpesticides,etc.However,businesseswherefoodisstored,preparedorsoldmustalsofollowstateandlocalhealthlaws.Mostofthesegovernmentaldepartmentsorbureaushavetheirwebsiteswithinformationaboutfoodsafetypoliciesandotherissues.Peoplecaneasilyaccesstheinformation.食品安全經(jīng)常困擾食品公司的一個問題是,如何控制老鼠和昆蟲，同時又不會對食物造成破壞。鼠害控制專家說，凡是在毒藥有可能污染食物的地方?jīng)Q不能使用毒藥。他們說，防止鼠害的第一道防線就是將加工和儲存食品的地方弄干凈。地板、食品加工場地和工具可以用氯、碘、溴等化學(xué)物進(jìn)行消毒。裝食品的容器的設(shè)置應(yīng)高出地面半米，且離墻半米。存儲區(qū)域應(yīng)保持干燥和清潔。裝原材料如大米、小麥等的容器應(yīng)加蓋嚴(yán)實(shí)，保持干凈。在食品運(yùn)輸或加工過程中，任何灑落在室內(nèi)外的食物都要清理干凈。老鼠是從室外進(jìn)入屋內(nèi)的，因此要注意檢查外墻。可用小石子鋪上地面以阻止草木生長，長出的草要剪短，使老鼠無藏身之處。門窗要經(jīng)常檢查，確保嚴(yán)實(shí)無縫，任何老鼠可能鉆進(jìn)來的洞都要堵上。田鼠可從一個硬幣大小的洞鉆進(jìn)屋內(nèi)，而半個硬幣大小的洞則可讓家鼠鉆進(jìn)來。管理者應(yīng)當(dāng)給員工列出需要采取的鼠害防治措施。這將有助于鼠害防治工作，也便于員工做好隨時檢查的準(zhǔn)備。大多數(shù)國家都有食品藥品管理局或類似的機(jī)構(gòu)，其職責(zé)是在全國范圍內(nèi)加強(qiáng)執(zhí)法，負(fù)責(zé)制定毒鼠藥和殺蟲劑的使用條例。食品儲存、加工或銷售單位也必須遵循國家和當(dāng)?shù)刂贫ǖ慕】捣ㄒ?guī)。大多數(shù)相關(guān)政府部門或食品藥品局都建有網(wǎng)站，提供有關(guān)食品安全政策等信息，人們可以便捷地獲取這些信息。Unit5Reading2TheInternationalFoodSafetyAuthoritiesNetwork(INFOSAN)Withtherapidglobalizationoffoodproductionandtrade,internationalissuesrelatedtofoodsafetyarelikelytoincrease.Foodsafetyauthoritiesallovertheworldhaverealizedthatfoodsafetyproblemsshouldbecarriedoutatbothnationalandinternationallevels.Thereisapressingneedforexchangingroutineinformationonfoodsafetyissues,andsharingexperiencesandinformationquicklywhenafoodsafetyrelatedeventtakesplace.INFOSANisajointprogrambetweentheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)andtheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO).Thisglobalnetworkincludes181MemberStates.EachhasadesignatedINFOSANEmergencyContactPointwhichmanagescommunicationbetweennationalfoodsafetyauthorities.Thenetworkaimsto:●Promotetherapidexchangeofinformationduringfoodsafetyrelatedevents;●Shareinformationonimportantfoodsafetyrelatedissuesofglobalinterest;●Promotepartnershipandcooperationbetweencountries;●Helpcountriesstrengthentheircapacitytomanagefoodsafetyrisks.Aspartofitsroutineactivities,theINFOSANSecretariatpublishesreportsinsixlanguagesandprovidesmemberswithsummariesandguidanceonrelevantfoodsafetyissues.INFOSANhelpsexchangefoodsafetyinformationandexperienceamongitsmembers.ItisalsoausefulresourceforotherpublichealthorganizationswhichrecognizeINFOSANasanorganizationthroughwhichfindingsofinvestigationsandstrategiesforimprovingfoodsafetymaybeshared.INFOSANmonitorspossibleinternationalfoodsafetyrelatedeventsinclosecooperationwiththeWHOAlertandResponseOperationsprogram.INFOSANcanworkwithotherinternationalorganizationstoprovideassistancetothecountriesorregionswithemergingfoodsafetyeventsofpossibleinternationalconcern.國際食品安全當(dāng)局網(wǎng)絡(luò)隨著食品生產(chǎn)和貿(mào)易的迅速全球化，國家食品安全問題有可能會增加。世界各地的食品安全部門意識到，解決食品安全問題應(yīng)在國家和國際這兩個層面進(jìn)行。發(fā)生重大食品安全問題時，迫切需要交換常規(guī)的食品安全信息，快速分享經(jīng)驗(yàn)和信息。國際食品安全當(dāng)局網(wǎng)絡(luò)（INFOSAN）由世界衛(wèi)生組織（WHO）和聯(lián)合國糧食及農(nóng)業(yè)組織（FAO）共同承擔(dān)。這一全球性網(wǎng)絡(luò)包括181個成員國。每個成員國都有一個指定的國際食品安全當(dāng)局網(wǎng)絡(luò)緊急聯(lián)絡(luò)點(diǎn)，負(fù)責(zé)各國食品安全部門之間的聯(lián)系。該網(wǎng)絡(luò)旨在：●促進(jìn)食品安全事件發(fā)生期間的信息快速交換；●分享全球共同關(guān)心的重要食品安全問題的信息；●促進(jìn)各國之間的協(xié)同合作；●幫助各國提高管理食品風(fēng)險的能力。作為日常生活的一部分，國際食品安全當(dāng)局網(wǎng)絡(luò)秘書處用六種語言發(fā)布報告，為成員國提供相關(guān)的食品安全問題總結(jié)和指導(dǎo)。國際食品安全當(dāng)局網(wǎng)絡(luò)促進(jìn)各成員國之間食品安全信息和經(jīng)驗(yàn)的交換。對于其他公共衛(wèi)生組織來說，這也是一個有用的資源。其他公共衛(wèi)生組織認(rèn)為國際食品安全當(dāng)局網(wǎng)絡(luò)是一個可以分享食品安全問題調(diào)查結(jié)果和改善食品安全策略的組織。國際食品安全當(dāng)局網(wǎng)絡(luò)與世界衛(wèi)生組織預(yù)警和應(yīng)對活動項(xiàng)目密切合作，監(jiān)控可能發(fā)生的國際食品安全事件。國際食品安全當(dāng)局網(wǎng)絡(luò)可以與其他國際組織一道，共同為發(fā)生可能引發(fā)國際關(guān)切的食品安全事件的國家和地區(qū)提供幫助。Unit6Reading1Door-KnockingDoor-knockingisthemosteffectivewayofmakingface-to-facecommunitycontact,butithasbecomealostart.Withtherecentfocusoncustomerprivacy,door-knockingseemslikeanintrusionintootherpeople’slives.Butthosewhotryitforthefirsttimeareusuallysurprisedbythepleasantreceptiontheyreceive.Herearesomesuggestionsthatwillhelpyoupromoteyourservicesface-to-face.BEFOREYOUGOOUT◆BeginwithadoorhangerTryleavingadoorhangertwodaysbeforeyougodoor-knocking.Itshouldbrieflydescribetheprojectandsaythatsomeonewillbearoundinperson.◆WearanofficialnametagDoor-knockersshouldwearnametagswiththelogooftheirorganization.Thebestnametagswillalsoincludeacolorphotoandthenameofthecaller.◆HavepeopleknocktheirownblocksTheeasiestwaytododoor-knockingistotryyourlocalareafirst.Beinganeighborcreatesanimmediateconnectionwiththepersonansweringthedoor;afterthat,everythingelseiseasy.◆Findagoodexcusetodoor-knockAshortsurveyaboutlocalconcernsoracurrentprojectisagoodexcuse.Figureoutresponsesforvarioussituations.WhatifthepersonwhoanswersthedoorcannotspeakEnglish?Whatifachildanswersthedoor?WHENYOUGOOUT◆WhentogoandwhattodofirstThebesttimestoknockareusuallySaturdays.Onotherdays,afterdinnerisideal.Whensomeoneanswersthedoor,smileandintroduceyourself;sayyouareavolunteerand,ifithelps,statewhereyoulive.Givethenameofyourorganizationand,briefly,thereasonforthevisit.◆StatewhatactiontheotherpersonshouldtakeandthebenefitsTellthepersonwhattheyneedtodoandhowtheiractionswillbenefitthemselvesandothers.Ifapersonhesitates,emphasizebenefitsyou’vealreadymentionedandthen,ifnecessary,addfurtherbenefits.Ifapersonagrees,followupimmediately.Ifpossible,getadonation,asignature,orapromise.◆RecordcontactinformationonthespotRecordnames,addresses,e-mailaddresses,phonenumbers,andresponsestoquestionsonthespot.Youwon’trememberthemlater!上門探訪上門探訪是進(jìn)行社區(qū)面對面交流的最有效的方法，但它已經(jīng)成為了一門失傳的藝術(shù)。隨著近來對客戶隱私的重視，上門探訪似乎是對他人生活的侵?jǐn)_。但是第一次嘗試上門探訪的人通常會為自己受到的友好接待而感到驚喜。接下來是幾條能幫助你提高面對面服務(wù)效果的建議。在你出動之前◆先掛上門牌嘗試在你去上門探訪的前兩天留一個門牌。門牌上應(yīng)該簡要的描述你的來意，并說明最近會有人親自上門拜訪?！舸魃险降拿粕祥T探訪者應(yīng)該戴上有你們組織標(biāo)識的名牌，好的名牌上會有彩色證件照和探訪者的姓名。◆讓當(dāng)?shù)厝饲瞄_自己街區(qū)的門上門探訪最容易的還是先從自己所在的社區(qū)開始。作為鄰居能即刻與開門的人產(chǎn)生聯(lián)結(jié)感，之后其他事情都好辦了?！粽覀€上門探訪的好理由做個關(guān)于社區(qū)關(guān)注問題或流行項(xiàng)目的簡短調(diào)查是個好理由。要做好應(yīng)對不同情況的準(zhǔn)備：應(yīng)門的人不會說英語怎么辦？要是應(yīng)門的是個孩子呢？當(dāng)你出動時◆選好時機(jī)和要做的事最好的敲門時間通常是星期六。其他日子里，晚飯后的時間最理想。當(dāng)有人應(yīng)門時，微笑并且介紹自己，然后說明你是一個志愿者，如果有用的話，說出你所居住的地方，介紹你的組織名稱，并且簡要地說明來意。◆說明他人需要采取的行動和可以獲得的利益告訴他人他們需要做什么，他們的所作所為會給自己和別人帶來什么好處。如果對方猶豫了，就再次強(qiáng)調(diào)你所提到的利益，必要時可以補(bǔ)充說明長遠(yuǎn)利益。如果對方同意了，就立即進(jìn)行下一步。如果可能，就爭取獲得捐款、簽名或者承諾?！衄F(xiàn)場記下聯(lián)系方式當(dāng)場記下對方姓名、地址、電子郵箱、電話號碼，問題答案等。否則過一會兒你就忘記了！Unit6Reading2CommunityServiceCommunityserviceisaserviceoractivitywhichisperformedbysomeoneoragroupofpeopleforthebenefitofthepublicorpublicorganizations.Whilevolunteersmayprovidecommunityservice,noteveryonetakingpartinacommunityserviceprogramisavolunteer,becausenoteveryoneisdoingitthroughtheirownchoice.Sometimespeopleareaskedtodoitby:?theirgovernment,aspartofacitizenshiprequirementinsteadofmilitaryservice;?thecourtsandothercriminaljusticepunishments;?theirschool,tomeettherequirementsofaclass,ortomeettherequirementsofgraduation,or,inthecaseofparents,requiredtoprovideacertainnumberofhoursofserviceinorderfortheirchildtobeenrolledinaschoolorsportsteam.Therearealsopeopleprovidingcommunityservice,buttheyreceivesomeformofpaymentinreturnfortheirwork.YouthcommunityserviceCommunityserviceperformedbyyoungpeople,alsoknownasyouthservice,isintendedtostrengthenyoungpeoples’sensesofcivicengagementandcommunity,andtohelpthemachievetheireducational,developmentalandsocialgoals.HighschoolgraduationManyeducationalinstitutionsintheUnitedStatesrequirestudentstoperformcommunityservicehourstograduatefromhighschool.InsomehighschoolsinWashingtonState,forexample,studentsmustcomplete60hoursofcommunityservicetoreceiveadiploma.ConditionsofparticipationContributionofserviceisaconditionofenrollmentinsomeprograms.Mostcommonly,parentsmayberequiredtoservefortheirchildtobeenrolledinaschoolorsportsteam.CollegesThoughtechnicallynotarequirement,manycollegesmakecommunityserviceanunofficialrequirementforacceptance.However,somecollegespreferworkexperienceovercommunityservice,andsomerequiretha