第一章導(dǎo)論

ChapterOneABriefIntroductiontoInternationalLogistics

管理學(xué)院陳艷Objective(教學(xué)目的)UnderstandthedefinitionandcharacteristicsofInternationalLogistics

掌握國際物流的內(nèi)涵和特點；UnderstandtherelationshipbetweenInternationalLogisticsandInternationalTrade

了解國際物流與國際貿(mào)易兩者的關(guān)系；UnderstandtheevolutionofInternationalLogisticsanditsimportanceineconomicglobalization

了解國際物流的發(fā)展歷程以及在經(jīng)濟全球化中的地位和作用

KeyPointsandDifficultPoints

（教學(xué)重點及難點）KeyPoints（教學(xué)重點）:thedefinition,characteristicsofInternationalLogisticsandoperationsofInternationalLogistics；therelationshipbetweenInternationalLogisticsandInternationalTrade；theimportanceofInternationalLogisticsDifficultPoints（教學(xué)難點）:characteristicsofInternationalLogistics;theimportanceofInternationalLogistics聯(lián)邦快遞將負(fù)責(zé)運送旅美大熊貓“寶寶”返回中國

聯(lián)邦快遞（FedEx

Express）在美國當(dāng)?shù)貢r間2017年2月21日無償運送旅美大熊貓“寶寶”返回中國。據(jù)悉，聯(lián)邦快遞將再次派出包機搭載中國國寶大熊貓，從華盛頓杜勒斯國際機場直飛中國成都。記者獲悉，雌性大熊貓“寶寶”于2013年8月在美國華盛頓史密森尼國家動物園出生，是旅美大熊貓“美香”和“添添”的孩子?！皩殞殹睂话仓迷谟陕?lián)邦快遞提供的特制集裝器內(nèi)，搭乘聯(lián)邦快遞特別噴飾的777貨機——“FedEx熊貓快遞號”返回中國。

在此次運送任務(wù)中，聯(lián)邦快遞除了提供所有必要的空中運輸外，還提供在華盛頓的地面物流支持，其中包括安排專門車輛把大熊貓從史密森尼國家動物園運送至機場。聯(lián)邦快遞負(fù)責(zé)本次運送大熊貓任務(wù)的飛行員、司機和操作人員都是擁有豐富經(jīng)驗的團隊成員。目前，史密森尼國家動物園已經(jīng)在做各項準(zhǔn)備工作，其中包括讓“寶寶”適應(yīng)在旅途中呆在特制集裝器內(nèi)。來自史密森尼國家動物園的一名大熊貓飼養(yǎng)員和一名獸醫(yī)得到了特別許可，將搭乘專機伴隨“寶寶”旅行。整個團隊會在旅程當(dāng)中密切關(guān)注“寶寶”的狀態(tài)，并備足飲用水、竹子和她最愛的食物，包括蘋果、梨和紅薯。

飛機抵達(dá)成都后，“寶寶”將會被運送到中國大熊貓保護研究中心管理的其中一個基地。史密森尼國家動物園的一名大熊貓飼養(yǎng)員會跟隨并陪伴“寶寶”一段時間，以讓她適應(yīng)新家。之前，聯(lián)邦快遞在2010運送“寶寶”的哥哥“泰山”回到中國，并在2000年運送“寶寶”的父母“添添”和“美香”去到美國。

聯(lián)邦快遞是全球最具規(guī)模的速遞運輸公司之一，致力于提供快捷可靠的速遞服務(wù)，前往全球220多個國家及地區(qū)。聯(lián)邦快遞設(shè)有環(huán)球航空及陸運網(wǎng)絡(luò)，通常只需一至兩個工作日，就能迅速運送時限緊迫的貨件，而且確保準(zhǔn)時送達(dá)，并且設(shè)有“準(zhǔn)時送達(dá)保證”。

第一節(jié)國際物流概述

IntroductionofInternationalLogisticsMaincontents:UnderstandthedefinitionofInternationalLogisticsUnderstandthecharacteristicsofInternationalLogisticsUnderstandmainoperationsofInternationalLogisticsDefinitionofInternationalLogisticsInternationalLogisticsreferstotheflowsandtransfersofcargos(includingrawmaterials,materialsinprocessandfinalproducts)andmaterialsamongvariouscountriesandareas.

國際物流是指貨物（包括原材料、半成品和制成品等）及物品（包括郵品、展品、捐贈物資等）在不同國家（地區(qū)）間的流動或轉(zhuǎn)移。Internationallogisticscanbeinterpretedbothbroadlyandnarrowly.Fromthenarrowside,internationallogisticsmainlyreferstocommerciallogistics,whichincludesallthelogisticalactivitiesnecessarytocompleteaninternationaltradetransaction,suchastransportation,warehousing,packaging,materialhandling,processing,etc.Broadlyinterpreted,internationallogisticsincludesbothcommerciallogisticsandnon-commerciallogistics.Non-commerciallogisticsmeansthoselogisticalactivitiesnotforcommercialpurposes,suchasinternationalmailsandparcels,exhibits,aid,publicwelfareactivities,etc.我們可以從狹義和廣義兩個角度來理解國際物流。狹義的理解是國際物流即國際貿(mào)易物流，是指與國際貿(mào)易活動相關(guān)的物流活動，如貨物集運、分撥、包裝、運輸、倉儲、裝卸、加工、報關(guān)、保險和單證處理等活動。而廣義的理解是國際物流包含國際貿(mào)易物流和非國際貿(mào)易物流兩大部分，是指貨物在國與國地區(qū)與地區(qū)）之間的實體移動以及相關(guān)信息跨越國境的傳遞。其中非國際貿(mào)易物流是指由非對等交易活動引起的國際間的物流活動，如跨越國界的國際郵件、國際展品、國際軍火、個人、家庭或組織間的實物贈予、國際間的公益活動等。

ThreekeyaspectsinthedefinitionofInternationalLogistics:canbecalled“biglogistics”or“macro-logistics”crucialingredientofInternationalTradeserveInternationalTradeandMulti-nationalOperation,inpursuitofthecost-effectiveandtransferofthegoodsfromthesupplyingplacetothedemandingplaceinthelowestrisk

國際物流的內(nèi)涵可以從以下幾個方面來理解：國際物流是國內(nèi)物流的延伸和進(jìn)一步擴展，是跨國界的、范圍擴大了的物流活動，稱為“大物流”；國際物流是國際貿(mào)易活動的重要組成部分，是伴隨著國際貿(mào)易和國際分工合作形成的；國際物流的總目標(biāo)是為國際貿(mào)易和跨國經(jīng)營服務(wù)，即選擇最佳的方式和路徑，以最低的費用和最小的風(fēng)險，將貨物從一個國家（地區(qū)）的供給方運到另一個國家（地區(qū)）的需求方，使國際物流系統(tǒng)整體效益最大。

CharacteristicsofInternationalLogisticsInvolvingmorelinksandhavingalongercycle

物流環(huán)節(jié)多，周期長Beingmuchmorecomplicatedthandomesticlogistics物流作業(yè)復(fù)雜Beinginexposuretogreaterrisks物流過程具有高風(fēng)險性

InvolvingmorelinksandhavingalongercycleBesidesthecommonlinkssuchastransportation,warehousing,packing,materialhandlingandinformationmanagement,etc.,internationallogisticsincludessomespeciallinksbecauseitconductslogisticalactivitiesacrossnationalboundaries.Forinstance,whengoodsand/ormaterialsareshippedintooroutofacountry,thelinksofinspectionanddeclarationarerequired.Sincegoodsininternationaltransportationareexposedtogreaterrisksofbeingdamagedorlost,insuranceshouldbeeffectedongoods.

BeingmuchmorecomplicatedthandomesticlogisticsThecomplexityismainlygeneratedfromthesignificantdifferencesoflogisticalregulations,infrastructuresandtechnologiesamongdifferentcountriesandregions.Inmostcases,internationallogisticsusesthecombinationofvarioustransportationmodes,whichgreatlyincreasesthecomplexityoftransportation.

Anotherfactorthatgreatlycontributestothecomplexityisthesheeramountofdocumentationrequiredforinternationallogisticaloperations.Whiledomesticlogisticaloperationscangenerallybecompletedbyusingonlyaninvoiceandabilloflading,internationallogisticaloperationsrequiresubstantialdocumentationregardingordercontents,transportation,financingandgovernmentcontrol.BeinginexposuretogreaterrisksPoliticalrisks：therisksincurredbypoliticalreasonssuchastheinstabilityofthecountryorregion(includingstrikes,unrests,orwars)andthechangeofthepoliticalandeconomicrelationshipbetweencountriesandregionsCurrencyrisks：nationalcurrencyexchangeratesandmonetaryinterestratesoftenvarywiththetransactionalsituationofinternationalfinancialmarketandfluctuategreatly,leadingtotheinstabilityoftherelativevalueofsettlementcurrencyininternationallogisticsNaturalrisks：therisksincurredbynaturalcalamitiesincludingearthquakes,tsunamis,stormsandothernaturaldisasters,whichoftenresultintransportationaccidentsandlogisticsservicebreakdowns.OperationsofInternationalLogisticsBasiclinksofIL(基本業(yè)務(wù)活動)Transportation運輸Warehousing倉儲Materialhandling裝卸搬運Packaging包裝Distribution配送Processing流通加工Information信息處理Transportation：Itreferstothephysicalmovementofgoodsfromapointoforigintoapointofconsumptionandcaninvolverawmaterialsbeingbroughtintoproductionprocessand/orfinishedgoodsbeingshippedouttothecustomer.Transportationassumesagreaterroleinmanylogisticssystems.2)Warehousing：Warehousingisoftenreferredtoasthestorageofgoods.Broadlyinterpreted,thisdefinitionincludesawiderangeoffacilitiesandlocationsthatprovidewarehousing,includingthestorageofironoreinopenfields;thestorageoffinishedgoodsinproductionfacility;andthestorageofrawmaterials,industrialgoodsandfinishedgoodswhiletheyareintransit.

3)Materialhandling:Materialhandlingisconcernedwithmovingrawmaterial,work-in-process,andfinishedgoodsinto,through,andoutofeachfacility.4)Packing：Itismainlyconcernedwithprotectingtheproductinthecourseofshipmentandstorgage.5)Informationmanagement:Itiswhatlinksallareasoflogisticssystemtogether.Thegrowthofreasonablypricedcomputersandsoftwarehasputsophisticatedmanagementinformationsystemwithinthereachofeventhesmallestorganization.SpeciallinksofIL(特有業(yè)務(wù)活動)

CustomsClearance：Whengoodsareshippedinandoutofacountry'scustomsterritory,theconsignors,consigneesorotheragentsoftheimportedandexportedgoodsarerequiredtoapplytotheCustoms.Theyneedtofillintheformsnamed“CustomsDeclarationforImportsandExports”withtheattacheddocumentsrequiredbyCustomsforexamination.Thedeclarationisanactivitythatmustbecarriedoutwhenthegoodsflowintooroutofthecustomsterritoryofacountry.CargoInsurance：Duetolongdistance,multipleloading,unloadingandstorageactivities,andvariouskindsofunpredictablerisksduringinternationallogisticstransportation,cargotransportationinsurancemustbeeffectedinordertoreducethelossesarisingfromcargodamageorloss.F.P.A.,W.P.A.,andAllRisksarethethreebasicinsurancecoversofmarinetransportationprovidedbyPeople’sInsuranceCompanyofChina(P.I.C.C).InternationalSettlement：Thepaymentofinternationaltradeisquitecomplex.Thecommonlyusedsettlementmodesincluderemittance,collectionandletterofcredit.報關(guān)：報關(guān)是指貨物在進(jìn)出關(guān)境時，由進(jìn)出口貨物的收、發(fā)貨人或其他代理人按照海關(guān)的規(guī)定格式填報《進(jìn)出口貨物報關(guān)表》，隨附海關(guān)規(guī)定交驗的單證，向海關(guān)辦理報關(guān)手續(xù)。報關(guān)是貨物進(jìn)出入一國關(guān)境時必須進(jìn)行的一項活動。由于國際物流項下的貨物必然需要出入不同國家的關(guān)境，所以報關(guān)是國際物流不可缺少的特有業(yè)務(wù)環(huán)節(jié)之一。國際貨物運輸保險：國際物流運輸距離長，裝卸保管次數(shù)多，在物流過程中可能會遇到難以預(yù)測的各種風(fēng)險，因此為了減少貨物滅損而產(chǎn)生的損失，必須對國際物流中的貨物辦理運輸保險。我國海洋運輸?shù)幕倦U別分為平安險、水漬險和一切險三種，其承保責(zé)任范圍依次增大。國際結(jié)算：國際物流活動中的結(jié)算支付方式較為復(fù)雜。一般使用的結(jié)算支付方式有匯付、托收和信用證。第二節(jié)國際物流與國際貿(mào)易的關(guān)系

RelationshipbetweenInternationalLogisticsandInternationalTradeMajorcontents:UnderstandtherelationshipbetweenInternationalLogisticsandInternationalTradeUnderstandnewrequirementsofInternationalTradeRelationshipbetweenInternationalLogisticsandInternationalTradeinternationallogisticsprovidesfundamentalsupportsforinternationaltradeAttheinitialstageofsigninginternationaltradecontract,shippingtermsmustbestipulatedclearly.Then,goodsshouldbetransportedacrosscustomsterritoriesfromthesupplyingplacetothespecifieddemandingplacebymeansofatleasttwotransportationmodesstrictlyinaccordancewiththestipulationsofshippingterms.Itisthroughtheprocessofinternationallogisticsthatthesellerfulfillsthedeliveryofproductsandpresentationofrequireddocumentsandthebuyeracceptsdocumentsandgoodsandmakesthepayment.Withoutinternationallogistics,neitherthephysicalmovementofgoodsnortherelatedvalue-addedprocessofproductscanbecompleted.

NewRequirementsofInternationalTradeHigherqualityHighersafetyMoreefficiencyLowercostRealandaccurateinformation1)QualityRequirements:Withthechangeofinternationaltradestructure,thegoodsunderinternationaltradehaveswitchedfromtraditionalprimaryproductsandrawmaterialstomanufacturedproductswithhigh-valueandfinemachining.Thus,highqualitylogisticsservicesarerequired.Inaddition,diversifiedcustomerneedsininternationalmarketshaveledtothetrendofsmall-lot,multi-specieslogistics,drivingthedevelopmentofleananddiversifiedinternationallogistics.2）SafetyRequirements:Internationallogisticshasthefeaturesofwidegeographicalspan,longcycle,andcomplicatedlinksandissubjecttovariousnaturalandpoliticalfactorsincludingweather,geographicalconditions,politicalsituations,wars,strikes,etc.Thus,whenmakingdecisionsontheroutesandmodesofinternationallogisticstransportation,firmsshouldtakeintoaccountssuchfactorsasweather,geographical,politicalandeconomicconditionsofcountriesandregionsalongtheroute.

3）EfficiencyRequirements:Inordertoaccelerateinternationallogisticsprocess,large-scalespeciallogisticsequipment,includingspecialshippingvessels,handlingequipment,berths,etc.shouldbeappliedonthebasisofthefullconsiderationofthefeaturesofcargoes.4）CostRequirements:Internationallogisticsalwaysinvolvesmanycomplicatedlinksandlastsalongperiodoftime.Thereisgreatpotentialforcontrollingandreducingthetotalcostsintheareaofinternationallogistics.

5）InformationRequirements:Informationistheonlydriverwhichfacilitatesboththeaccelerationoflogisticsprocessandthecostsavingoftheentirelogisticssystem.ThetrendofinformationininternationallogisticsrequiresthatEDIdeclaration,electronicinspectionandquarantineandelectronicspacebookingbewidelyused.第三節(jié)國際物流的發(fā)展

IntroductionofInternationalLogisticsMajorcontents:UnderstandtheevolutionofInternationalLogisticsUnderstandtheimportanceofInternationalLogisticsineconomicglobalizationUnderstandthedriversandbarriersofthedevelopmentofInternationalLogisticsFirstperiod:1950s-1980sAfterWorldWarII,internationaleconomicexchangesfurtherextendedandbecameincreasinglyactive.Especiallyaftertheoilcrisisofthe1970s,internationaltradebecameveryhugeinvolume.Furthermore,transactionqualityrequirementsunderinternationaltradewereraisedtoahigherlevel.Underthiscircumstance,systematiclogisticsappeared.Withtheincreaseofinternationaltrade,large-scalelogisticscameintobeingandlarge-scalelogisticsequipmentwasinventedin1960s,suchas200-thousand-tonoiltanker,100-thousand-tonoreship,etc.Inthe1970s,internationalcontainersandinternationalcontainervesselsandportsdevelopedrapidly,whichsatisfiedtherequirementsoftransportingmediumandsmallsizedcargoes.Majorscheduledlinersofinternationalshippingroutesallputcontainervesselsinuse,whichgreatlyimprovedtheservicelevelofinternationallogistics.EvolutionofInternationalLogisticsFirstperiod:1950s-1080s

第二次世界大戰(zhàn)以后，國際間的經(jīng)濟交往才越來越擴展，越來越活躍，尤其在七十年代的石油危機以后，國際間貿(mào)易從數(shù)量來講已達(dá)到了非常巨大的數(shù)字，交易水平和質(zhì)量要求也越來越高。在這種情況下，原有為滿足運送必要貨物的運輸觀念已不能適應(yīng)新的要求，系統(tǒng)物流就是在這個時期進(jìn)入國際領(lǐng)域。

六十年代開始形成了國際間的大數(shù)量物流，在物流技術(shù)上出現(xiàn)了大型物流工具，如二十萬噸的油輪，十萬噸的礦石船等。

七十年代，石油危機的影響，國際物流不僅在數(shù)量上進(jìn)一步發(fā)展，船舶大型化趨勢進(jìn)一步加強，而且出現(xiàn)了提高國際物流服務(wù)水平的要求，大數(shù)量、高質(zhì)量服務(wù)型物流從石油、礦石等物流領(lǐng)域向物流難度最大的中、小件雜貨領(lǐng)域深入，其標(biāo)志是國際集裝箱及國際集裝箱船的大發(fā)展，國際間各主要航線的定期班輪都投入了集裝箱船，一下子把散雜貨的物流水平提高了上去，使物流服務(wù)水平獲得很大提高。七十年代中、后期國際物流的質(zhì)量要求和速度要求進(jìn)一步提高，這個時期在國際物流領(lǐng)域出現(xiàn)了航空物流大幅度增加的新形勢，同時出現(xiàn)了更高水平的國際聯(lián)運。

Secondperiod:1980s-1990sInthe1980s,withthechangesofcustomerrequirementsinanewera,internationallogisticsfocusedonsolvingthechallengesraisedby"low-volume,high-frequency,multi-types"logistics.Manynewtechnologiesandmethodsappearedandwereputinuse.Basedonthesenewlogisticstechnologies,modernlogisticsbasicallycoveredallkindsoflogisticalobjects,includinglarge-quantitygoods,unifiedpackingcargoes,aswellas"multi-types,low-volume"goods.Inthecasethatinternationallogisticsvolumeceasedtoincrease,leanlogisticssprungandtheautomationandmechanizationoflogisticsweregreatlyimproved.WiththeapplicationoflogisticsinformationsystemandEDIsystem,internationallogisticsmovedtoanewdevelopingstage.Informationenabledthedevelopmentoflogisticstomovetowardthedirectionoflowercost,betterserviceandleaneroperation.Thistrendbecamemoreprominentininternationallogisticsthanindomesticlogistics.Almosteveryfunctionalareaofinternationallogisticsdependedgreatlyoninformation.Accurateandtimelytransferofinformationbecamethecornerstoneinanylogisticssystem.Itcanbeconcludedthatin1980sand1990sinternationallogisticsenteredtheeraoflogisticsinformation.Secondperiod:1980s-1990s

八十年代前、中期國際物流的突出特點是：在物流量基本不繼續(xù)擴大情況下出現(xiàn)了“精細(xì)物流”，物流的機械化、自動化水平提高，同時，伴隨新時代人們需求觀念的變化，國際物流著力于解決“小批量、高頻度、多品種”的物流，出現(xiàn)了不少新技術(shù)和新方法，這就使現(xiàn)代物流不僅覆蓋了大量貨物、集裝雜貨，而且也覆蓋了多品種的貨物，基本覆蓋了所有物流對象，解決了所有物流對象的現(xiàn)代物流問題。八十年代在國際物流領(lǐng)域的另一大發(fā)展，是伴隨國際物流，尤其是伴隨國際聯(lián)運式物流出現(xiàn)的物流信息和首先在國防物流領(lǐng)域出現(xiàn)的電子數(shù)據(jù)交換（EDI）系統(tǒng)。信息的作用，使物流向更低成本、更高服務(wù)、更大量化、更精細(xì)化方向發(fā)展，許多重要的物流技術(shù)都是依靠信息才得以實現(xiàn)的，這個問題在國際物流中比國內(nèi)物流表現(xiàn)的更為突出，物流的幾乎每一活動都有信息支撐，物流質(zhì)量取決與信息，物流服務(wù)依靠信息?？梢哉f，八十年代、九十年代國際物流已進(jìn)入了物流信息時代。

Thirdperiod:1990s-Theconceptsandrolesofinternationallogisticshavebeenwidelyrecognizedbygovernmentsaroundtheworldandmanycountrieshavebeguntotakemeasurestopromotesmoothinternationallogistics.Doingbusinesswithglobaltradingpartnersdefinitelyrequiresinternationalorevengloballogisticsactivities,includinginternationallogisticsfacilities,internationallogisticstechnologies,internationallogisticsservices,cargotransportation,packaginganddistributionprocessing.Almosteverycountryaroundtheworldhasextensivelyimplementedboldexplorationofthetheoriesandpracticesofinternationallogistics.Thereisaglobalconsensus:State-lesslogisticsshouldbecarriedoutundertheframeworkofthewholeworld.Onlythroughtheextensivecooperationamongcountriesinthefieldofinternationallogistics,theprosperityofworldeconomycanbeachieved.

Nowadays,withthewideapplicationofhigh-techapproaches,includingnetworktechnologies,barcodeandradiofrequencytechnologies,andsatellitepositioningsystem,etc.,inthearenaofinternationallogistics,thetrendofinformationhasbeenmoreprominentandtheleveloflogisticsservicehasbeensignificantlyimproved.Leadinglogisticscompanieshaveinvestedheavilyintheconstructionandimprovementoflogisticsinformationsystem.Itcanbearguedthatthe-twenty-firstcenturywillbeabloomingeraoftheinformationtrendofinternationallogistics.Thirdperiod:1990s-

國際物流的概念和重要性已為各國政府和外貿(mào)部門所普遍接受，并開始采取措施努力促進(jìn)國際物流的順利進(jìn)行。貿(mào)易伙伴遍布全球，必然要求物流國際化，即物流設(shè)施國際化、物流技術(shù)國際化、物流服務(wù)國際化、貨物運輸國際化、包裝國際化和流通加工國際化等。世界各國廣泛開展國際物流方面的理論和實踐方面的大膽探索。人們已經(jīng)形成共識：物流無國界，只有廣泛開展國際物流合作，才能促進(jìn)世界經(jīng)濟繁榮。DriversofInternationalLogisticsGlobalization

經(jīng)濟全球化和世界一體化是國際物流發(fā)展的背景DevelopmentofInternationalTrade

國際貿(mào)易是國際物流產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展的根本前提DevelopmentofMultinationalCompanies

跨國公司的發(fā)展需要國際物流支撐

BarriersofInternationalLogisticsBarriersofmarketenteringthreshold:Marketentrybarriersincludemarketentryrestriction,informationinsufficiencyandtariffbarrierInternationalmarketrisks:thepricesofinternationaltradecommoditiesaregreatlyinfluencedbyexchangeratefluctuations,thusaffectingthetimedistributionoflogisticsdemandsNon-standardizationbarriersofLogisticsinfrastructure:vastdifferencesremaininlogisticsinfrastructuresandfacilities,includingtransportandmaterialhandlingequipment,warehousingfacilities,portsfacilitiesandcommunicationsystemsetc.,amongdifferentcountriesandregions.MarketentrybarriersMarketentryrestrictionmeansusinglegislationorjudicialpracticestorestricttheentryofimportcommoditiesintoacountry'sdomesticmarket.Thehurdleofinformationinsufficiencycanalsobecalledasinformationasymmetrybarrier.Asfarasforeignenterprisesareconcerned,itisquitedifficultforthemtoobtainadequateinformationaboutmarketsize,competitionstatusaswellasimportproceduresandrequireddocuments.Inmanycases,thelackofinformationoftenleadstodefectivedocuments.Underthesecircumstances,shipmentswillbepostponedorevenbedetained,whichnotonlyleadstologisticsprocessinterruptsbutalsosometimesincursclients'claims.Inaddition,inordertoprotecttheirdomesticmarketsandlocalenterprises,somecountriesusebothtariffandnon-tariffbarrierstorestrictinternationaltrade.Toacertainextent,thesemeasuresincreasethedifficultiesandcostsofinternationallogisticsoperations.市場進(jìn)入壁壘包括市場進(jìn)入限制、信息可得性、關(guān)稅和非關(guān)稅壁壘等。市場進(jìn)入限制往往是通過立法或司法實踐對進(jìn)口商品制造障礙來限制其進(jìn)入一國的國內(nèi)市場。信息可得性也可稱為信息的不對稱障礙。對于外國企業(yè)來說，除有關(guān)市場規(guī)模、人口和競爭狀況等直接的信息相當(dāng)有限外，關(guān)于進(jìn)口業(yè)務(wù)和有關(guān)單證方面的信息往往也難以掌握。此外，為保護本國市場和企業(yè)，一些國家還通過關(guān)稅和非關(guān)稅壁壘來限制國際貿(mào)易，也在一定程度上增加了國際物流運作的難度和成本。InternationalmarketrisksUndertheglobalenvironment,thepricesofinternationaltradecommoditiesaregreatlyinfluencedbyexchangeratefluctuations,thusaffectingthetimedistributionoflogisticsdemands.Forexample,distributorssellingGermanautopartsintheUSwouldmakereplenishmentsofpartsaslateaspossibletoreducetheriskandinvestmentofinventoryiftheeuroagainsttheU.S.dollarisinthedecreasingperiod.Otherwise,keepinginventoryofpartswouldfacilitateitsimplementationofthelow-coststrategy.Therefore,exchangeratefluctuationsaffectingthepricesofinternationaltradecommoditiesactuallyincreasethecomplexityofinternationallogisticsoperations.Inresponsetothis,manufacturershavetoextendtheleadtimeofinventoryandtransportation.non-standardizedbarrieroflogisticsinfrastructureandfacilitiesNowadays,vastdifferencesremaininlogisticsinfrastructuresandfacilities,includingtransportandmaterialhandlingequipment,warehousingfacilities,portsfacilitiesandcommunicationsystemsetc.,amongdifferentcountriesandregions.Althoughinrecentyearsthedegreeofcontainerstandardizationhasbeenraised,bigdifferenceofmeasurement,capacity,weightandtrackspecificationoftransportvehiclesstillexists.Wheneveritisnotstandardized,thecostanddurationoftheinternationallogisticswilldefinitelyincrease.

在全球環(huán)境下，國際貿(mào)易商品價格受匯率變動的影響很大，從而影響著物流需求的時間分布。不同國家和地區(qū)運輸和材料搬運設(shè)備、倉庫設(shè)施和港口設(shè)施以及通信系統(tǒng)等存在著很大的差異。盡管近年來提高了集裝箱標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化程度，但在全球運輸設(shè)備中，運輸工具的尺度、能力、重量和軌道規(guī)格等方面依然存在著較大的差異，當(dāng)其未被標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化時，國際物流的費用和時間勢必會增加。NewtrendsMultinationalcompanyisbecomingthemajordemanderanddriverofinternationallogisticstheoperationofinternationallogisticswillbeincorporatedintoglobalsupplychaintheservicescopeofinternationallogisticswillcontinuetoexpandandintegratedserviceproviders(ISP)willoccupytheleadingpositioninternationallogisticswillenteranewstageofdevelopmentfocusingoninformation,automationandintelligencegreenlogisticsandgreensupplychainwillbeoneofthedominantglobaltrends首先，跨國公司將成為未來國際物流的主要需求者和推動力。其次，國際物流的運作將融入全球供應(yīng)鏈管理。第三，國際物流服務(wù)范圍將進(jìn)一步擴大，一體化物流服務(wù)提供商將占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位。第四，國際物流將進(jìn)入信息化、自動化和智能化發(fā)展階段。最后，綠色物流和綠色供應(yīng)鏈將成為世界性發(fā)展趨勢。ChapterTwelveInternationalSupplyChain

第十二章國際供應(yīng)鏈

管理學(xué)院陳艷Objective(教學(xué)目的)UnderstandtheglobalizationtrendofSupplyChainUnderstandtheglobalstrategiesoftheSupplyChainUnderstandhowtoorganizeforgloballogisticsKeyPointsandDifficultPoints

（教學(xué)重點及難點）

KeyPoints（教學(xué)重點）:globalizationtrendofSupplyChain,globalstrategiesoftheSupplyChain,organizingthegloballogistics

DifficultPoints（教學(xué)難點）:globalstrategiesoftheSupplyChain,organizingthegloballogistics

GlobalizationTrendof

SupplyChain

Globalbrandsandcompaniesnowdominatemostmarkets.Overthelasttwodecadestherehasbeenasteadytrendtowardstheworldwidemarketingofproductsunderacommonbrandumbrella－whetheritbeCoca-ColaorNike,AppleorToyota.Atthesametimetheglobalcompanyhasreviseditspreviouslylocalizedfocus,manufacturingandmarketingitsproductsinindividualcountries,andnowinsteadwilltypicallysourceonaworldwidebasisforglobalproduction.Thelogicoftheglobalcompanyisclear:itseekstogrowitsbusinessbyextendingitsmarketswhilstatthesametimeseekingcostreductionthroughscaleeconomiesinpurchasingandproductionandthroughfocusedmanufacturingand/orassemblyoperations.目前市場上銷售的產(chǎn)品大部分都是一些世界級公司的知名品牌。在過去的20年里，那些人們耳熟能詳?shù)钠放?，其產(chǎn)品的全球化營銷已經(jīng)發(fā)展成為一種穩(wěn)健的態(tài)勢。不論是可口可樂、耐克、蘋果還是豐田公司，都是如此。于此同時，全球化企業(yè)調(diào)整了先前的以區(qū)域為中心的戰(zhàn)略，不再是在每個獨立的國家內(nèi)部獨立生產(chǎn)、銷售產(chǎn)品，取而代之的是全球范圍內(nèi)采購、生產(chǎn)、配送。

這些世界級公司的想法簡潔明了：力求依靠采購和生產(chǎn)方面的規(guī)模經(jīng)濟以及集中化的制造和組裝作業(yè)來降低成本，同時擴張它的銷售市場以壯大其商業(yè)規(guī)模。GlobalStrategiesoftheSupplyChain(1)FocusedFactoriesTheideabehindthefocusedfactoryissimple:bylimitingtherangeandmixofproductsmanufacturedinasinglelocationthecompanycanachieveconsiderableeconomiesofscale.Theglobalbusinesswilltreattheworldmarketasonemarketandwillrationalizeitsproductssothatremainingfactoriesproducefewerproductsinvolumescapableofsatisfyingperhapstheentiremarket.

(1)集中化生產(chǎn)

集中生產(chǎn)的理念很簡單：通過限制在單一制造點的產(chǎn)品種類和產(chǎn)品組合，企業(yè)可以達(dá)到相當(dāng)大的規(guī)模經(jīng)濟。全球化企業(yè)將整個國際市場視為一體，使產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)合理化，這樣保留下來的工廠生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品種類比原來少，但卻能滿足整個全球市場的需求。Mars就是這樣運作的一個公司，它的策略包括兩個方面：一方面至少把一個區(qū)域的需求當(dāng)作一個整體來管理；另一方面按照種類逐個廠地集中生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品，從而合理化它的產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)能力，因此它在莫斯科銷售的M&M產(chǎn)品很有可能是在美國生產(chǎn)制造的。更具說服力的例子是寶潔公司，它只在兩個工廠生產(chǎn)Pringles（品客）薯片產(chǎn)品，卻能滿足全球的需要。

(2)CentralizationofInventoriesInthesamewaythattheadventofglobalizationhasencouragedcompaniestorationalizeproductionintofewerlocationssotoohasitledtoatrendtowardsthecentralizationofinventories.Makinguseofthewell-knownstatisticalfactthatconsolidationinventoryintofewerlocationscansubstantiallyreduceinventoryrequirement,organizationshavebeensteadilyclosingnationalwarehousesandamalgamatingthemintoregionaldistributioncentersservingamuchwidergeographicalarea.(2)庫存的集中化管理

全球化在促使企業(yè)將它們的產(chǎn)品更合理地分配到更少的制造工廠進(jìn)行集中生產(chǎn)的同時，也相應(yīng)地引起了庫存集中化這一發(fā)展趨勢。數(shù)據(jù)表明，把庫存整合到少數(shù)各個地方能有效地降低庫存需求。利用這一統(tǒng)計結(jié)構(gòu)，許多企業(yè)開始逐步關(guān)閉面向單個國家的倉庫，取而代之的是把庫存集中到幾個區(qū)域配送中心（RDC），而這些配送中心能為更多國家和地區(qū)提供服務(wù)。(3)PostponementandLocalizationPostponement,ordelayedconfiguration,isbasedontheprincipleofseekingtodesignproductsusingcommonplatforms,componentsormodulesbutwherethefinalassemblyorcustomizationdoesnottakeplaceuntilthefinalmarketdestinationand/orcustomerrequirementisknown.Theadvantagesofthestrategyofpostponementareseveral.Firstly,inventorycanbeheldatagenericlevelsothattherewillbefewerstock-keepingunitsandhencelessinventoryintotal.Secondly,becausetheinventoryisgeneric,itsflexibilityisgreater,meaningthatthesamecomponents,modulesorplatformscanbeembodiedinavarietyofendproducts.Thirdly,forecastingiseasieratthegenericlevelthanatthelevelofthefinisheditem.Furthermoretheabilitytocustomizeproductslocallymeansthatahigherlevelofvarietymaybeofferedatlowertotalcost-thisistheprincipleof"masscustomization".延遲策略正在被越來越多的企業(yè)所接受。產(chǎn)品的延遲或者說推遲所依據(jù)的原則是：使用統(tǒng)一的平臺、零件或模塊來進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品設(shè)計，但只有明確最終用戶市場或客戶需求時，產(chǎn)品的最后組配或定制化加工才得以進(jìn)行。延遲策略有以下優(yōu)點。

第一，存儲的庫存是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化零件或模塊，這就減少了庫存品種的數(shù)量，總體庫存也相應(yīng)下降。

第二，由于庫存零件及模塊的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，其靈活性有所增強，這意味者相同的零件、模塊或瓶體能組配成千變?nèi)f化的產(chǎn)品種類。

第三，對于初始產(chǎn)品需求的預(yù)測比最終產(chǎn)品的預(yù)測要容易得多。在全球市場上，對地方性需求的預(yù)測遠(yuǎn)不如對世界范圍內(nèi)的預(yù)測準(zhǔn)確度高。Organizingforgloballogistics

（1）StructureandControlIfthepotentialtrade-offsinrationalizingsourcing,productionanddistributionacrossnationalboundariesaretobeachievedthenitessentialthatacentraldecision-makingstructureforlogisticsisestablished.Manycompaniesthatareactiveonaninternationalbasisfindthattheyareconstrainedintheirsearchforglobaloptimizationbystronglyentrenchedlocalsystemsandstructures.Onlythroughcentralizedplanningandco-ordinationoflogisticscantheorganizationhopetoachievethetwingoalsofcostminimizationandservicemaximization.結(jié)構(gòu)和控制

要實現(xiàn)合理化的采購、生產(chǎn)與跨國界配送之間潛在的權(quán)衡，建立一個物流中央決策組織機構(gòu)十分必要。許多活躍在國際舞臺上的企業(yè)發(fā)現(xiàn)，當(dāng)它們在尋求全球最優(yōu)化的過程中，各地方的管理系統(tǒng)和貿(mào)易結(jié)構(gòu)形成了一種對當(dāng)?shù)氐谋Ｗo措施，嚴(yán)重限制了企業(yè)在該地的發(fā)展。要想實現(xiàn)成本的最低化和服務(wù)的最優(yōu)化這雙重目標(biāo)，企業(yè)只有通過集中控制計劃和組織協(xié)調(diào)物流才能使這個希望成為可能。（2）CustomerServiceManagementBecauselocalmarketshavetheirownspecificcharacteristicsandneedsthereisconsiderableadvantagetobeachievedbyshapingmarketingstrategieslocally-albeitwithinoverallglobalguidelines.Thisisparticularlytrueofcustomerservicemanagementwheretheopportunitiesfortailoringserviceagainstindividualcustomerrequirementsaregreat.Themanagementofcustomerserviceinvolvesthemonitoring