1/1考前押題06概要寫作題(期末專項訓(xùn)練)話題1社會與自我話題4研究與發(fā)現(xiàn)話題2生活與健康話題5生態(tài)與自然話題3學(xué)校與教育話題6社會與服務(wù)話題1社會與自我Passage1FunctionsofaSpeechTheartofpublicspeakingbeganinancientGreeceover2,000yearsago.Thespokenwordcanhandlevariousvitalfunctions:persuadingorinspiring,informing,payingcompliment,entertaining,orsimplyintroducingsomeoneorsomethingoracceptingsomething.Overthepastyears,thehumanvoicehashelpedguideusovertheupsanddownsofwhatwascertainlyastormytime.Persuasionisusedindealingwithorreunitingdifferentpointsofview.WhentheleadersmetinCopenhageninDecember2009,persuasivewordsfromactivistsencouragedthemtocommitthemselvestofirmeraction.Inspirationalspeecheschallengetheemotions.Theyfocusontopicsandmattersthatareclosetopeople'shearts.Duringwars,generalsusedinspiringspeechestopreparethetroopsforbattle.Aspeechthatconveysknowledgeandenhancesunderstandingcaninformus.Theinformationmustbeclear,accurate,andexpressedinameaningfulandinterestingway.InformativespeechesfromWorldHealthOrganizationofficialshelpedpeopletokeeptheirpanicundercontrolsotheycouldtakesensibleprotection.Sadeventsarenevereasytodealwithbutaspeechthatpaystributetothelossofalovedoneandgivespraisefortheircontributioncanbecomforting.Madonna'sspeechaboutMichaelJackson,afterhisdeath,highlightedthefactthathewillcontinuetoliveonthroughhismusic.It'snotonlyinworldmeetingswherepublicspeakingplaysanimportantrole.Itcanalsobesurprisinglyhelpfulinthecourseofourownlives.Onamorepersonallevel,afriendmaybeupsetandneedcomforting.Oryoumightbeaskedtointroduceaspeakeratafamilyeventortospeakatawedding,whereyourlanguagewillbeneededtomovepeopleormakethemlaugh.Greatspeakingabilityisnotsomethingwe'rebornwith.Forabrilliantspeech,therearerulesthatyoucanputtogooduse.Tolearnthoserulesyouhavetopracticeandlearnfromsomeoutstandingspeechesinthepast.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Passage2Doyoueverfeellikenomatterhowmuchyoueat,youarestillnotfull?Youmaybesufferingfromaconditionknownas“brainhunger.”Thisoccurswhenthedopaminesignalinginyourbrainisdamaged,makingitdifficultforyourbodytorecognizewhenithashadenoughfood.Whataretheunderlyingcausesofbrainhunger?Geneticscanplayarole.ResearchhasshownthatthedopaminereceptorD4genemayberesponsibleforregulatingcognitivefunctionsrelatedtoeatingbehaviorandbodyweight.Somepeoplehavethisgenevariationthatdoesnotallowforanormaldopaminereleaseinresponsetothingsthattypicallywouldbringjoyandpleasure,includingfood.Thismeansthatthoseindividualswon’tgetthesame“high”feelingtheywouldnormallyexperiencewheneating.Obesityisalsolinkedtobrainhunger.Brainscansofobeseindividualsshowchangesindopaminesignalingpathwayswhichcanleadtolessrecognitionofthefeelingofbeingfullevenafterameal.Whileitisstillunclearwhetherobesityorgeneticsistheprimarycontributortobrainhunger,onethingiscertain:losingweightaloneisnotenoughforthoseaffected.Studiesshowthatcertainareasofthebrainresponsibleforsensingfullnessdonotchangeevenwithweightloss,whichcouldleadtocontinuedhungerandweightregain.So,whatcamefirst:geneticsorobesitythatcausethisbrainsignalingchange?Itispossiblethatifsomeonehasagenetictendencytobeaffectedbythisabnormaldopaminesignaling,anenvironmentaltriggercanstartaseriesofbrainhungerwhichbringsaboutovereating.Itisalsoimportanttopracticemindfuleatingandpayattentiontohungercuestobeginperceivingthefeelingofbeingfull.Brainhungercanbeanuncomfortableandfrustratingcondition,butitispossibletomanagethroughacombinationoftreatments.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________話題2生活與健康Passage1Thesedaysoursocietydevelopsrapidlyandforcespeopletorush.Itappearsthatpeoplehavegotusedtobeinginahurry.However,itisbetterforpeopletotaketheirtimeandlivetheirlifeataslowerpacethantohurrytogetthingsdone.Themainreasonthatconvincesustoopposedoingworkinahurryisthepossibilityofdoingwrongsinarush.Whenpeopledotheirjobsortakeactionsinahurry,theycannotmakeasounddecisionandprobablyregretlater.Asthesayinggoes,“Hastemakeswaste.”Weshouldthinkcarefullybeforemakingadecisionanddoourworklessquickly.Weshouldnotmakemistakesbydoingworkhurriedly.Slowingdownthepaceoflifehelpspeopleenjoytheirlifebetter.Forexample,takingatraintosomeplacecertainlywilltakemoretimethantakingaplane.However,takingatrainmakespeoplehaveenoughtimetogettoknowalotofnewfriends.Besides,itallowspeopletofullyenjoythebeautifulsceneryalongtheway.Onthecontrary,beinginahurrywillmakeuslosechancesinenjoyingourlife.Finally,slowerlifepaceprovidesbetterhealthyconditionsforus.Asisknowntoall,takingactionsinahurrybotherspeopleandraisestheirstress.Peoplethinkiftheyarenotinahurry,theywillbecomealoserandthatannoysthem.Beinginahurrycanhurtpeoplebothphysicallyandmentally.Accordingtosomestudies,peoplewhohaveaslowerpacesufferfewerdiseases,tendtobehappierandlivemuchlongerthanthosewhoselifeistense,eveniftheformerfinishjobsmoreslowlythanthelatter.Inshort,workingquicklywillbringaboutmorematerialbenefitstomakeoursocietymoreadvanced.However,muchstresscan’tbringenjoyment,friendsandhealth,whicharemuchmoreimportantthanmoneyandothermaterialadvantages.Therefore,takeyourtimeandliveyourlifeataslowerpace._______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Passage2Theroleofsiblings(兄弟姐妹)It’scommonknowledgethatthefamilyachildgrowsupinhasahugeinfluenceonthechild’sattitudes,beliefsandmentalhealth.Peopleusuallythinkthatthechild’sparentsareresponsibleforthisinfluence,butrelationshipswithbrothersandsistersarejustasimportant.Siblingsprovidechildrenwithauniqueopportunitytopracticeinteractingwiththeirpeers,ratherthanauthorityfigures.Althoughfriendshipscanhavesimilareffects,relationshipswithsiblingsoffersomeuniqueadvantages.Duringchildhood,siblingsseeeachothereverydayandspendmoretimewitheachotherthanwithanyoneelse,sharingexperiencesthatlastalltheirlives.Siblingsarealsoforcedtopersevereintheirrelationshipswitheachothereveniftheyhaveafallingout.Thisforceschildrentopracticeconflictresolutionskillssincetheycannotleavethefamilialrelationship,astheycouldwithafriend.Butasiblingrelationshipalsooffersasafeplacetodiscussdifficulttopicswithoutfearofabandonment.Moreover,oldersiblingsoftenteachtheiryoungerbrothersandsistersaboutlife.Theycanconveyusefulskillsandadvice,buttheycanalsosetbadexamples,leadingtheiryoungersiblingstodothingsthatarewrongorfoolish.Oncechildrengrowup,theydonotseetheirsiblingsasoftenasbeforesincetheyusuallynolongerlivetogether.Maintainingsiblingrelationshipsnowtakeswork,andifsiblingsdonotgetalong,theycanavoideachother.Butmanysiblingrelationshipsimproveinyoungadulthoodasthesiblingsmature.Sometimesthedistancehelpssiblingsenjoyeachother’scompanywhentheydomeet.Relationshipsbetweensiblingsvarydependingontheagesandpersonalitiesofthechildreninvolved.Eventhebestsiblingrelationshipsinvolvesomedisagreements,butastrongrelationshipcansurvivesuchconflicts.Consideringtheroleofsiblingsthroughoutourlives,it’scriticaltotakethetimetocultivatepositiverelationshipswithsiblings.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________話題3學(xué)校與教育Passage1LighttheCitiesoftheFutureApreviouslyunlitcyclepathintheNetherlandshasrecentlydrawnourattention.Ithasbeenresurfacedwithamaterialthatconsistsofthousandsofshiningstonesinordertocreateawell-litroute.TheVanGoghPath,socalledaftertheartistwholivedinthetownofNuenenin1883,combinesthetraditionalwiththecontemporaryinagesturethatacknowledgeledgesVanGingh’masterpieceTheStarryNight,butalsoshowsthewayaheadforcitylighting.TheVanGoghPathisnotasinglecase;itisnotdifficulttoforeseeatimewhennaturalmaterialscouldhelplightthecitiesofthefuture.Whyshouldwecareaboutcitylighting?What’swrongwithcurrentelectricalcitylightinganyway?Well,theproblemthatitcausesistwo-fold.First,ofcourse,electricallightinginmostcitiescomesfromnon-renewableresources.AccordingtotheInternationalEnergyAgency,almost20%ofglobalelectricityisconsumedforlighting,whichisresponsibleforhighlevelsofcarbonemissions.Butthere’salsothebeliefthatelectricallightitselfisaformofpollutionbydestroyingourviewofthenightsky.Fromtheabovereasons,then,itseemswisetoinvestigateotherapproaches.ThecityofGlasgowisattemptingtouseintelligentstreetlightingtomonitorhowcitizensinteractwiththeurbanlandscapeandminimizeelectricalconsumptionandthusemissions.This“SmartCityapproach”isseenbymanyasthewayofthefuture,butsomedesignersaren’tconvinced.Theyarepioneeringthealtogethermoreoriginalapproachofusingmaterialsfromthenaturalworldinordertoreplaceelectricallightentirely.Theybelievethatthisnew“technology”canonedaycompletelyreplacemicrochipsanddigitalsystemsaswefindbetterwaysofmakinguseofthelight-producingmechanisms(制)thatalreadyexistinthenaturalworld.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Passage2Dumbphones(非智能手機(jī))aremakingacomebackItishardtoimaginelifewithoutasmartphonethesedays.NineintenAmericanadultsownone,andtheyspend3hoursand45minutesonthemaday,onaverage.Newversionsupdatedwithartificialintelligencemaybeevenhardertoputdown.Yetamarketisalsogrowingforphonesthataresimple-designed.Thesedumbphonesaccountforjust2%ofphonesalesinAmerica.Butdemandisgrowing.In2016,aFinnishfirmboughttherightstorelaunchthedevicesofNokia,whichisnowselling“tensofthousands”offlip-phones(翻蓋式手機(jī))amonthinAmerica.Dumbphonestodaydonotonlycopythoseofthepast,though.Startupsoffersimple-designeddevicesoftheirown.OneexampleistheLightPhone,whichisshapedlikeaniPodandhasane-inkscreenlikeaKindle.Italsoallowsuserstoaddoptional“tools”includingapodcast-playerandadirectionsapp.Whatexplainsthereturnofthedumbphone?Onefactorisanxietyovertheimpactofsmartphones—andsocial-mediaappsinparticular—onyoungpeople’smentalhealth.ThatiswhyEton,awell-knownBritishschool,announcedinJulythatitwouldbaritsfutureprimeministersfrombringingsmartphonestoschool,andwouldprovidethemwithNokiaphonesinstead.Butplentyofgrownupsarealsochoosingdumbphonesoftheirownfreewill.JoseBriones,whohostsaconferencefocusedondumbphonesonReddit,asocial-mediasite,switchedtotheLightPhoneaftergrowingalarmedathisrisingscreen-timerecord.Likemanynewcomers,hestillkeepsasmartphoneforsituationssuchastravellingabroad.Othersmartphoneaddictsareinsteadchoosingtosimplifytheirdevices,eitherbydeletingappsordownloadingonesthatcontrolscreentime,ofwhichthereareagrowingnumber.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________話題4研究與發(fā)現(xiàn)Passage1PreventingResistanceThedevelopmentofdrug-resistantpathogens(病原體)canbepreventedinatleastthreeways.First,sufficientlyhighconcentrationsofthedrugcanbemaintainedinapatient’sbodyforalongenoughtimetokillallsensitivecellsandholdotherslongenoughforthebody’sdefensestodefeatthem.Discontinuingadrugbeforeallofthepathogenshavebeenneutralizedpromotesthedevelopmentofresistance.Forthisreason,itisimportantthatpatientsfinishtheirentireantimicrobialprescription(抗菌藥物)andresistthetemptationto“savesomeforanotherday.”Asecondwaytopreventresistanceistouseantimicrobialagentsincombinationsothatpathogensresistanttoonedrugwillbekilledbythesecond,andviceversa.Additionally,onedrugsometimesenhancestheeffectofaseconddruginaprocesscalledsynergism.Enhancedeffectcanalsoresultfromcombininganantimicrobialdrugandachemical.Athirdwaytoreducethedevelopmentofresistanceistolimittheuseofantimicrobialstonecessarycases.Unfortunately,manyantimicrobialagentsareusedindiscriminately,inbothdevelopedcountriesandinlessdevelopedregionswheremanyareavailablewithoutaphysician’sprescription.IntheUnitedStates,anestimated50percentofprescriptionsforantibacterialagentstotreatsorethroatsand30percentofprescriptionsforearinfections,areinappropriatebecausethediseasesareviralinnature.Likewise,becauseantibacterialdrugshavenoeffectoncoldandfluviruses,100percentofantibacterialprescriptionsfortreatingdiseasesareunnecessary.Asdiscussedpreviously,theuseofantimicrobialagentsencouragesthereproductionofresistantbacteriabylimitingthegrowthofsensitivecells;therefore,inappropriateuseofsuchdrugsincreasesthelikelihoodthatresistanceofbacteriawillmultiply.Inordertomaintaintheeffectivenessofantimicrobialtreatments,responsiblepracticesmustbeimplemented.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Passage2WeNeedtoTakeMeditationMoreSeriouslyasMedicineAnewreviewstudy,publishedintheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociation(JAMA)InternalMedicine,suggeststhattheancientEasternpracticeofmindfulmeditationcanofferrealhelpforpatientswithdepression,anxiety,andpain.Dr.MadhavGoyalistheleadauthoroftherecentJAMAstudy.Hereviewed47clinicaltrialsinvolvingmorethan3500participantswithmildanxietyordepression,andfoundthatthosewhopracticedmindfulmeditationsawa5-10%improvementinanxietysymptomsanda10-20%reductionindepressivesymptoms.What’smoststrikingabouttheJAMAfindingsisthatpeopleweren’tmeditatingforverylong.Manyinthereviewedstudiesmeditatedforaslittleas2.5hoursperweekfortwomonths.AsDr.Goyalpointsout,becausemeditationisaskillthat’slearnedovertime,it’sunlikelythattherespondentsreachedahighlevelinashorttime.Soaccordingtohim,it’sreasonabletothinkthatpeoplewouldexperienceevengreaterbenefitswithmorerigoroustrainingandpractice.Unfortunatelythough,it’spreciselythoserealitiesofmeditation—thatitisastateyoucanteachyourselftoachieveandimprovewithdiscipline—thatmightweakenitsvalidity(有效性)withphysiciansandpatients.Forexample,professorMarkK.Blum,aBuddhistStudiesexpertattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,believessomemedicalprofessionalsmaydoubtthevalueofmeditationbecauseourculturehasshiftedsoheavilyinfavorofquantitativemeasurement.“Medicaldoctorsarepracticingaformofscience,andthereforeexpecttoseescientificmeasurement,”Blumexplains.“Buthowdoyoumeasuremeditation?”InDr.Goyal’sview,criticsofmeditationhaveamisunderstandingofwhatscienceis.Ithasnothingtodowithmoleculesordrugs,hesays.Rather,medicalscienceisa“systematicexplorationofwhatisnotknown”,whateverthatmaybe—andareaslikemeditationdesperatelyneedmoreexploration,andthefundingtodoit.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________話題5生態(tài)與自然Passage1IsRegeneratingNatureOnlyCharitable?Intheworldofenvironmentalconservation,manypeoplethinknatureregenerationprojectsaremainlyaboutcharity,notprofit.Thisideahaswrappedaroundourcommonawareness,castingsucheffortsasnoblebutfinanciallyunreliablepursuits.However,isthisassumptionaccurate?Withamixofpassion,strategyandinnovation,KhoryHancock,anenvironmentalscientistandbusinessman,isdemonstratingthatnatureregenerationcanindeedbeprofitable.AccordingtoHancock,onewaytomakemoneyisthroughcarboncredits.Thesecreditsareliketicketsthatorganizationscanbuyorsell.Whentheyinvestinrestoringecosystems,theyearncreditsthatcanbetradedformoney.Thisgivesconservationarealpurposetohelpnatureandatthesametimebringsfinancialrewards.Beyonddirectfinancialreturns,italsohelpsenhancebusinesses’publicimage.Inaworldwhereinformationtravelsrapidlyandopinionsareformedswiftly,havingagoodpublicimageiswithoutdoubtastrategicnecessity.Thebenefitsarefar-reaching,frombuildingtrustandcredibilitytoattractingopportunitiesandencouragingbetterrelationships,allhelpingbusinessesmakeprofitsinthelongrun.Hancockaddsthatthefieldsofprofitabilitydonotendthere.Byregeneratingfarminglands,farmerscanusethepowerofcarbonstoredassoilorganicmatter,whichhasagreateffectonalmostallsoilproperties-makingthesoilmoreproductive.Hancockhasalsoprovedthattheregeneratingpracticesreducethegradualdestructionofsoilandimprovessoilstructure,makingthelandmoreadaptabletoweatherextremes,suchasfloodsanddroughts,andconsequentlyincreasesproductivity.Suchprojectsrevealthehiddenvaluesthatliewithinenvironmentalrestoration.Ifmoreinvestorsincreasethescaleoftheseprojects,bringfinancialbenefitstobothbusinessesandfarming,andintheend,theplanet,wecanbenefitfromasustainableworld.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Passage2Arewegreeningourcities,orjustgreen-washingthem?Architectureandurbandesignischasingagreenfeverdream.Everywhereyoulook,thereareplansfor“sustainable”buildings,futuristiceco-citiesandaquaponicfarmsontheroof,eachpromisingtoaddagreentouchtothemoderncity.Allofthesearesurelygoodideasatsomelevel.Theyaretryingtorepairsomeofthedamageourlifestylehasdonetotheplanet.But,despitetherhetoricofreunitingthecitywithnature,today’sgreenurbandreamistoooftenaboutbringingatechnologicallycontrolledversionofnatureintothecityanddeclaringtheproblemsolved,ratherthanlookingatthedeepercausesofourenvironmentalandurbanproblems.OneofthemoststrikingexamplesisApple’s“spaceship”campusnowunderconstructioninSiliconValley.Thoughitseemstobesustainableandenergyefficient—80percentofits175-acresiteispreservedforlandscaping,itisbyanymeasureahuge,expensiveandmassivelyresource-intensiveproject.Asasuburbanwhite-collarworkplace,itmustincludevastgaragesfor13,000Appleemployees.Thus,itwillleavenosmallerenvironmentalfootprintthanatraditionalofficepark.Designingaperfectgreenbuildingoreco-cityisn’tenoughtosavetheworld.Althoughourbuildings,likeourcars,havebeeninefficientenvironmentally,architectureisn’tdirectlyresponsibleforhumanity’sdisastrousenvironmentalimpacts.Aneconomicsystembasedonthedestructionofnatureistherealproblem.Nogreenbuildingcanhelpusrepairtheecologicaldamagewehavecaused,norcananynumberofaquaponicfarmsbringusbacktotherealnature.Insteadofadding“nature”totheurbanlifestyle,architectsmayworktodesignbetterrelationshipsbetweenourcitiesandnature,andtopromotejustrelationshipsbetweenthepeopleinthem.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________話題6社會與服務(wù)Passage1AplantorestoregreenspacesTheUKgovernmenthasrevealedaplantoprotectandrestoreEngland’swildlife.Itfocusesonat-riskspeciesbymakingcanals,riversandstreamscleanerandexpandinggreenspaces.ThenewEnvironmentalImprovementPlansetsgoalstocreateorrestoremorethan5,000squarekilometresofwildlifehabitatsacrossEnglandandrestore400milesofrivers.Itwillcreateorexpand25nationalnaturereserves.Newwoodlandwillalsobeplantedalongsiderivers.Atthemoment,accesstogreenspacesisnotequalacrosstheUK.Around4%ofpeoplelivemorethan10minutesawayfromtheirnearestpark.TheEnvironmentalImprovementPlanaimstomakesurehouseholdsinEnglandarewithina15-minutewalktoagreenspace.Aswellashelpingmorepeopletoactclosetonature,theplanshouldincreaseEngland’sbiodiversity.AspeciesSurvivalFundwillbesetuptohelpsomeofEngland’smostendangeredanimals,suchasredsquirrels(松鼠)andwatchrats.TheGovernmenthassettargetstoboostthesespeciesby2030.Therearealsotargetstoreducefoodwaste,glass,metal,paperandplasticby2028,andtoimprovethequalityofwaterinrivers.NewrulesmeanthattheGovernmentwillhavetoconsidertheenvironmentaleffectsofanypolicyitputsforward.Thesegoalsarepartofa25-yearplanthatwaslaunchedin2018.Theaimoftheplanistoimprovetheenvironment“withinageneration”whichisroughly25years.Althoughlotsofpeoplehavewelcomedtheplan,noteveryoneisimpressed.PaildeZylva,fromthecharityFriendsoftheEarth,saiditwasn’tclearenoughhowthegoalswouldbemetandthatmanyofthemwerelikepromisestheGovernmenthadalreadymadebutnotyetdelivered.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Passage2ImperfectioncanbeagiftWeallwanttodothingswellandforthingstoturnoutright.However,growingupalsoinvolvesacceptingwhenthingsgowrong.Infact,messingupcanleadtosomeofthemostinterestingandmeaningfuloutcomes.Aimingforresults,whetherthat’sgettinggoodschoolgrades,shininginsportoracinganartproject,canhelpyoufocusonyourgoals.However,it’sjustasimportanttofocusonenjoyingtheprocess.Gettingtoohunguponthingsturningoutexactlyasyouthinktheyshouldcanputalotofpressureonyouandleadtoanxiety.That’swhyit’sgoodtoleavesomeroomforerrorsandimperfections.Thenifthingsdon’tgoasplanned,it’snotabigdealandyoumaylearnsomethingnew.DrVarais