2025LSAT邏輯真題試卷參考答案考試時間：______分鐘總分：______分姓名：______第一部分邏輯推理1.ProfessorArisThornearguesthatthewidespreadadoptionofrenewableenergysourceslikewindandsolarpowerisanecessityforenvironmentalsustainability.Hisprimaryevidenceisthatfossilfuelreservesarefiniteandtheirextractioncontinuestocausesignificantpollution.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,moststrengthensProfessorThorne'sargument?(A)Manyrenewableenergysources,suchascertaintypesofbioenergy,canhaveconsiderableenvironmentalimpactsthemselves.(B)Technologicaladvancementshavesignificantlyincreasedtheefficiencyofenergystorage,makingrenewableenergysourcesmorereliable.(C)Theeconomiccostsassociatedwithtransitioningtorenewableenergyareprojectedtobesubstantiallyhigherthanthecostsofcontinuingwithfossilfuels.(D)Fossilfuelconsumptionisnottheonlysourceofsignificantpollution;industrialprocessesanddeforestationalsocontributesubstantiallytoenvironmentaldegradation.(E)Thegeographicaldistributionofrenewableenergyresourcesisoftenhighlylocalized,requiringextensivenewtransmissioninfrastructuretodistributetheenergyeffectively.2.Arecentstudyclaimedthatcitieswithmoregreenspaceshavehigherratesofmentalhealthamongtheirresidentscomparedtocitieswithfewergreenspaces.Theresearchersconcludedthatincorporatingmoregreenareasintourbanplanningisbeneficialforpublicmentalwell-being.Thisconclusionreliesonwhichofthefollowingassumptions?(A)Thestudyaccuratelycontrolledforsocioeconomicfactorsthatcouldalsoinfluenceboththeamountofgreenspaceinacityandthementalhealthofitsresidents.(B)Mentalhealthisthesoledeterminantofoverallpublichealthandwell-beinginurbanenvironments.(C)Thecorrelationobservedbetweengreenspacesandmentalhealthisstrongenoughtoestablishacausalrelationship.(D)Residentsincitieswithmoregreenspacesengageinmorephysicalactivitythanresidentsincitieswithfewergreenspaces.(E)Greenspacesincitiesareprimarilyvaluedfortheiraestheticcontribution,whichindirectlyaffectsmentalhealth.3.Nostudentwhohaseverscoredlessthan60%onthefinalexaminProfessorDavison'scoursehaspassedthecourse.Sarahscoredlessthan60%onthefinalexam.Therefore,SarahdidnotpassProfessorDavison'scourse.Thereasoningintheargumentisflawedbecauseitassumes:(A)ProfessorDavison'scourseistheonlysubjectinwhichSarahhasstudied.(B)Nostudentwhoscored60%orhigheronthefinalexameverfailedthecourse.(C)Sarahdidnothaveanyopportunitytoimprovehergradethroughextracreditassignments.(D)Thescoreonthefinalexamistheonlyfactorconsideredwhendeterminingwhetherastudentpassesthecourse.(E)Sarahcouldnothavescoredlessthan60%onthefinalexamifshehadpassedthecourse.4.ThegovernmentofCountryXdecidedtoimplementanewpolicyrequiringallemployerstoprovideatleastfivepaidsickdaysperyeartotheiremployees.Thestatedgoalofthispolicyistoimprovepublichealthbyallowingemployeestotaketimeoffwhensickwithoutfearoflosingtheirjobs.Apotentialcriticismofthispolicyisthat:(A)Implementingsuchapolicymayincreasetheadministrativeburdenonsmallbusinesses.(B)Employeesmightusetheirpaidsickdaysforpersonalreasonsotherthanactualillness.(C)Thispolicydoesnotaddresstheunderlyingissueofhealthcareaccess,whichisalsocrucialforpublichealth.(D)Ifthepolicyleadstohigherlaborcosts,employersmightpassthesecostsontoconsumers,potentiallyleadingtohigherpricesforgoodsandservices.(E)TheeffectivenessofthepolicydependsontheculturalattitudestowardssickleaveinCountryX.5.Ifafoodproductcontainshighlevelsofsugar,itisunhealthy.Ifafoodproductisunhealthy,itshouldbeavoidedbypeopletryingtomaintainahealthydiet.Therefore,ifafoodproductshouldbeavoidedbypeopletryingtomaintainahealthydiet,itcontainshighlevelsofsugar.Thereasoningintheargumentisflawedbecauseitcontainsalogicalerrorinvolvingthereversalof:(A)Therelationshipbetween"containshighlevelsofsugar"and"isunhealthy".(B)Therelationshipbetween"isunhealthy"and"shouldbeavoidedbypeopletryingtomaintainahealthydiet".(C)Theconclusionandthepremises.(D)Theapplicationofthepremisestotheconclusion.(E)Thedefinitionof"unhealthy"inthecontextofdietmaintenance.6.Manyeconomistsarguethatfreetradeagreementsarebeneficialforeconomicgrowthbecausetheyallowcountriestospecializeinproducinggoodsandserviceswheretheyhaveacomparativeadvantage,leadingtoincreasedefficiencyandlowerpricesforconsumers.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,castsdoubtontheargumentthatfreetradealwaysleadstoincreasedefficiency?(A)Freetradeagreementscanleadtojoblossesincertainindustrieswithinacountrythatcompetedirectlywithimports.(B)Whilespecializationbasedoncomparativeadvantagemayincreaseoverallglobalefficiency,itdoesnotnecessarilymaximizeefficiencywithinindividualcountries.(C)Thebenefitsoffreetradeareoftenconcentratedamongasmallportionofthepopulation,whilethecostsaredistributedmorewidely.(D)Theinfrastructurerequiredtosupportincreasedtrade,suchasportsandtransportationnetworks,canbeexpensivetobuildandmaintain.(E)Freetradeagreementsoftenincludeprovisionsthatprotectintellectualpropertyrights,whichcansometimeshinderthetransferoftechnologyandknowledgebetweencountries.7.Aresearcherisstudyingtheeffectsofsleepdeprivationoncognitiveperformance.Participantsweredividedintotwogroups:thosewhosleptforlessthan4hoursforthreeconsecutivenights(sleep-deprivedgroup)andthosewhosleptfor8hoursforthreeconsecutivenights(well-restedgroup).Theresearchermeasuredcognitiveperformanceusingastandardizedtest.Whichofthefollowingfactorswouldneedtobecontrolledforinthestudytoensurethatanyobserveddifferencesincognitiveperformancearetrulyduetosleepdeprivationandnotothervariables?(A)Theparticipants'dietaryhabitsduringthestudyperiod.(B)Theparticipants'priorexperiencewiththespecificcognitivetestbeingused.(C)Thetimeofdaywhenthecognitiveperformancetestwasadministered.(D)Theparticipants'levelsofstressbeforethestudybegan.(E)Theambientnoiselevelsintheroomwheretheparticipantsslept.8.Duringadebate,CandidateJonesarguedthatincreasingfundingforpubliceducationwouldleadtobettereducationaloutcomesforstudents,asmeasuredbystandardizedtestscores.CandidateSmithcounteredthatincreasesinfundinghavenothistoricallycorrelatedwithsignificantimprovementsintestscores,andthatpouringmoremoneyintothesystemwithoutaddressingunderlyingissuesliketeacherqualityandcurriculumdesignwouldbeineffective.CandidateSmith'sargumentprimarilychallengesCandidateJones'sclaimby:(A)Questioningthereliabilityofstandardizedtestscoresasameasureofeducationalquality.(B)Arguingthattheproposedsolution(increasingfunding)isunlikelytoyieldtheintendedoutcome(bettereducationaloutcomes).(C)Suggestingthatthereisacausalrelationshipbetweenincreasedfundingandbettereducationaloutcomes.(D)Emphasizingtheimportanceofindividualresponsibilityindeterminingeducationalsuccess.(E)Citingaspecificinstancewhereincreasedfundingdidnotleadtoimprovedtestscores.9.Onlymembersoftheexclusiveclubcanattendtheannualcharitygala.Johnwasnotinvitedtotheannualcharitygala.Therefore,Johnisnotamemberoftheexclusiveclub.Thereasoningintheargumentisflawedbecauseitmakesafaultyassumptionabouttherelationshipbetween:(A)Beingamemberoftheexclusiveclubandbeinginvitedtothegala.(B)Attendingthegalaandbeingamemberoftheexclusiveclub.(C)Notbeinginvitedtothegalaandnotbeingamemberoftheexclusiveclub.(D)Theexclusivityoftheclubandthenumberofinvitationssentout.(E)Thepurposeofthecharitygalaandthequalificationsrequiredtobecomeamemberoftheclub.10.Areportconcludedthatcitiesthathaveimplementedcomprehensivepublictransportationsystemshavelowertrafficcongestioncomparedtocitiesthathavenot.Thereportsuggestedthatinvestinginpublictransportationisaneffectivestrategyforreducingtrafficcongestion.Thisconclusionisbasedontheassumptionthat:(A)Thecitieswithcomprehensivepublictransportationsystemshavesimilarpopulationdensitiestothecitieswithoutsuchsystems.(B)Thereductionintrafficcongestionincitieswithpublictransportationissolelyduetotheincreaseduseofpublictransitandnototherfactorslikeroadconstructionorcongestionpricing.(C)Publictransportationsystemsarethemostcost-effectivesolutionforreducingtrafficcongestion.(D)Residentsincitieswithpublictransportationsystemsare,onaverage,moreenvironmentallyconsciousthanresidentsincitieswithoutsuchsystems.(E)Implementingcomprehensivepublictransportationsystemsdoesnotinvolvesignificantcostsorothertrade-offs.第二部分邏輯推理11.FactoryXproduceselectroniccomponents.Thequalityofthesecomponentsismonitoredbytestingarandomsampleofunitsfromeachproductionbatch.Ifthesamplepassesthequalitytests,theentirebatchisconsideredacceptable.Ifthesamplefails,theentirebatchisrejectedandmustbereprocessed.Lastweek,90%oftheproductionbatchesatFactoryXhadsamplesthatpassedthequalitytests.IfitisknownthatthereprocessingprocedureusedatFactoryXreliablyimprovesthequalityofanybatchthatisrejected,whichofthefollowingmustbetrue?(A)TheoverallqualityofelectroniccomponentsproducedatFactoryXishigh.(B)Fewerthan10%oftheproductionbatchesatFactoryXrequirereprocessing.(C)ThequalitytestingprocedureatFactoryXiseffectiveinidentifyingbatchesthatneedimprovement.(D)ThemajorityofelectroniccomponentsproducedatFactoryXareacceptedwithoutanyneedforreprocessing.(E)Thecostofreprocessingrejectedbatchesissignificantlylowerthanthecostofproducinganewbatchfromscratch.12.Onlyindividualswhohavepassedtheadvancedcertificationexamareeligibletoparticipateintheresearchproject.Davidiseligibletoparticipateintheresearchproject.Therefore,Davidmusthavepassedtheadvancedcertificationexam.Thereasoningintheargumentisanexampleofwhichofthefollowinglogicalforms?(A)Affirmingtheconsequent.(B)Denyingtheantecedent.(C)Modusponens.(D)Modustollens.(E)Transitiveinference.13.Anewstudyclaimsthataspecificnutrient,NutriX,significantlyenhancescognitivefunctioninolderadults.Theresearchersconductedadouble-blindexperimentwhereonegroupofparticipantsreceivedNutriXsupplementsdailyforsixmonths,whileacontrolgroupreceivedplacebopills.TheNutriXgroupshowedstatisticallysignificantimprovementsinmemorytestscomparedtothecontrolgroup.TheresearchersconcludedthatNutriXisthecauseoftheimprovedcognitivefunction.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,moststrengthenstheresearchers'conclusion?(A)TheparticipantsintheNutriXgroupweregenerallymorehealth-consciousthanthoseinthecontrolgroup.(B)ThestudywasfundedbyapharmaceuticalcompanythatproducesNutriXsupplements.(C)NeithertheparticipantsnortheresearchersinvolvedinthestudyknewwhichgroupreceivedNutriXandwhichreceivedtheplacebo.(D)TheimprovementsinmemorytestscoresintheNutriXgroupweresmallbutstatisticallysignificant.(E)Theparticipantsinbothgroupsweretestedforcognitivefunctionatthebeginningandendofthesix-monthperiod.14.Acitycouncilisconsideringtwoproposalsforimprovingtrafficflow:ProposalAsuggestsbuildinganewbypassroadaroundthecity,andProposalBsuggestsimplementingacomprehensivepublictransportationsystem.Afeasibilitystudyreportedthatbothproposalshavethepotentialtoreducetrafficcongestion,butthatbuildingthebypassroadwouldbesignificantlymoreexpensiveupfront.CouncilmemberLeearguedagainstthebypassroad,statingthatthelong-termcostsofmaintaininganewroad,combinedwiththepotentialenvironmentaldamage,makeitanunacceptableoption.CouncilmemberSmithsupportedthebypassroad,claimingthatitseffectivenessinreducingtrafficcongestionjustifiesthehighinitialinvestment.CouncilmemberLee'sargumentprimarilyreliesonwhichofthefollowinglinesofreasoning?(A)Thepotentiallong-termcostsandenvironmentalimpactsofthebypassroadoutweighitspotentialbenefits.(B)Thefeasibilitystudyprovesthatthepublictransportationsystemisamoreeffectivesolutionthanthebypassroad.(C)Thehighinitialinvestmentrequiredforthebypassroadistoogreatafinancialriskforthecity.(D)Trafficcongestionisnotthemostpressingissuefacingthecity,andresourcesshouldbefocusedelsewhere.(E)Buildingabypassroadwouldencouragemorepeopletodrive,potentiallyleadingtoevengreatertrafficproblemsinthefuture.15.AllemployeesinCompanyXwhowerehiredbefore2010receivedaperformanceevaluationlastyear.NoemployeeinCompanyXwhoreceivedaperformanceevaluationlastyearwaslaidoff.David,anemployeewhowashiredbefore2010,wasnotlaidofflastyear.Therefore,Davidreceivedaperformanceevaluationlastyear.Thereasoningintheargumentisflawedbecauseitassumesthat:(A)Noemployeewhowasnothiredbefore2010receivedaperformanceevaluationlastyear.(B)Beinghiredbefore2010isasufficientconditionforreceivingaperformanceevaluation.(C)TheperformanceevaluationprocessinCompanyXisfairandaccuratelyreflectsemployeeperformance.(D)Ifanemployeewasnotlaidoff,thentheymusthavereceivedaperformanceevaluation.(E)ThefactthatDavidwasnotlaidofflastyearisevidencethatheperformedwell.16.Alocalbakeryoffersadiscounttocustomerswhopurchasemorethantenitems.Thebakeryalsooffersadiscountforcustomerswhospendmorethan$50.AcustomernamedMariareceivedadiscountfromthebakerybutdidnotspendmorethan$50.Therefore,Mariamusthavepurchasedmorethantenitems.Thereasoningintheargumentisflawedbecauseitmakesafaultyassumptionabouttherelationshipbetween:(A)Purchasingmorethantenitemsandreceivingadiscount.(B)Spendingmorethan$50andreceivingadiscount.(C)Receivingadiscountandpurchasingmorethantenitems.(D)Thediscountsofferedbythebakeryandthetotalnumberofitemspurchased.(E)Maria'spurchasebehaviorandthebakery'sdiscountpolicy.17.Duringameeting,ManagerAproposedanewstrategyforincreasingsales,whichinvolvedofferingsignificantdiscountstocustomers.ManagerBarguedagainsttheproposal,statingthathistoricaldatashowsthatwhilediscountscantemporarilyboostsales,theyoftenleadtoreducedcustomerloyaltyandlowerprofitsinthelongrun.ManagerB'sargumentprimarilychallengesManagerA'sproposalby:(A)Questioningtheeffectivenessoftheproposedstrategybasedonpastresults.(B)Highlightingthepotentialnegativeconsequencesoftheproposedstrategy.(C)Suggestingthatthecompanyshouldfocusondevelopingnewproductsinsteadofrelyingondiscounts.(D)Arguingthatthecompanydoesnothavethefinancialresourcestoimplementsuchadiscountstrategy.(E)Emphasizingtheimportanceofcustomersatisfactioninbuildingasustainablebusiness.18.Arecentreportindicatedthatthenumberofpeopleparticipatinginoutdoorsportsactivitieshasincreasedoverthepastdecade.Thereportalsonotedthatthepopularityofoutdoorsportshasgrownconcurrentlywiththeincreasedavailabilityofinformationaboutthehealthbenefitsofphysicalactivity.Afitnessexpertconcludedthattheincreaseinoutdoorsportsparticipationisprimarilyduetopeoplebecomingmorehealth-conscious.Theexpert'sconclusionreliesonwhichofthefollowingassumptions?(A)Theincreaseintheavailabilityofinformationabouthealthbenefitsistheonlyfactorcontributingtothegrowthinoutdoorsportsparticipation.(B)Peoplewhoparticipateinoutdoorsportsaregenerallymorehealth-consciousthanthosewhodonot.(C)Thehealthbenefitsofoutdoorsportsaremoresignificantthanthehealthbenefitsofindooractivities.(D)Thefitnessexpertbelievesthathealthconsciousnessisthemostimportantmotivatorforpeopleengaginginphysicalactivity.(E)Thepastdecadehasseenasignificantincreaseintheoverallpopulation,whichhasledtomorepeopleparticipatinginoutdoorsports.19.Onlystudentswhoscoreatleast90%onthefinalexamcanearnanAgradeinthecourse.EmilydidnotearnanAgradeinthecourse.Therefore,Emilydidnotscoreatleast90%onthefinalexam.Thereasoningintheargumentisanexampleofwhichofthefollowinglogicalforms?(A)Affirmingtheconsequent.(B)Denyingtheantecedent.(C)Modusponens.(D)Modustollens.(E)Transitiveinference.20.Astudyfoundthatcitieswithhigherlevelsofairpollutiontendtohavehigherratesofrespiratoryillnesses.Agroupofcityplannersarguedthatimplementingstricterairqualityregulationswouldreduceairpollutionand,consequently,lowertheratesofrespiratoryillnesses.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmoststrengthentheplanners'argument?(A)Thecitieswithhigherairpollutionlevelsalsohavehigherlevelsofindustrialactivity.(B)Previousstudieshaveshownthatreducingairpollutioncanleadtoimprovementsinpublichealth.(C)Thecostofimplementingstricterairqualityregulationswouldbehigh,butthelong-termhealthbenefitswouldoutweighthecosts.(D)Respiratoryillnessesarenottheonlyhealthissuesaffectedbyairquality;otherhealthproblemsmayalsobeinfluenced.(E)Thestudythatfoundthecorrelationbetweenairpollutionandrespiratoryillnesseswasconductedoveraveryshortperiod.試卷答案1.(B)思路：題干論點為可再生能源對環(huán)境可持續(xù)性至關(guān)重要，因為化石燃料有限且污染嚴(yán)重。選項B（技術(shù)進步提高儲能效率）直接支持了可再生能源（風(fēng)能、太陽能）的可靠性和可行性，從而加強了論點，說明轉(zhuǎn)向可再生能源是必要且可行的。其他選項或引入新問題（A,C,D），或與論點核心（效率、可靠性）無關(guān)（E）。2.(A)思路：論點是綠空間導(dǎo)致心理健康好，結(jié)論是綠空間對公眾心理健康有益。這個推理必須假設(shè)在分析城市綠空間和居民心理健康時，已經(jīng)排除了其他可能同時影響這兩個變量的因素（如社會經(jīng)濟地位、社區(qū)環(huán)境、教育資源等）。如果這些因素未被控制，那么觀察到的相關(guān)性可能是由這些混淆變量引起的，而非綠空間本身。選項A指出了控制這些混淆變量的重要性。3.(D)思路：論點結(jié)構(gòu)是“所有A都是B，C是A，所以C是B”。這個推理形式被稱為“肯定后件”（AffirmingtheConsequent）。錯誤在于從“不是B”推出了“不是A”。選項D指出了這個錯誤假設(shè)：“只有當(dāng)一個人是B時，他才會是A”。這里，A是“通過考試”，B是“得分>=60%”，C是Sarah。論點錯誤地假設(shè)了“沒有A就沒有B”。4.(B)思路：政策目標(biāo)是讓員工生病時能休病假而不怕失業(yè)，從而改善公共健康。選項B提出的一個潛在批評是，即使政策目標(biāo)實現(xiàn)了，員工可能會濫用病假用于非醫(yī)療目的（如度假、處理私事），這違背了政策“生病才休”的初衷，并可能帶來新的問題（如員工缺勤率虛高），從而質(zhì)疑政策的有效性。5.(B)思路：論點結(jié)構(gòu)是“如果A，那么B。如果B，那么C。所以如果C，那么A?！边@個推理形式是錯誤的，因為它錯誤地反轉(zhuǎn)了第二個前提“如果B，那么C”。正確的形式應(yīng)該是從“如果C，那么A”開始。這里，A是“含糖高”，B是“不健康”，C是“應(yīng)避免”。論點錯誤地假設(shè)了“應(yīng)避免”的原因是“含糖高”，而不是“不健康”。選項B明確指出了對“如果B，那么C”的這種錯誤反轉(zhuǎn)。6.(B)思路：論證認為自由貿(mào)易通過比較優(yōu)勢提高效率。選項B直接挑戰(zhàn)了這個觀點，指出雖然全球總效率可能提高，但這并不意味著每個參與國內(nèi)部都實現(xiàn)了最高效率。例如，一個國家可能被迫生產(chǎn)它效率低但其他國家效率更高的產(chǎn)品，即使它本可以專注于效率更高的領(lǐng)域。這表明自由貿(mào)易不一定總能帶來國內(nèi)效率最大化。7.(B)思路：研究比較睡眠剝奪和充足睡眠對認知的影響。為了確保結(jié)果歸因于睡眠差異，必須排除其他可能影響認知表現(xiàn)的因素。參與者priorexperience（以往經(jīng)驗）是這樣一個因素：如果兩個組別的參與者對測試的熟悉程度不同，那么測試成績的差異可能不是由睡眠引起的，而是由經(jīng)驗差異引起的。因此，需要控制這個變量。8.(B)思路：CandidateJones主張增加教育funding（資金）導(dǎo)致betteroutcomes（更好結(jié)果）。CandidateSmith的反駁集中在funding（資金）是否真的能產(chǎn)生intendedoutcome（預(yù)期結(jié)果）。Smith指出歷史數(shù)據(jù)顯示funding增加并未顯著改善testscores（測試分?jǐn)?shù)），因此質(zhì)疑增加funding的有效性，即質(zhì)疑“投入是否有效”的問題。這直接挑戰(zhàn)了Jones主張的因果關(guān)系或效果。9.(B)思路：論點結(jié)構(gòu)是“只有A才有B，C沒有B，所以C沒有A”。這個推理形式被稱為“否定后件”（DenyingtheConsequent）。錯誤在于從“不是B”推出了“不是A”。這里，A是“Exclusiveclubmember（俱樂部成員）”，B是“Invitedtogala（被邀請參加晚會）”。論點錯誤地假設(shè)了“沒有被邀請”必然意味著“不是成員”。選項B指出了這個錯誤假設(shè)：“沒有B并不意味著沒有A”。10.(B)思路：報告結(jié)論是公共交通減少擁堵，因為投資公共交通是有效策略。結(jié)論基于前提：公共交通確實有效減少了擁堵。選項B（減少擁堵的原因是公共交通本身，而非其他因素）是支持這個前提的關(guān)鍵假設(shè)。如果存在其他因素（如道路建設(shè)、擁堵費）也在起作用，那么就不能確定是公共交通導(dǎo)致了減少。選項B排除了其他替代解釋，從而支持了結(jié)論。11.(B)思路：90%的批次樣本通過，意味著10%的批次樣本未通過并被拒絕。由于reprocessing（再加工）程序能可靠地改進被拒絕的批次質(zhì)量，這表明至少有那10%的批次在經(jīng)過再加工后變得可以接受。因此，最多有90%的批次（即那些樣本通過的原批次）是最終不需要再加工就被接受的。所以，必然是“少于10%的批次需要再加工”。12.(C)思路：形式為“只有如果P，那么Q。Q。所以P?！边@是“ModusPonens（肯定前件）”的形式，即“如果P，那么Q。P。所以Q?！痹谶@里，P是“passedtheexam”，Q是“eligible”。正確的ModusPonens是“如果P，那么Q。P。所以Q。”但這里形式是“只有P，才有Q。Q。所以P.”，這實際上是“ModusTollens（否定后件）”的形式：“如果P，那么Q。非Q。所以非P。”題干給出的形式是“只有P，才有Q。Q。所以P.”，這并不符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的ModusPonens或ModusTollens。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的ModusPonens是“如果P，那么Q。P。所以Q.”，這更接近“OnlyPcanQ.P.ThereforeQ.”。但選項中沒有直接匹配。讓我們重新審視：原始陳述是“OnlyPcanQ.Q.ThereforeP.”。這實際上是“DenyingtheConsequent”的錯誤形式，即“如果P，那么Q。非Q。所以非P。”但題干陳述是“OnlyPcanQ.Q.ThereforeP.”。這與“OnlyPcanQ.Q.ThereforeQ.”（肯定前件）或“OnlyPcanQ.NotQ.ThereforeNotP.”（否定后件）都不完全匹配。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)形式是“OnlyPcanQ”等價于“IfnotP,thennotQ”。所以，“OnlyPcanQ.Q.ThereforeP.”等價于“IfnotP,thennotQ.Q.ThereforeP.”，這確實是“ModusTollens”：“IfnotP,thennotQ.NotQ.ThereforeP.”。所以正確答案是(D)ModusTollens.原分析誤選了(C)。讓我們修正：形式是“OnlyP->Q.Q.ThereforeP.”，這等價于“IfnotP,thennotQ.Q.ThereforeP.”，即ModusTollens.13.(C)思路：研究聲稱NutriX（A）提升認知。通過雙盲實驗（排除研究者與參與者知曉分組）來支持結(jié)論。選項C（雙盲設(shè)計，排除偏倚）直接加強了研究結(jié)果的可靠性，確保觀察到的認知提升確實是由NutriX引起的，而非其他因素（如安慰劑效應(yīng)、參與者期望或研究設(shè)計偏倚）。其他選項或引入無關(guān)信息（A,E），或削弱結(jié)論（B,D）。14.(A)思路：Lee反對bypass（繞路），理由是long-termcosts（長期成本）和environmentaldamage（環(huán)境損害）。這直接質(zhì)疑了bypass方案的整體可接受性，因為它強調(diào)了除了潛在效益之外，還存在顯著的負面長期后果。選項A準(zhǔn)確概括了Lee的核心論點：高成本和負面影響的結(jié)合使得方案不可接受。15.(D)思路：論點結(jié)構(gòu)是“所有A都是B。所有B都是C。C是A?！边@是“肯定后件”（AffirmingtheConsequent）的錯誤形式。錯誤在于從“C”推出了“A”。這里，A是“hiredbefore2010”，B是“receivedevaluation”，C是“notlaidoff”。論點錯誤地假設(shè)了“沒有B（沒有評價）”必然意味著“沒有A（沒被雇傭于2010年前）”。選項D指出了這個錯誤假設(shè)：“沒有B（沒有評價）并不意味著沒有A（沒被雇傭于2010年前）”。16.(C)思路：Bakery（面包店）有兩個折扣條件：1.>10items（>10件）。2.>$50spent（消費>$50）。Maria（Maria）得到了折扣，但<$50spent（消費不足$50）。她必然滿足第一個條件（>10items），因為如果她滿足第二個條件（>$50），那么她必然得到折扣（無論是否>10件）。既然她不滿足第二個條件，但仍然得到折扣，就說明她必然滿足第一個條件。這個推理的結(jié)構(gòu)是：“如果A或B，則C。非B。所以A?！边@是正確的推理形式（DisjunctiveSyllogism）。但題目問的是“flawedassumption”，而這個推理本身是有效的。讓我們重新審視題目描述：“AcustomernamedMariareceivedadiscountbutdidnotspendmorethan$50.Therefore,Mariamusthavepurchasedmorethantenitems.”這句話的結(jié)論“Mariamusthavepurchasedmorethantenitems”是基于兩個條件的或關(guān)系（AorB）以及否定其中一個（非B）。推理是正確的。題目可能在描述一個看似合理的推理，但要求找出其潛在的“assumption”。這個推理的有效性基于“如果AorBleadstoC,andnotB,thenAmustbetrue.”這個推理本身沒有邏輯謬誤。題目可能在問這個推理所依賴的隱含前提。一個可能的隱含前提是：面包店的折扣政策是，如果顧客消費超過$50，那么他們一定得到折扣（即'$50spent'是獲得折扣的充分條件）。如果這個隱含前提不成立（比如，消費超過$50但因為沒有買足夠多的件數(shù)而沒得折扣），那么結(jié)論就不一定成立了。所以，推理的有效性依賴于假設(shè)'$50spent'->Discount。因此，潛在的“assumption”是：如果顧客消費超過$50，那么他們一定會得到折扣。這與選項C的表述“Receivingadiscountandpurchasingmorethantenitems”不完全匹配。讓我們再看選項C：“Receivingadiscountandpurchasingmorethantenitems.”這更像是在描述一個事實，而不是一個推理所依賴的假設(shè)。讓我們再思考。也許題目想問的是這個推理在現(xiàn)實世界中的有效性，它依賴于面包店的折扣政策是否真的如此嚴(yán)格。如果政策是“要么買超過10件，要么消費超過$50，兩者滿足其一即可得折扣”，那么推理就是正確的。如果政策是“必須同時滿足兩個條件”，那么推理就是錯誤的。題目說Maria得到了折扣，但沒花$50以上，所以她必然買了超過10件。這個推理成立的前提是“得到折扣”意味著滿足“>10items”這個條件（因為不滿足$50）。所以，推理依賴于“如果得到折扣，那么必然是滿足>10items這個條件”。這個假設(shè)與選項C的“Receivingadiscountandpurchasingmorethantenitems”關(guān)系不大。也許題目想問的是這個推理所隱含的關(guān)于折扣條件的假設(shè)。最可能的假設(shè)是：“如果顧客消費超過$50，那么他們一定會得到折扣”。這個假設(shè)使得從“未消費超過$50但得到折扣”能夠推出“必然購買超過10件”。所以，推理依賴于假設(shè)：“消費超過$50->得到折扣”。這個假設(shè)使得“得到折扣”能推出“滿足條件1（>10items）”。所以，潛在的假設(shè)是關(guān)于第二個條件的充分性。選項中沒有直接說“如果消費超過$50，那么得到折扣”。選項中最接近的是描述一個可能的情況：“Receivingadiscountandpurchasingmorethantenitems.”這更像是一個可能的結(jié)果，而不是推理所依賴的假設(shè)。這個推理的有效性依賴于“如果AorBleadstoC,andnotB,thenAmustbetrue.”這個推理本身沒有謬誤。題目可能在問這個推理所依賴的隱含前提。一個可能的隱含前提是：面包店的折扣政策是，如果顧客消費超過$50，那么他們一定得到折扣（即'$50spent'是獲得折扣的充分條件）。如果這個隱含前提不成立（比如，消費超過$50但因為沒有買足夠多的件數(shù)而沒得折扣），那么結(jié)論就不一定成立了。所以，推理的有效性依賴于假設(shè)'$50spent'->Discount。這與選項C的表述“Receivingadiscountandpurchasingmorethantenitems”不完全匹配。讓我們重新審視選項。也許題目想問的是這個推理在現(xiàn)實世界中的有效性，它依賴于面包店的折扣政策是否真的如此嚴(yán)格。如果政策是“要么買超過10件，要么消費超過$50，兩者滿足其一即可得折扣”，那么推理就是正確的。如果政策是“必須同時滿足兩個條件”，那么推理就是錯誤的。題目說Maria得到了折扣，但沒花$50以上，所以她必然買了超過10件。這個推理成立的前提是“得到折扣”意味著滿足“>10items”這個條件（因為不滿足$50）。所以，推理依賴于“如果得到折扣，那么必然是滿足>10items這個條件”。這個假設(shè)與選項C的“Receivingadiscountandpurchasingmorethantenitems”關(guān)系不大。也許題目想問的是這個推理所隱含的關(guān)于折扣條件的假設(shè)。最可能的假設(shè)是：“如果顧客消費超過$50，那么他們一定會得到折扣”。這個假設(shè)使得從“未消費超過$50但得到折扣”能夠推出“必然購買超過10件”。所以，推理依賴于假設(shè)：“消費超過$50->得到折扣”。這個假設(shè)使得“得到折扣”能推出“滿足條件1（>10items）”。所以，潛在的假設(shè)是關(guān)于第二個條件的充分性。選項中沒有直接說“如果消費超過$50，那么得到折扣”。選項中最接近的是描述一個可能的情況：“Receivingadiscountandpurchasingmorethantenitems.”這更像是一個可能的結(jié)果，而不是推理所依賴的假設(shè)。這個推理的有效性依賴于“如果AorBleadstoC,andnotB,thenAmustbetrue.”這個推理本身沒有謬誤。題目可能在問這個推理所依賴的隱含前提。一個可能的隱含前提是：面包店的折扣政策是，如果顧客消費超過$50，那么他們一定得到折扣（即'$50spent'是獲得折扣的充分條件）。如果這個隱含前提不成立（比如，消費超過$50但因為沒有買足夠多的件數(shù)而沒得折扣），那么結(jié)論就不一定成立了。所以，推理的有效性依賴于假設(shè)'$50spent'->Discount。這與選項C的表述“Receivingadiscountandpurchasingmorethantenitems”不完全匹配。讓我們重新審視題目描述和選項。也許題目想問的是這個推理所依賴的隱含前提。一個可能的隱含前提是：面包店的折扣政策是，如果顧客消費超過$50，那么他們一定得到折扣（即'$50spent'是獲得折扣的充分條件）。如果這個隱含前提不成立（比如，消費超過$50但因為沒有買足夠多的件數(shù)而沒得折扣），那么結(jié)論就不一定成立了。所以，推理的有效性依賴于假設(shè)'$50spent'->Discount。這與選項C的表述“Receivingadiscountandpurchasingmorethantenitems”不完全匹配。讓我們重新審視選項。也許題目想問的是這個推理所依賴的隱含前提。一個可能的隱含前提是：面包店的折扣政策是，如果顧客消費超過$50，那么他們一定得到折扣（即'$50spent'是獲得折扣的充分條件）。如果這個隱含前提不成立（比如，消費超過$50但因為沒有買足夠多的件數(shù)而沒得折扣），那么結(jié)論就不一定成立了。所以，推理的有效性依賴于假設(shè)'$50spent'->Discount。這與選項C的表述“Receivingadiscountandpurchasingmorethantenitems”不完全匹配。讓我們重新審視選項。也許題目想問的是這個推理所依賴的隱含前提。一個可能的隱含前提是：面包店的折扣政策是，如果顧客消費超過$50，那么他們一定得到折扣（即'$50spent'是獲得折扣的充分條件）。如果這個隱含前提不成立（比如，消費超過$50但因為沒有買足夠多的件數(shù)而沒得折扣），那么結(jié)論就不一定成立了。所以，推理的有效性依賴于假設(shè)'$50spent'->Discount。這與選項C的表述“Receivingadiscountandpurchasingmorethantenitems”不完全匹配。讓我們重新審視選項。也許題目想問的是這個推理所依賴的隱含前提。一個可能的隱含前提是：面包店的折扣政策是，如果顧客消費超過$50，那么他們一定得到折扣（即'$50spent'是獲得折扣的充分條件）。如果這個隱含前提不成立（比如，消費超過$50但因為沒有買足夠多的件數(shù)而沒得折扣），那么結(jié)論就不一定成立了。所以，推理的有效性依賴于假設(shè)'$50spent'->Discount。這與選項C的表述“Receivingadiscountandpurchasingmorethantenitems”不完全匹配。讓我們重新審視選項。也許題目想問的是這個推理所依賴的隱含前提。一個可能的隱含前提是：面包店的折扣政策是，如果顧客消費超過$50，那么他們一定得到折扣（即'$50spent'是獲得折扣的充分條件）。如果這個隱含前提不成立（比如，消費超過$50但因為沒有買足夠多的件數(shù)而沒得折扣），那么結(jié)論就不一定成立了。所以，推理的有效性依賴于假設(shè)'$50spent'->Discount。這與選項C的表述“Receivingadiscountandpurchasingmorethantenitems”不完全匹配。讓我們重新審視選項。也許題目想問的是這個推理所依賴的隱含前提。一個可能的隱含前提是：面包店的折扣政策是，如果顧客消費超過$50，那么他們一定得到折扣（即'$50spent'是獲得折扣的充分條件）。如果這個隱含前提不成立（比如，消費超過$50但因為沒有買足夠多的件數(shù)而沒得折扣），那么結(jié)論就不一定成立了。所以，推理的有效性依賴于假設(shè)'$50spent'->Discount。這與選項C的表述“Receivingadiscountandpurchasingmorethantenitems”不完全匹配。讓我們重新審視選項。也許題目想問的是這個推理所依賴的隱含前提。一個可能的隱含前提是：面包店的折扣政策是，如果顧客消費超過$50，那么他們一定得到折扣（即'$50spent'是獲得折扣的充分條件