Ch.6

TransitiontotheModernAgeRenaissanceandReformationPrimaryReadingShakespeare’s(1603)TheTragedyofHamlet,PrinceofDenmark(ActI,Scene1)TheTragedyofHamlet,PrinceofDenmark(ActI,Scene1)InteractiveActivities2025/12/121I.RenaissanceandReformationPartOne:Renaissance2025/12/122HowtoDefineRenaissance?TimeSpan:14th-17thcenturyRenaissance：revivalorrebirth(復(fù)興),specificallyinthisperiodofhistory,revivalofinterestin

ancientGreekandRomancultureEssence:Humanism2025/12/1232025/12/124RenaissancewasahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhumanistthinkersandscholarsare:1.Makingattemptstogetridofconservatism(保守主義思想)infeudalistEurope

2.Introducingnewideasthatexpressedtheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie(資產(chǎn)階級(jí))3.Liftingtherestrictions(禁忌)inallareasplacedbytheRomanchurchauthorities

(權(quán)利威信).2025/12/125OtherAspectsofRenaissanceRenaissancestartedinFlorenceandVenice(Italy)infineartsFranceinliteratureEnglandinphilosophyanddrama2025/12/126Ⅱ.RenaissanceinItaly2025/12/1272025/12/1282025/12/1292025/12/12102025/12/12112025/12/12122025/12/12132025/12/1214TheCharacteristicsofHumanism1.Theassertionofthegreatnessofman(以人性反抗神性，肯定人的尊嚴(yán)，權(quán)力，價(jià)值等）（人性既包括“自然屬性”也包括“認(rèn)識(shí)自我和探索自然和社會(huì)的理性）2.Pleasureisveryimportantvs.afterlife3.Opposingstoicism(肯定現(xiàn)實(shí)的享受，反對禁欲主義）彼特拉克宣稱，“我自己是凡人，我只要凡人的幸?！?025/12/1215TheCharacteristicsofHumanismII3.Advocatingscientificresearchandopposingignorance4.Advocatingunityofthecountryandopposingfeudaldivision2025/12/1216TheSignificancesofHumanism1.Makingprogressforthepresentandthefutureofmankind2.Shakingdowntheideasof

thefeudalismandChristianity2025/12/1217TheLimitationofHumanism過分強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人主義，就為個(gè)人至上或極端利己主義的思想埋下了伏筆同時(shí)也滋生了放縱個(gè)人欲望的享樂主義傾向。2025/12/1218NewLiterature

ItalianEarliestHumanistsThreemastersinliterature2025/12/12192025/12/1220DanteAlighieri

(1265-1321)1.ThegreatestpoetofItalyandalsoaprosewriter,literarytheory,moralphilosopheraswellaspolitical;2.Masterpiece:TheDivineComedy2025/12/1221Significance:(TheDivineComedy)Landmarksoftheworldliterature;HumanisticideasforeshadowedthespiritofRenaissance;Employednewlanguage(Italian)toevolveEuropeanliteratureawayfromitsoriginsinLatinculture.2025/12/12222025/12/12232025/12/12242025/12/12252025/12/1226BeatriceandDante2025/12/12272025/12/12282025/12/12292025/12/12302025/12/12312025/12/12322025/12/12332025/12/12342025/12/12352025/12/12362025/12/12372025/12/12382025/12/12392025/12/12402025/12/1241DarkWood2025/12/1242Leopard:self-indulgence2025/12/1243Lion:violent2025/12/1244She-wolf:malicious2025/12/1245AtthegateofInferno2025/12/1246FirststoreyofHell:Plato,Aristotle2025/12/1247SecondstoreyinHell:Hellen2025/12/1248Paradise:theninthlayer(God)

水晶天/原動(dòng)天2025/12/1249GiovanniBoccaccio(1313—1375)卜伽丘Masterpiece:DecameronThetalesarewitty,licentious[immoral],fullofpraisesoftrueloveandwisdomandalsosatireonthehypocrisyofthepriestandthearistocrat.Prosefiction;2025/12/12502025/12/12512025/12/12522025/12/12532025/12/12542025/12/12552025/12/1256一天10個(gè)故事，全書供100個(gè)故事2025/12/12572025/12/12582025/12/12592025/12/1260FrancescoPetrarch(1304-1374)彼特拉克Petrarch,wasanItalianscholar,poetandoneoftheearliestRenaissancehumanists.Lauraisthemainobjectandimageofhislovepoetry.2025/12/1261Masterpiece:Canzoniers:abookoflyricalsongswritteninhisItaliandialect.Continuousthemeinhiswork:awarenessofmortalbeautyandearthlyvalues.2025/12/1262Sonnet十四行詩A

lyricpoemconsistingoffourteenlinesTwobasickindsofsonnets:ItalianorPetrarchansonnetShakespeareanorElizabethansonnetPetrarchansonnetconsistsofanoctave(eightlines)andasestet(sixlines).Shakespeareansonnetconsistsofthreequatrains(fourlineseach)andaconcludingcouplet(twolines).2025/12/1263Sonnet18writtenbyShakespeareShallIcomparetheetoasummer’s

day?

aThouartmorelovelyandmore

temperate.

bRoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsof

may,

aAndsummer’sleasehathalltooshorta

date.b

Sometimetoohottheeyeofheaven

shines,

cAndoftenishisgoldcomplexion

dimm’d;

dAndeveryfairfromfairsometime

declines,

cBychance,ornature’schangingcourse,

untrimm’d.

dButthyeternalsummershallnot

fade,

eNorlosepossessionofthatfairthou

ow’st,

fNorshallDeathbragthouwander’stinhis

shade,

e

Whenineternallinestotimethou

grow’st.fSolongasmancanbreatheoreyescan

see,

gSolonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifeto

thee.

g2025/12/1264

4.RenaissanceArt2025/12/1265TheDistinctFeaturesoftheTraditionoftheRenaissanceArt

2025/12/1266RenaissanceArt:

A.Early

1.Giotto(about1266-1337)2.FilippoBrunelleschi(1377-1446)3.Donatello(1386-1466)B.High1.LeonardodaVinci(1452-1519)2.MichelangeloBuonarroti(1475-1564)4.Giorgione(about1477—1510)3.Raphael(1483-1520)4.Titian(about1488-1576)2025/12/1267PaintingfromMiddleAges2025/12/12682025/12/12692025/12/1270a.Giotto(about1266-1337)喬托2025/12/1271FlightintoEgypt2025/12/1272BetrayalofJudas2025/12/1273FilippoBrunelleschi(1377-1446)2025/12/12742025/12/1275Donatello(1386-1466)多那太羅2025/12/1276David2025/12/1277GattamelataEquestrianStatue

格太梅拉達(dá)騎馬像2025/12/1278Giorgione(about1477-1510)

喬爾喬內(nèi)2025/12/1279Tempesta2025/12/1280SleepingVenus2025/12/1281ThreeMastersinArt

(HighRenaissanceArtists)LeonardodaVinci(1452-1519)Heholdsthatexpressionsofemotionalstatesaretheheartofpainting.2025/12/12822025/12/1283AnalyzingtheLastSupperAnalysischaractersinTheLastSupperTheunluckynumber“13”2025/12/12842025/12/12852025/12/1286MonaLisa’sSmileCharmingMysteriousRigorous2025/12/12872025/12/12882025/12/1289MichelangeloBuonarroti(1475—1564)

米開朗基羅2025/12/1290DAVID2025/12/1291SistineChapel:fresco2025/12/12922025/12/12932025/12/1294DyingSlave2025/12/1295Moses2025/12/12962025/12/1297Raphael(1483—1520)拉斐爾MadonnadelGranduca2025/12/1298Madonnawiththefish2025/12/12992025/12/12100SchoolofAthens2025/12/12101Titian(about1488-1576)提香2025/12/12102TheVenusofUrbino2025/12/12103SacredandProfaneLove2025/12/12104ManwiththeGlove2025/12/121052025/12/121062025/12/121072025/12/121082025/12/121092025/12/121102025/12/121112025/12/121122025/12/121132025/12/121142025/12/121152025/12/121162025/12/12117PartTwoⅢ.ReformationandCounter-Reformation2025/12/12118TheReformationTheBeginningofReformation:TheReformationwasa16thcenturyreligiousmovementaswellasasocio-politicalmovement.ItbeganasMartinLutherposted

onthedoorofthecastlechurchattheUniversityofWittenberg

his95thesis.2025/12/12119TheDemandsoftheReformists:

A.OpposingtheabsoluteauthorityoftheRomanCatholicChurchB.ReplacingitwiththeabsoluteauthorityoftheBibleC.TranslatingtheBibleintotheirmothertongues

(Thispointistheessenceofthereformation)宗教改革的實(shí)質(zhì)是：反對羅馬天主教，直接形式是用母語翻譯圣經(jīng))2025/12/12120

TheDemandsoftheReformistsD.SimplifyingtheritualsE.Abolishing

heavytaxesleviedontheircountrymenF.Abolishingtheindulgences,thecenturies-oldpracticeofpayingmoneytoreplacetheperformanceofthedeedofpenance/confession懺悔2025/12/121211.MartinLuther(1483-1546)

andHisDoctrine

2025/12/12122MartinLuther(1483-1546)2025/12/121232025/12/121242025/12/121252025/12/12126

2.JohnCalvin(1509-1564)andCalvinism

2025/12/121272025/12/121282025/12/121292025/12/12130CalvinismasTULIPTULIPstandsfor:T:TotalDepravity,sinextendedtoallpartsofeveryperson’being:thinking,emotions,andwillU:UnconditionalElection:GodhasdividedhumansbeingsintothechosenonesandunchosenonesL:LimitedAtonement(贖罪):ThebeliefthatJesusonlydiedforthesakeofspecificsinsofthosesinnersI:IrresistibleGrace:ThebeliefthattheelectcannotresistthecallP:PerseveranceoftheSaints:Thebeliefthat“oncesaved,alwayssaved.”2025/12/12131TheResultsofReformation1.TheriseofProtestantism2.Freebeliefofreligion2025/12/12132TheRiseofCapitalism

Thereasonsfortheriseofcapitalism:1.TheRomanCatholicchurchgraduallylostitspower.

2.Scienceinthemodernworldbegintodevelop.3.Calvinism

changedthelifeofstagnationineconomyandhelpedtoaccelerateproduction,tradeandcommerce.4.Navigationandthediscoveriesofnewlandsmadeaclosedconnectionamongthecountries.2025/12/12133III.RenaissanceinOtherCountries1.RenaissanceinFrance2025/12/12134HistoricalBackgroundInliterature,therearethreeveryfamouswriters,Inarts,flourishingunderthepatronageofFrancoisⅠInreligion,CalvinismwonthegreatpopularityinFrance2025/12/12135MajorWritersFrancoisRabelais(about1483—1553)拉伯雷MichelEyquesdeMontaihne(1533—1592)蒙田PierredeRonsard(1524-1585)皮埃爾·德·龍沙2025/12/12136FrancoisRabelais(about1483-1553)拉伯雷2025/12/121372025/12/121382025/12/121392.RenaissanceinSpain

2025/12/12140a.HistoricalBackgroundinSpain１.

In1479,variouskingdommergedintheunionandin1492,themoorsthathadruledSpainforfourcenturyweredrivenout2.In1492,ColumbusdiscoveredAmericaandclaimedAmericaforSpain3.In16th,GoldenageofSpanishliteraturecrownedbyCervantes4.Franciscohadpromotedhumanism,classicalandscientificstudiesreformationandtranslationofBible2025/12/12141MigueldeCervantes(1547-1616)塞萬提斯2025/12/121422025/12/12143c.Art

2025/12/12144ElGreco(1541-1614)葛雷柯·埃爾2025/12/12145Baroque巴洛克2025/12/12146TheBurialofCountOrgaz歐貴茲伯爵的葬禮

2025/12/121472025/12/12148b.RenaissanceintheFlanders佛蘭德斯是西歐的一個(gè)歷史地名，泛指古代尼德蘭南部地區(qū)，位于西歐低地西南部、北海沿岸，包括今比利時(shí)的東佛蘭德省和西佛蘭德省、法國的加來海峽省和北方省、荷蘭的澤蘭省。2025/12/12149PieterBruegel(theElder)(about1525-1569)彼得·勃魯蓋爾2025/12/12150TheLandofCockayne(1567)

安樂鄉(xiāng)2025/12/12151TheReturnoftheHunters(1565)

2025/12/121522025/12/12153c.RenaissanceinGermany

AlbrechtDurer(1471-1528)丟勒2025/12/12154ThefourHorsemenofApocalypse

2025/12/121552025/12/121562025/12/121572025/12/121582025/12/121592025/12/121602025/12/121612025/12/121622025/12/121632025/12/121642025/12/121652025/12/121662025/12/121672025/12/121682025/12/121692025/12/121702025/12/12171Ⅴ.ScienceandTechnologyduringtheRenaissance