1UniversityofSouthBohemiainCeskeBudejoviceInternationalBusinessLaw(EnglishTeaching)2Prof.JonathanXuesenZHANG,Ph.DJonathaniscurrentlyProfessorofLawandDirectoroftheCenterforFinancialLawandPolicyatShanghaiLixinUniversityofAccountingandFinance,heteachesfinancialandbankinglaw,securitiesandfuturestradinglaw,internationalbusinesslaw,andmore.JonathanisaMediatorandMemberoftheFinancialLawPaneloftheConciliationCenterofChinaCouncilforthePromotionofInternationalTrade/ChinaChamberofInternationalCommerce.HeisArbitratorofShanghaiArbitrationCommission/ShanghaiCourtofFinancialArbitration,onthePanelofArbitratorsofLondonCourtofInternationalArbitration(LCIA).JonathangothisLL.M.andLL.D.(Ph.D.inLaw)fromEastChinaUniversityofPoliticalScienceandLaw(ECUPL),InternationalEconomicLaw;B.A.,ShandongNormalUniversity,EnglishLanguageandLiterature.Dr.ZHANGwasaVisitingScholaratCaliforniaStateUniversitySanBernardino,VistingFellowattheCityLaw,UniversityofLondon.Dr.ZhangpassedtheChinaNationalBarExaminationin1995,gottheQualificationCertificateofChinaInternationalLawyersTrainingCenterin1996andtheRegisteredQualificationCertificateofCorporateCounselofChinain1998.HeholdsthetitleofSeniorEconomistinmanagementoftradeinservices,andisanExpertforShanghaiMunicipalGovernmentProcurementEvaluation.Prof.ZHANGwasaJournalist,theGeneralCounseloftheShanghaiSecuritiesNewsDaily(SSN),theGeneralManageroftheSSNGeneralCorporationforCirculationandMarketing,andtheEditor-in-ChiefofGraduatesinLaw,theacademicmagazineforECUPLgraduatestudents.Dr.ZhangwasSeniorLecturerinEnglishatShandongProvincialEducation&TrainingCenterforScienceandTechnology.And,hewasgrantedAmericanTESOLExpertCertification.3Prof.JonathanXuesenZHANG,Ph.DProf.ZhangisBoardMemberoftheShanghaiLawSociety,BoardMemberoftheShanghaiInternationalLawInstitute.ViceChiarmanandGeneralSecretaryoftheShanghaiPudongAcademyforFinancialLaw.TheChairmanofShanghaiPudongTranslatorsAssociation.And,hehasbeenregularlyinvitedaskeynote-speakerandseniorlecturer,forseminars,forumsandtrainingprogramsonfinanciallaws,complianceissuesinthefinancialandbanking,securitiesindustries.Dr.Zhanghasmorethan30publications,primarilyinfinanciallaw,securitieslaw,internationalbusinesslaw,disputeresolution,severalofwhichareinEnglish.Hispopularpublicationsinclude:InternationalBusinessLaw(EnglishVersion,1-2ndv.),FudanUniversityPress,2008/2018.LegalIssuesofFinancialInnovationandDevelopemnt,FudanUniversityPress,2018.FinancialLaws,FudanUniversityPress,2006.InternationalSecuritiesLaw,ShanghaiTranslationPublishingHouse,1996.LegalIssuesofInternationalFinancialFuturesMarket,ECUPLGraduateSchool,1997.TheoryandPracticeofSecuritiesLaw,EconomicSciencePublishingHouse,1999;CivilandCommercialLawofChineseTaiwan,SoutheastUniversityPress,2002;EconomicLaws(1-3rdv.),ShanghaiUniversityofFinanceandEconomicsPress,2006/2015;InternationalBusinessLaw(1-4thv.),UniversityofFinanceandEconomicsPress,2007/2019;LegalAspectsofComprehensiveFinancialOperation,ECUPLGraduateSchool,2007;LawCasesandAnalysisofCorporateFinance,ShanghaiPopularSciencePress,2011;ResearchontheDevelopentEnvironmentfortheconstructionofShanghaiInternationalFinancialCenter,PressofShanghaiUniversityofFinanceandEconomics,2014;FinancialAdviser,FudanUniversityPress,2015;LawCasesandAnalysisfortheFinancialSector,ShanghaiPopularSciencePress,2015.LegalProtectionofRights,ShanghaiPopularSciencePress,2019.4InternationalBusinessLaw

(Textbook,EnglishVersion,XuesenZHANG)CONTENTSIntroductiontoInternationalBusinessLawLawofBusinessOrganizationsLawofAgencyInternationalContractLawLawofInternationalSaleofGoodsInternationalCargoTransportationandInsuranceFinanceofInternationalTradeLawofProductsLiabilityLawofIntellectualPropertyRightsInternationalDisputeResolution5InternationalBusinessLaw

(TheBilingualVersionandtheChineseVersion)6IBLSyllabus(Topics)BasicstoLawIntroductiontoInternationalBusinessLawInternationalContractLawLawofInternationalSaleofGoodsInternationalCargoTransportationandInsuranceFinanceofInternationalTradeInternationalDisputeResoluton7CourseAssessmentUsualGrade:50%;EndtermGrade:50%ItemandValueforUsualGradesItemsAttendance/ParticipationAssignmentsMidtermExamCasesandAnalysisothersChoice√√√Times15212Value304030108RulesandStandardsforRegularGrades1.Inlateoroutearlier,-2;Absent,-5;2.Assignments:iflate,-5;ifno,-15,foronce;3.IfnotattendtheMidtermExam,-10;4.Casesandanalysis,twice:lateforonetime,-5;ifnothandinforonce,-10;5.BeActiveinClass,andKeepClassroomOrder!9TopicIBasicsofLaw1.Whatislaw?

1.1DefinitionoflawLawisasetofrulesthatregulatesthebehaviorofmembersofasociety.Itaffectsalmosteverythingwedo-buyingahouse,gettingajob,makingawillorgettingdivorced,forexample.Evensomethingassimpleasbuyingabarofchocolateiscoveredbynumerouslaws:thelawofcontract;companylaw;saleofgoods,foodanddrugslegislation;productliability.Soasyoucanimagine,lawyershaveanimportantanddiverseroleinsociety.10灋→法灋Law會(huì)意：從“水”,表示法律、法度公平如水;從“廌”(zhì),即解廌,神話傳說中的一種神獸,據(jù)說,它能辨別曲直,在審理案件時(shí),它能用角去觸理曲的人?；玖x:刑法;法律;法度。記載：“法”是一種與鹿和牛類似的神獸，在古代人們將它作為斷案的工具，每當(dāng)辦案時(shí)出現(xiàn)多個(gè)嫌疑人的時(shí)候，人們通常把它放出來，它如果用犄角頂誰，誰就是罪犯。11獬豸→廌→灋→法InancientChina,theunicornisasymbolofjustice.獬豸與法的不解之結(jié)，還可從古代“法”字的結(jié)構(gòu)得到解答，古體的“法”字寫作“灋”，而“廌”即為獬豸，“廌法”二字合為一體，取其公正不阿之意，所以從水，取法平如水之意。獬豸作為法律象征的地位就這樣被認(rèn)定下來。由“灋”到“法”，“廌”字雖然已被隱去，然而它象征的中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)法律文化并沒有消失。獬豸形象是蒙昧?xí)r代以神判法的遺跡。進(jìn)入近代，仍將其視為法律與公正的偶象。與此相類似，在西方，獨(dú)角獸也被認(rèn)為是純潔的象征。人們認(rèn)為它的角的力量能夠壓制任何道德敗壞的事情。12LadyJusticeandLawLadyJusticedepictsjusticeasagoddessequippedwiththreesymbolsoftheruleoflaw:aswordsymbolizingthecourt'scoercivepower;scalesrepresentingtheweighingofcompetingclaims;andablindfoldindicatingimpartiality.LadyJusticeLadyJusticeisacombinationofRomanandGreekgoddesses:JustitiawhowastheRomangoddessofjusticeandThemiswhowastheGreekgoddessthatencompassesdivineorder,lawandcustom.Whilestatuesofthesegoddessesdatebacktoclassicalantiquity,theearliestnotedrepresentationofherwithablindfoldistheFountainofJusticelocatedinBerne,Switzerland,datingbackto1543.LadyJusticestatuesareusuallyfoundinornearcourtroomsandourthouses.LadyJusticeisblindfoldedtorepresentherimpartialityinmattersofjusticeandthelaw.HerstatueisalsoreferredtoasBlindJusticeandtheScalesofJustice.1314LadyJustice15TheUnicornandLadyJusticeTheunicornisasymbolofjusticeinancientChina,whiletheLadyJusticeisthatintheWesternworld.Justiceisabroadnotionthatisbasedonaconceptofmoralrightnessthatincorporatesvaryingperspectivesonfairness,ethics,rationality,religionandlaw,accordingtoWikipedia.Inmostcases,theideaofjusticeisdividedintotwoseparatecategories:socialjusticeandproceduraljustice.Socialjusticeisgenerallyfoundinreligionandphilosophy,whileproceduraljusticeistypicallyassociatedwiththeapplicationoflaws.16ColumbiaLawSchool

17ColumbiaLaw-BellerophonTamingPegasus18BellerophonTamingPegasusBellerophonTamingPegasus,byJacquesLipchitz,1966-77,westfacadeofJeromeGreeneHall,giftofLawSchoolalumni,bronze,30feetx28feet19BellerophonTamingPegasusThesculpturemountedonthebuilding'swestside,Bellerophon

TamingPegasus

wascastbyJacquesLipchitzin1973;itwashislastandlargestpiece.ItdepictsthemythicaltaleofBellerophontamingPegasus,theflyinghorse.This23-ton,5-storybronzepiece,whichwasbroughtacrosstheAtlanticineightseparatepieces,isoneofthelargestoutdoorsculpturesinManhattan.20TaleofBellerophonTamingPegasus21BellerophonBELLEROPHONTESwasoneofthegreatestoftheGreekheroes.Hisstoryrunsasfollows:HewasborninKorinthos(Corinth),siredbythegodPoseidononthewifeoftheking.InhisyouthhecapturedthewingedhorsePegasosasitcametodrinkfromthetown'sfountain.LaterhewasexiledforthemurderofarelativeandtravelledtothecourtofKingProitosinArgos.ThereQueenStheneboiadevelopedapassionforhim.Whenhespurnedheradvances,shetoldherhusbandthathehadtriedtoviolateher.ProitossenthimtoKingLobatesinLykiawithaclosedletterrequestingthattheboybeputtodeath.LobateswasreluctanttodothishimselfandsocommandedBellerophontestoslaythefire-breathingKhimaira(Chimera)whichwasravagingtheland.Heaccomplishedthetaskandreturnedalive.ThekingnextsenthimtosubduethebarbarousSolymoitribe,andlatertheAmazones,butagainhewasvictorious.FinallyLobatescommandedhisguardstoambushandkilltheyouth,butheslewthemall.Thekingthenrecognizedhimforthesonofagod,andwelcomedhimintohishouseashisson-in-lawandheir.DespiteallofhissuccessesBellerophonteswasstillnotsatisfiedandsoughttoflytoheavenonthebackofPegasos.Zeuswasangeredbyhispresumptionandsentagladflytostingthehorse,causingittobuckandcasttheherobacktoearth.Afterwardshewanderedtheworldalonedespisedbygodsandmen.Themythologicaletymologyofhisnamewas"SlayerofBelleros"(fromtheGreekBelleros+phonos).Howeveritislikelythatthenameoriginallymeant"WielderofMissiles"(belos+phore?).22PEGASOSPEGASOS(orPegasus)wasanimmortal,wingedhorsewhichsprangforthfromtheneckofMedousawhenshewasbeheadedbytheheroPerseus.PegasoswastamedbyBellerophon,aKorinthianhero,whorodehimintobattleagainstthefire-breathingKhimaira.Later,aftertheheroattemptedtoflytoheaven,thegodscausedthehorsetobuck,throwinghimbackdowntoearth.PegasoscontinuedtowingitswaytoheavenwhereittookaplaceinthestablesofZeus.Thehorsewasalsoplacedamongstthestarsasaconstellation,whoserisingmarkedthearrivalofthewarmerweatherofspringandseasonalrainstorms.Assuchhewasoftennamedthunderbolt-bearerofZeus.Intheconstellationmyths,Pegasos("SpringingForth")mayhaverepresentedthebloomingofspringwhilstKhimaira("FrostyAir"?)(perhapswinter-risingCapricorn)wasthecoldchillofwinter.231.1DefinitionoflawLawisoneofthemostbasicsocialinstitutions,andoneofthemostnecessary.Nosocietycouldexistifallpeopledidjustastheypleased,withoutregardfortherightsofothers.Norcouldasocietyexistifitsmembersdidnotrecognizethattheyalsohavecertainobligationstowardoneanother.Thelawthusestablishestherulesthatdefineaperson’srightsandobligations.Thelawalsosetpenaltiesforpeoplewhoviolatetheserules,anditstateshowgovernmentshallenforcetherulesandpenalties.However,thelawsenforcedbygovernmentcanbechanged.Infact,lawsfrequentlyarechangedtoreflectchangesinasociety’sneedsandattitudes.Inmostsocieties,variousgovernmentbodies,especiallypoliceagenciesandcourts,seethatthelawsareobeyed.Becauseapersoncanbepenalizedfordisobeyingthelaw,mostpeopleagreethatlawsshouldbejust.Justiceisamoralstandardthatappliestoallhumanconduct.241.1DefinitionoflawTherehavebeenandwillcontinuetobedifferentdefinitionsoflaw.Aristotlesawlawasaruleofconduct.Platobelievedthatlawwasaformofsocialcontrol.Cicerocontendedthatlawwastheagreementofreasonandnature,thedistinctionbetweenthejustandunjust.TheBritishjuristSirWilliamBlackstonedescribedlawas“aruleofcivilconductprescribedbythesupremepowerofastate,commandingwhatisright,andprohibitingwhatiswrong.”InAmerica,theeminentjuristOliverWendellHolmes,Jr.,contendedthatlawwasasetofrulesthatallowedonetopredicthowacourtwouldresolveaparticulardispute:“thepropheciesofwhatthecourtswilldoinfact,andnothingmorepretentious,arewhatImeanbylaw.”251.1DefinitionoflawAlthoughthesedefinitionsvaryintheirparticulars,allarebasedonthefollowinggeneralobservation:lawconsistsofenforceablerulesgoverningrelationshipsamongindividualsandbetweenindividualsandtheirsociety.Thisverybroaddefinitionoflawimpliesthefollowing:Tohavelaw,theremustbeestablishedrules,suchasconstitutions,statutes,administrativeagencyregulations,andjudicialdecisions.Theserulesmustbecapableofenforcement;thatis,lawandordermustprevailwithresolutioninajudicialsystem.Therulesmustestablishapprovedconductbywhichindividualsdealwitheachotherandparticipateinsociety.261.2Functionsoflaw

Thedefinitionoflawdependsonhowwelookatitspurposesorfunctions.Abasicpurposeoflawinoursocietyistomaintainorderandtoresolvedisputes.Indetail,thefunctionsoflawareasfollows:MaintainingsocialcontrolandfacilitatingsociallifeProtectingthepublicorderResolvingdisputesProtectingthestatusquoFacilitatingorderlychange1.3TheRuleofLaw“TheRuleofLaw'isaphrasemuchusedbutlittleexamined.Theideaoftheruleoflawasthefoundationofmodernstatesandcivilisationshasrecentlybecomeevenmoretalismanicthanthatofdemocracy,butwhatdoesitactuallyconsistof?InthebrilliantshortbookofTheRuleofLaw,Britain'sformerseniorlawlord,TomBinghamexamineswhattheideaactuallymeans.Hemakesclearthattheruleoflawisnotjustalegaldoctrinebutisthefoundationofafairandjustsociety,isaguaranteeofresponsiblegovernment,isanimportantcontributiontoeconomicgrowth,andoffersthebestmeansyetdevisedforsecuringpeaceandco-operation.LordBinghambrieflyexaminesthehistoricaloriginsoftherule,andthenadvanceseightconditionswhichcaptureitsessenceasunderstoodinwesterndemocraciestoday.27The8

ConditionsofRuleofLawThelawmustbeaccessibleandsofaraspossible,clearandpredictable.Questionsoflegalrightandliabilityshouldordinarilyberesolvedbyapplicationofthelawandnottheexerciseofdiscretion.Thelawsofthelandshouldapplyequallytoall,savetotheextentthatobjectivedifferencesjustifydifferentiation.Ministersandpublicofficersatalllevelsmustexercisepowersconferredonthemingoodfaith,fairly,forthepurposeforwhichthepowerswereconferred,withoutexceedingthelimitsofsuchpowersandnotunreasonably.Thelawmustaffordadequateprotectionoffundamentalhumanrights(includingrighttolife,theprohibitionoftorture,prohibitionofslaveryandforcedlabour,righttolibertyandsecurity,righttoafairtrial,nopunishmentwithoutlaw,righttorespectforprivateandfamilylife,freedomofthought,conscienceandreligion,freedomofexpression,freedomofassemblyandassociation,righttomarry,equalityofenjoymentofsuchrights).Meansmustbeprovidedforresolvingwithoutprohibitivecostorinordinatedelay,bonafidecivildisputeswhichthepartiesthemselvesareunabletoresolve.Adjudicativeproceduresprovidedbythestateshouldbefair.The44ruleoflawreuquirescompliancebythestatewithitsobligationsininternationallawinnationallaw.28UnitedNationsandtheRuleofLawTheSecretary-Generalhasdescribedtheruleoflawas“aprincipleofgovernanceinwhichallpersons,institutionsandentities,publicandprivate,includingtheStateitself,areaccountabletolawsthatarepubliclypromulgated,equallyenforcedandindependentlyadjudicated,andwhichareconsistentwithinternationalhumanrightsnormsandstandards.Itrequires,aswell,measurestoensureadherencetotheprinciplesofsupremacyoflaw,equalitybeforethelaw,accountabilitytothelaw,fairnessintheapplicationofthelaw,separationofpowers,participationindecision-making,legalcertainty,avoidanceofarbitrarinessandproceduralandlegaltransparency.”-ReportoftheSecretary-General:Theruleoflawandtransitionaljusticeinconflictandpost-conflictsocieties(S/2004/616).TheconceptoftheruleoflawisembeddedintheCharteroftheUnitedNations.TheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightsof1948alsogivestheruleoflawacentralplace.Recognisingthecentralplaceoftheruleoflaw,theGeneralAssemblyatits67thSession,heldaHigh-levelMeetingontheRuleofLawattheNationalandInternationalLevelson24September2012.29302.LegalsystemsEveryindependentcountryhasitsownlegalsystem.Thesystemsvaryaccordingtoeachcountry’ssocialtraditionsandformofgovernment.Butmostsystemscanbeclassedaseither(1)acommon-lawsystem,or(2)acivil-lawsystem.TheUnitedStates,Canada,GreatBritain,andotherEnglish-speakingcountrieshaveacommon-lawsystem.Mostothercountrieshaveacivil-lawsystem.Manycountriescombinefeaturesofbothsystems.312.1Common-LawSystemTheCommonLawSystemisalsocalledEnglishLawSystem,orAnglo-AmericanLawSystem.Common-lawsystemsarebasedlargelyoncaselaw–thatis,oncourtdecisions.Thecommon-lawsystembeganinEnglandmanyhundredsofyearsago.TheEnglishcalledtheirsystemthecommonlawbecauseitappliedthroughouttheland.Commonlawreferstolawandthecorrespondinglegalsystemdevelopedthroughdecisionsofcourtsandsimilartribunals,ratherthanthroughlegislativestatutesorexecutiveaction.Englishcommonlawdevelopedfromtherulesandprinciplesthatjudgestraditionallyfollowedindecidingcourtcases.Judgesbasedtheirdecisionsonlegalprecedents–thatis,onearliercourtrulingsinsimilarcases.Butjudgescouldexpandprecedentstomakethemsuitparticularcases.Theycouldalsooverrule(reject)anyprecedentsthattheyconsideredtobeinerrororoutdated.Inthisway,judgeschangedmanylawsovertheyears.Thecommonlawthuscametobemadebyjudges.322.1Common-LawSystemCaselawisstillimportantincommon-lawcountries.However,thelawmakingroleoflegislaturesinthesecountrieshasincreasedgreatlyduringthe1900’s.Forexample,theUnitedStatesCongresshasmademajorchangesinAmericancontractandpropertylaw.Thechangeshavedealt,forexample,withsuchmattersaslabor-managementrelations,workers’wagesandhours,health,safety,andenvironmentalprotection.Nevertheless,common-lawcountrieshavekeptthebasicfeatureoftheEnglishlegalsystem,whichisthepowerofjudgestomakelaws.Inaddition,constitutionallawinthesecountriescontinuesthecommon-lawtraditionofdefendingthepeople’srightsandliberties.332.2Civil-lawSystem

CivillaworContinentallaworRomano-Germaniclawisthepredominantsystemoflawintheworld.Civillawasalegalsystemisoftencomparedwithcommonlaw.Themaindifferencethatisusuallydrawnbetweenthetwosystemsisthatcommonlawdrawsabstractrulesfromspecificcases,whereascivillawstartswithabstractrules,whichjudgesmustthenapplytothevariouscasesbeforethem.342.2Civil-lawSystemCivil-lawsystemsarebasedmainlyonstatutes(legislativeacts).Themajorityofcivil-lawcountrieshaveassembledtheirstatutesintooneormorecarefullyorganizedcollectionscalledcodes.MostmodernlawcodescanbetracedbacktothefamouscodethatwascommissionedbytheRomanEmperorJustinianIintheA.D.500’s.Justinian’scodeupdatedandsummarizedthewholeofRomanlaw.ItwascalledtheCorpusJurisCivils,meaningBodyofCivilLaw.Forthisreason,legalsystemsthatarebasedontheRomansystemofstatuteandcodelawareknownascivil-lawsystems.Thisuseofthetermcivillawshouldnotbeconfusedwithitsuseasanalternatetermforprivatelaw.Civil-lawsystemsincludebothprivatelawandpubliclaw.352.2Civil-lawSystemInnowadays,thereisobviouslyanassimilationtendencybetweenthetwolegalsystems.Ontheonehand,incivillawcountries,caselawandprecedentsaregivenmoreandmorerespect.And,ontheotherhand,therearemoreandmorewrittenlawsandregulationsincommonlawcountries.Especially,statutorylawsareattachedmuchmoreimportanceintheUnitedStatesthaninGreatBritain.Forexample,therearenotonlyfederalstatutorylawsbutalsostateones.Inthefieldofbusinesslaw,ithasmadeandmodifiedtheUniformCommercialCode,anti-trustlaw,andsoon.362.3China’sLegalSystemChinahasestablishedasocialistlegalsystemwithChinesecharacteristicswiththeConstitutionatitscore.Chinahasfourdifferentlawdistricts,eachofwhichhasalegalsystemwithdifferentcharacteristics.ThefourlawdistrictsareMainlandChina,HongKong,MacoandTaiwan.OnMainlandChina,thelegalsystemcoverslawsthatfallundersevencategoriesandthreedifferentlevels.ThesevencategoriesaretheConstitutionandConstitution-related,civilandcommercial,administrative,economic,social,andcriminallawsandthelawonlawsuitandnon-lawsuitprocedures.Thethreedifferentlevelsarestatelaws,administrativeregulationsandlocalstatutes.372.3China’sLegalSystemOnmainlandChina,wehaveasocialistlegalsystemwithsometraditionsofcivillawsystem.Thesystemconsistsofsevenparts:ConstitutionAdministrationlawsCivilandcommerciallawsEconomiclawsSociallawsCriminallawsProcedurallaws383.Internationallaw

Internationallawisthetermcommonlyusedforreferringtothesystemofimplicitandexplicitagreementsthatbindtogethernation-statesinadherencetorecognizedvaluesandstandards,differingfromotherlegalsystemsinthatitconcernsnationsratherthanprivatecitizens.However,theterm"InternationalLaw"canrefertothreedistinctlegaldisciplines:Publicinternationallaw,Privateinternationallaw,Internationaleconomiclaw.393.1PublicinternationallawsPublicinternationallaw(orinternationalpubliclaw)concernstherelationshipsbetweensubjectsofinternationallaw,includingsovereignnations,internationalorganizations,andinsomecases,movementsofnationalliberation(warsofnationalliberation)andarmedinsurrectionalmovements.Thenormsofinternationallawhavetheirsourceineithercustom(consistentstatepracticewithopiniojuris),orconventionalagreements,i.e.,treaties.Also,whileinfrequent,internationallawcanbederivedfromacademicandexpertlegalopinions(softlaw)andgloballyacceptedstandardsofhumanbehavior(peremptorynormsometimesknownasjuscogensnormsorjuscogens).InternationallawhasexistedsincetheMiddleAges,butmuchofitsmoderncorpusbegandevelopingfromthemiddleofthe19thcentury.403.2PrivateinternationallawPrivateinternationallaw,sometimesalsoknownasconflictoflawsincommonlaw-orientedjurisdictions,seekstodeterminetheapplicablelawandjurisdictioninprivatematters,suchasbusinessdisputesandfamilylaw,acrossnationalboundaries.Anotherapproachtodealingwithlegalrelationshipsinacross-bordercontextisharmonizationofmunicipallaws.Conflictoflaws,oftencalled"privateinternationallaw"incivillawjurisdictions,islessinternationalthanpublicinternationallaw.Itisdistinguishedfrompublicinternationallawbecauseitgovernsconflictsbetweenprivatepersons,ratherthanstates(orotherinternationalbodieswithstanding).Itconcernsthequestionsofwhichjurisdictionshouldbepermittedtohearalegaldisputebetweenprivateparties,andwhichjurisdiction'slawshouldbeapplied,thereforeraisingissuesofinternationallaw.Todaycorporationsareincreasinglycapableofshiftingcapitalandlaborsupplychainsacrossborders,aswellastradingwithoverseascorporations.Thisincreasesthenumberofdisputesofaninter-statenatureoutsideaunifiedlegalframeworkandraisesissuesoftheenforceabilityofstandardpractices.IncreasingnumbersofbusinessesusecommercialarbitrationundertheNewYorkConvention1958.413.3InternationaleconomiclawInternationaleconomiclawencompassesboththeconductofsovereignstatesininternationaleconomicrelations,andtheconductofprivatepartiesinvolvedincross-bordereconomicandbusinesstransactions.National,regional,andinternationallaw(publicandprivate),policyandcustomarypracticesareallcomponentsofinternationaleconomiclaw.423.4InternationalbusinesslawInternationalbusinesslaw,isalsoknownas“internationalcommerciallaw”,referstothebodyofrulesandnormsthatregulatesthevariousactivitiesrelatedwithinternationalbusinesstransactions.Thedistinctionbetweenbusinessandeconomics,betweeninternationalbusinesslawandinternationaleconomiclaw,maybeviewedasadistinctionbetweenprivateandpublic.433.5InternationalcriminallawInternationalcriminallawisanautonomousbranchoflawwhichdealswithinternationalcrimesandthecourtsandtribunalssetuptoadjudicatecasesinwhichpersonshaveincurredinternationalcriminalresponsibility.Itrepresentsasignificantdeparturefrom'classical'internationallawwhichwasmainlyconsideredlawcreatedbystatesforthebenefitofstates,buttendedtoignoretheindividualasasubjectofthelaw.Mostlegalscholarsagreethatarecognizablebodyofinternationalcriminallawdoesexist.However,thepreciseparametersofthisbodyoflawareoftenunclear,perhapsduetotherapidandcomplexdevelopmentsofourglobalsociety.Initswidestcontext,thesourceofinternationalcriminallawmightbederivedfromthegeneralprinciplesofinternationallawrecognizedbycivilizednations;andtherefore,foundinthecustomarylawacceptedbystates,thegeneralcriminallawrecognizedbynations,andthetreatieswhichgovernparticularconduct.44HaroldJ.BermanLawhastobebelievedin,oritwillnotwork.HaroldJ.BermanEmoryUniversityHarvardUniversity45Lecture2

InternationalBusinessLaw

Internationalbusinesslaw,internationalcommerciallaw:IntlBizLawrefer