歷年考研真題一英譯漢

1994年

Accordingtothenewschoolofscientists,technologyisanoverlookedforcein

expandingthehorizonsofscientificknowledge.(71)Sciencemovesforward,they

say,notsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmore

ordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.(72)nInshort",aleaderofthe

newschoolcontends,'thescientificrevolution,aswecallit,waslargelythe

improvementandinventionanduseofaseriesofinstrumentsthatexpandedthe

reachofscienceininnumerabledirections."

(73)Overtheyears,toolsendtechnologythemselvesasasourceof

fundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophers

ofscience.Themodernschoolthathailstechnologyarguesthatsuchmastersas

Galileo,Newton,Maxwell,Einstein,andinventorssuchasEdisonattachedgreat

importanceto,andderivedgreatbenefitfrom,craftinformationandtechnological

devicesofdifferentkindsthatwereusableinscientificexperiments.

Thecenterpieceoftheargumentofatechnology-yes,genius-noadvocate

wasananalysisofGialileo'sroleatthestartofthescientificrevolution.The

wisdomofthedaywasderivedfromPtolemy,anastronomerofthesecond

century,whoseelaboratesystemoftheskyputEarthatthecenterofallheavenly

motions.(74)Galileo'sgreatestglorywasthatin1609hewasthefirstpersonto

turnthenewlyinventedtelescopeontheheavenstoprovethattheplanetsrevolve

d「ourdIhesun「dlhe「IhdrdruurdIheEd「lh.Buttherealheroofthestory,

accordingtothenewschoolofscientists,wasthelongevolutioninthe

improvementofmachineryformakingeye-glasses.

Federalpolicyisnecessarilyinvolvedinthetechnologyvs.geniusdispute.

(75)Whetherthegovernmentshouldincreasethefinancingofpurescienceatthe

expenseoftechnologyorviceversa(反之)oftendependsontheissueofwhichis

seenasthedrivingforce.

1996年

Thedifferencesinrelativegrowthofvariousareasofscientificresearchhave

severalcauses.71)Someofthesecausesarecompletelyreasonableresultsof

socialreeds.Othersarereasonableconsequencesofparticularadvancesin

sciencebeingtosomeextentself-accelerating.Some,how-ever;areless

reasonableprocessesofdifferentgrowthinwhichpreconceptionoftheform

scientifictheoryoughttotake,bypersonsinauthority,acttoalterthegrowth

patternofdifferentareas.

Thisisanewproblemprobablynotyetunavoidable;butitisafrightening

trend.72)ThistrendbeganduringtheSecondWorldWar;whenseveral

governmentscametotheconclusionthatthespecificdemandsthatagovernment

wantstomakeofitsscientificestablishmentcannotgenerallybeforeseenindetail.

Itcanbepredicted,however,thatfromtimetotimequestionswillarisewhichwill

requirespecificscientificanswers.Itisthereforegenerallyvaluabletotreatthe

scientificesldblishrnentdsaresourceormdchinetobekeptinfunctionalorder.73)

Thisseemsmostlyeffectivelydonebysupportingacertainamountofresearchnot

relatedtoimmediategoalsbutofpossibleconsequenceinthefuture.

Thiskindofsupport,likeallgovernmentsupport,requiresdecisionsaboutthe

appropriaterecipientsoffunds.Decisionsbasedonutilityasopposedtolackof

utilityarestraightforward.Butadecisionamongprojectsnoneofwhichhas

immediateutilityismoredifficult.Thegoalofthesupportingagenciesisthe

praisableoneofsupporting"good"asopposedto"bad"science,butavalid

determinationisdifficulttomake.Generally,theideaofgoodsciencetendsto

becomeconfusedwiththecapacityofthefieldinquestiontogenerateanelegant

theory.74)However,theworldissomadethatelegantsystemsareinprinciple

unabletodealwithsomeoftheworld'smorefascinatinganddelightfulaspects.

75)Newformsofthoughtaswellasnewsubjectsforthoughtmustariseinthe

futureastheyhaveirthepast,givingrisetonewstandardsofelegance.

1997年

Doanimalshaverights?Thisishowthequestionisusuallyput.Itsoundslikea

useful,groundclearingwaytostart.71)Actually,itisn't,becauseitassumesthat

thereisaragreedaccountofhumanrights,whichissomethingtheworlddoesnot

have.

Ononeviewofrights,tobesure,itnecessarilyfollowsthatanimalshavenone.

72)Somephilosophersarquethatrightsexistonlywithinasocialcontract,aspart

—theelhicdlequivalentoflearningtocrawl—istoweighothers'interestsagdinsl

one'sown.Thisinturnrequiressympathyandimagination:withoutthereisno

capacityformoralthought.Toseeananimalinpainisenough,formost,toengage

sympathy.75)Whenthathappens,itisnotamistake:itismankind'sinstinctfor

moralreasoninginaction,aninstinctthatshouldbeencouragedratherthan

laughedat.

Governmentsthroughouttheworldactontheassumptionthatthewelfareof

theirpeopledependslargelyontheeconomicstrengthandwealthofthe

community.71)Undermodemconditions,thisrequiresvaryingmeasuresof

centralizedcontrolandhencethehelpofspecializedscientistssuchaseconomists

andoperationalresearchexperts.72)Furthermore,itisobviousthatthestrengthof

acountry'seconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeefficiencyofitsagricultureand

industry,andthatthisinturnrestsupontheeffortsofscientistsandtechnologists

ofallkinds.Italsomeansthatgovernmentsareincreasinglycompelledtointerfere

inthesesectorsinordertostepupproductionandensurethatitisutilizedtothe

bestadvantage.Forexample,themayencourageresearchinvariousways,

includingthesettingupoftheirownresearchcenters;theymayalterthestructure

ofeducation,ofintheymaycooperatedirectlyinthegrowingnumberof

internationalprojectsrelatedtoscience,economicsandindustry.Inanycase,all

suchinterventionsareheavilydependentonscientificadviceandalsoscientific

andtechnologicalmanpowerofallkinds.

73)Owingtotheremarkabledevelopmentinmass-communications,people

everywherearefeelingnewwantsandarebeingexposedtonewcustomsand

ideas,whilegovernmentsareoftenforcedtointroducestillfurtherinnovationsfor

thereasonsgivenabove.Atthesametime,thenormalrateofsocialchange

throughouttheworldistakingplaceatavastlyacceleratedspeedcomparedwith

thepast.Forexample.74)intheearlyindustrializedcountriesofEuropethe

processofindustrializationwithallthefar-reachirgchangesinsocialpatternsthat

followed?wasspreadovernearlyacentury,whereasnowadaysadevelopingnation

mayundergothesameprocessinadecadeorso.Allthishastheeffectofbuilding

upunusualpressuresandtensionswithinthecommunityandconsequently

presentsseriousproblemsforthegovernmentsconcerned.75)Additionalsocial

stressesmayalsooccurbecauseofthepopulationexplosionorproblemsarising

frommassmigrationmovements-themselvesmaderelativelyeasynowadaysby

modernmeansoftransport.Asaresultofallthesefactors,governmentsare

becomingincreasinglydependentonbiologistsandsocialscientistsforplanning

theappropriateprogramsandputtingthemintoeffect.

Humanbeingsinaltimesandplacesthinkabouttheirworldandwonderat

theirplaceinit.Humansarethoughtfulandcreative,possessedofinsatiable

curiosity.(61)Furthermore,humanshavetheabihtytomodifythnenvironmentin

whichtheylive,thussubjectingallotherlifeformstotheirownpeculiarideasand

farcies.Therefore,itisimportanttostudyhumansinalltheirrichnessanddiversity

inacalmandsystematicmanner,withthehopethattheknowledgeresultingfrom

suchstudiescanleadhumanstodmoreharmoniouswayoflivingwiththemselves

andwithallotherlifeformsonthisplanetEarth.

“Anthropology“derivesfromtheGreekv/ords“anthropos":"human”

andlogos“thestudyof."Byitsveryname,anthropologyencompassesthestudy

ofallhumankind.

Anthropologyisoneofthesocialsciences.(62)Socialscienceisthatbranchof

intellectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumarsandtheirendeavorsinthesame

reasoned,orderly,systematic,arddispassioredmannerthatnaturalscientistsuse

forthestudyofnaturalphenomena.

Socialsciencedisciplinesincludegeography,economics,politicalscience,

psychology,andsociology.Eachofthesesocialscienceshasasubfieldor

specializationwhichliesparticularlyclosetoanthropology.

Allthesocialsciencesfocusuponthestudyofhumanity.Anthropologyisa

field-studyorienteddisciplinewhichmakesextensiveuseofthecomparative

methodinanalysis.(63)Theemphasisonda