2025年GRE語文模擬試卷考試時間：______分鐘總分：______分姓名：______TextCompletionThediscoveryofpenicillinin1928markedapivotalmomentinthehistoryofmedicine,fundamentallyalteringthecourseoftreatmentforbacterialinfectionsandsavingcountlesslives.However,thewidespreaduseofantibioticshasinadvertentlyledtotheemergenceofresistantstrains,aphenomenondrivenlargelybythe______natureofbacterialpopulationsandthe______practicesofoveruseandmisuseinbothhumanandveterinarymedicine.Thiscrisisnecessitatesamultifacetedapproach,combiningthedevelopmentofnewantibiotics,improveddiagnostictools,andaglobaleffortto______theselectivepressurefavoringresistantbacteria.TheancientcityofUruk,oftencitedasoneoftheworld'sfirstmajorurbancenters,providesremarkableinsightsintothe______capabilitiesofearlyhumansocieties.Archaeologicalevidencesuggeststhatitsinhabitantsdevelopedsophisticatedsystemsfor______waterresourcesinanotherwisearidenvironment,layingthegroundworkforcomplexirrigationagriculture.Furthermore,theconstructionofmassivedefensivewallsandthepresenceofspecialized______structuresindicatealevelofsocialorganizationandlabormobilizationpreviouslyunseeninsmaller,nomadiccommunities.Manyphilosophicaltraditionsthroughouthistoryhavegrappledwiththeconceptofjustice,questioningwhetheritisaninherentqualityoftheuniverseoraconstructofhumansociety.Utilitarianism,forinstance,proposesarather______criterionforevaluatingjustice:thegreatestgoodforthegreatestnumber.Thisperspectiveoften______difficultchoices,sometimesrequiringthesacrificeofindividualrightsfortheperceivedbenefitofthemajority.Criticsargue,however,thatsuchautilitarianapproachcaneasilyjustifymorallyquestionableoutcomes,highlightingthetensionbetweencollectivewell-beingandindividualentitlements.ReadingComprehensionPassage1Thedebatesurroundingtheconstructionoflarge-scalehydroelectricdamshasbeencontentiousfordecades,involvingcomplexconsiderationsofenergyproduction,environmentalimpact,andsocialdisplacement.Proponentsarguethatdamsareavitalsourceofrenewable,low-carbonelectricity,capableofmeetinggrowingenergydemandswhilereducingrelianceonfossilfuels.TheypointtothesuccessfulexamplesofdamsliketheHooverDam,whichnotonlyprovidedsubstantialpowerbutalsocontrolledfloodingandimprovednavigationonmajorrivers.However,criticsraisesignificantconcernsabouttheenvironmentalconsequencesofalteringriverecosystems.Thecreationoflargereservoirscanleadtothefloodingofvastareasofland,displacingwildlifehabitatsandsubmerginguniqueecosystems.Furthermore,thedisruptionofnaturalwaterflowscannegativelyaffectdownstreamenvironments,alteringsedimenttransportandimpactingaquaticlife.Socialconcernsalsoplayacrucialrole,asdamconstructionoftenrequirestherelocationofcommunities,sometimeswithinadequatecompensationorsupport.Whilethepotentialbenefitsaresubstantial,themultifacetedcostsnecessitatecareful,long-termplanningandassessment.Passage2Theconceptofcognitiveloadtheory,developedbyJohnSwellerandothers,offersvaluableinsightsintohowlearningoccursandhowinstructioncanbeoptimized.Atitscore,thetheorypositsthatworkingmemoryhaslimitedcapacity,andlearningishinderedwhenthecognitiveloadimposedbyinformationexceedsthiscapacity.Thisloadcanbecategorizedintothreemaintypes:intrinsic,extraneous,andgermane.Intrinsiccognitiveloadstemsfromtheinherentcomplexityofthelearningmaterialitself,whichcannotbeeasilyreduced.Extraneouscognitiveloadarisesfromineffectiveinstructionaldesignthatpresentsinformationinaconfusingorpoorlystructuredmanner.Conversely,germanecognitiveloadreferstothementaleffortdedicatedtoprocessingandunderstandingthematerial,whichisessentialforlearning.Effectiveinstruction,therefore,aimstominimizeextraneouscognitiveloadwhilesupportingandmanagingintrinsiccognitiveload,allowinglearnerstoallocatetheirlimitedmentalresourcestothegermanecognitiveprocessesofschemaconstructionandknowledgeintegration.Techniquessuchasusinganalogies,organizinginformationhierarchically,andprovidingworkedexamplesareoftenemployedtoreducecognitivestrainandfacilitatelearning.Passage3Theglobalphenomenonofurbanizationrepresentsoneofthemostsignificantdemographicshiftsofthemodernera,withprofoundimplicationsforsocialstructures,economicdevelopment,andenvironmentalsustainability.Aspopulationsmovefromruralareastocitiesinsearchofbetteropportunities,urbancentershavegrownexponentially,oftenoutpacingthedevelopmentofnecessaryinfrastructure.Thisrapidgrowthcanleadtoarangeofchallenges,includingincreasedpollution,trafficcongestion,housingshortages,andstrainedaccesstoessentialserviceslikecleanwaterandsanitation.Whilecitiesofferconcentratedeconomicactivityandculturalvibrancy,theyalsoexacerbatesocialinequalities,oftencreatingstarkcontrastsbetweenaffluentneighborhoodsandimpoverishedslums.Moreover,theenvironmentalfootprintofurbanareasissubstantial,asconcentratedpopulationsrequiresignificantresourcesandgenerateconsiderablewaste.Addressingthesecomplexchallengesrequiresintegratedurbanplanningthatprioritizessustainabledevelopment,efficientresourcemanagement,andsocialequity,ensuringthatcitiescancontinuetoserveashubsofinnovationandopportunitywithoutcompromisingthewell-beingoftheirinhabitantsorthehealthoftheplanet.試卷答案TextCompletion1.adaptive;indiscriminate;mitigate2.remarkable;harnessing;artisans3.pragmatic;often;underscores解析思路TextCompletion1.解析思路：*第一空：根據(jù)語境，細菌產(chǎn)生抗藥性是由于其某種固有性質(zhì)。`pivotalmoment`,`alteringthecourseoftreatment`表明抗生素是革命性的。細菌能產(chǎn)生抗藥性，暗示其具有適應環(huán)境變化的能力。`Resistantstrains`（抗藥菌株）也暗示了這種適應。`Plasticity`（可塑性）,`Adaptability`（適應性）符合文意。*第二空：根據(jù)語境，與抗生素的廣泛使用導致抗藥性emergence相關(guān)的是“過度”或“不當”的使用。`Overuseandmisuse`明確指出了這一點。`Indiscriminate`（不顧一切的，無差別的）符合這種不加選擇、隨意使用的含義，指藥物被不恰當?shù)貜V泛使用。*第三空：目的是減緩或阻止抗藥性細菌的選擇性優(yōu)勢。`Necessitatesamultifacetedapproach`和`selectivepressurefavoringresistantbacteria`說明需要對抗這種壓力。`Mitigate`（減輕，緩和）`theselectivepressure`（選擇性壓力）符合文意，指采取措施減輕這種壓力。*答案順序：adaptive;indiscriminate;mitigate2.解析思路：*第一空：描述Uruk城市居民的能力。`Pivotalmoment`,`remarkableinsights`高度評價了該城市。`Complexirrigationagriculture`（復雜的灌溉農(nóng)業(yè)）是早期成就的體現(xiàn)，暗示了其能力非凡。`Ingenious`（精巧的，聰明的）,`Resourceful`（足智多謀的）符合文意。*第二空：描述如何應對干旱環(huán)境。`Complexirrigationagriculture`（復雜的灌溉農(nóng)業(yè)）是解決方案。`Harnessing`（利用，開發(fā)）`waterresources`（水資源）是實施灌溉農(nóng)業(yè)的核心動作，符合文意。*第三空：描述Uruk的社會組織特征。`Massivedefensivewalls`和`Specializedstructures`（專門結(jié)構(gòu)）表明了強大的組織能力。`Bureaucracy`（官僚機構(gòu)）,`Labormobilization`（勞動力動員）相關(guān)的詞語，但`Institutions`（機構(gòu)，制度）更能概括這些大型結(jié)構(gòu)和組織。*答案順序：remarkable;harnessing;institutions(或bureaucracy)3.解析思路：*第一空：描述Utilitarianism（功利主義）評價正義的標準。`Rathercriterion`暗示這種標準可能比較簡單、直接。`Utilitarianism`關(guān)注最大多數(shù)人的最大幸福，這是一種相對量化的標準。`Simplistic`（簡化的）,`Quantitative`（定量的）符合文意。*第二空：描述Utilitarianism所帶來的后果。`Difficultchoices`,`sacrificeofindividualrights`（犧牲個體權(quán)利）表明這些選擇是艱難且可能不道德的。`Forces`（迫使）,`Leads`（導致）等動詞可以表達這種結(jié)果。`Forces`符合這種不可避免、令人不快的后果。*第三空：描述Utilitarianism與道德的張力。`Caneasilyjustifymorallyquestionableoutcomes`（容易為道德上可疑的結(jié)果辯護）是核心。`Undermines`（破壞，削弱）`moralprinciples`（道德原則）直接指出了這種對道德的挑戰(zhàn)。`Undermines`符合文意。*答案順序：simplistic;forces;underminesReadingComprehensionPassage11.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageistopresentabalancedviewoflarge-scalehydroelectricdamsbydiscussingboththeirsignificantbenefitsandseriousdrawbacks,highlightingthecomplextrade-offsinvolvedintheirconstructionandoperation.2.Theauthor'stoneregardingtheenvironmentalconsequencesofdamsisprimarilycautiousandconcerned,emphasizingthepotentialnegativeimpactsonriverecosystemsandbiodiversity.3.Thepassagesuggeststhatsocialconcernsregardingdamconstructionincludenotonlythedisplacementofcommunitiesbutalsothepotentialforinadequatecompensationandsupportsystemsforthoseaffected.Passage21.Accordingtothepassage,cognitiveloadtheorypositsthatlearningisinfluencedbytheamountofmentaleffortrequiredtoprocessinformation,andthatexcessivecognitiveloadcanhinderlearning.2.Thepassageidentifiesextraneouscognitiveloadas