專題12體裁“解構”說明文四大篇章結構破題技巧目錄第一部分考情精析鎖定靶心高效備考第二部分重難考點深解深度溯源掃清盲區(qū)【考點01】現(xiàn)象解釋型說明文（結構：現(xiàn)象/發(fā)現(xiàn)>多角度/多層次解釋>意義/展望）【考點02】問題解決型說明文（結構：提出問題>分析原因/影響>提出解決方案/評價）【考點03】觀點對比型說明文（結構：引出話題>呈現(xiàn)不同觀點/研究>比較分析>結論/展望）【考點04】事物介紹/過程描述型說明文（結構：總述事物/過程>分述特點/步驟>歸納總結）第三部分解題思維優(yōu)化典例精析+方法提煉+變式鞏固【題型01】主旨大意題（宏觀結構把握）【題型02】寫作目的題（宏觀功能判斷） 【題型03】篇章結構題（脈絡梳理能力）核心考向聚焦核心價值：說明文是高考閱讀理解中占比最高（約60%以上）、題型最穩(wěn)定的體裁。掌握其四大典型篇章結構，能幫助學生快速把握文章脈絡、精準定位信息、高效破解主旨、目的、結構等高階題型，實現(xiàn)從“讀得懂”到“做得對”的躍升。關鍵能力與思維瓶頸關鍵能力：本專題重點考查?宏觀結構識別能力（判斷文章屬于現(xiàn)象解釋/問題解決/觀點對比/事物介紹）?段落功能分析能力（區(qū)分總起、分述、轉折、例證、結論等）?邏輯信號敏感度（識別however,forexample,incontrast,asaresult等銜接詞）?主旨抽象概括能力（從細節(jié)中提煉核心觀點）。培優(yōu)瓶頸：?混淆“細節(jié)支撐”與“主旨核心”，誤選以偏概全選項；?忽視尾段“轉折—展望”功能，錯判作者態(tài)度；?對復合結構（如“問題+對比+對策”）缺乏整體把握，碎片化理解文本。命題前瞻與備考策略預測：?高考將繼續(xù)以“科技+生態(tài)+心理+文化”為說明文主題熱點；?主旨題、目的題、推斷題將更強調(diào)結構化思維，要求學生基于篇章框架而非局部信息作答；?出現(xiàn)更多“雙題聯(lián)動”設計（如先考結構，再考主旨），考查綜合解讀能力。策略：1.

結構先行：訓練學生30秒內(nèi)判斷文章所屬四大結構類型；2.

標注段功：用T（總）、F（分）、C（對比）、S（總結）、P（問題）、Sol（方案）等符號快速標注段落功能；3.

首尾聚焦：90%的主旨/目的題答案線索藏于首段引入句或尾段結論句；4.

選項反推：用“是否覆蓋全文主干”“是否匹配結構重心”排除干擾項。

考點01現(xiàn)象解釋型說明文現(xiàn)象解釋型說明文是高考中最常見的類型之一，旨在對某一自然、社會或科技現(xiàn)象進行客觀陳述，并從多角度闡釋其成因、機制或影響。結構范式：現(xiàn)象陳述→多維闡釋→意義歸納先呈現(xiàn)某一自然/社會現(xiàn)象（如奇怪現(xiàn)象、反常情況、科學現(xiàn)象），再通過科學原理、數(shù)據(jù)或案例解釋現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生的原因，最終明確現(xiàn)象本質(zhì)，對應“現(xiàn)象→原因→本質(zhì)”的邏輯鏈。引出現(xiàn)象：開篇呈現(xiàn)一個具體、新穎或具有普遍關注度的現(xiàn)象（如環(huán)境變化、行為趨勢、科學發(fā)現(xiàn)等）；多維解釋：從科學原理、社會背景、數(shù)據(jù)支撐、歷史演變等不同層面分析現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生的原因或運行機制；意義或展望：指出該現(xiàn)象的現(xiàn)實意義、潛在影響或未來研究/應對方向。識別標志：高頻使用“why”“how”“dueto”“asaresult”“researchshows”等因果或解釋性語言；段落邏輯呈“總—分—總”或“現(xiàn)象—分析”遞進式。如何快速判斷？that...that...that...Studiesshowthat...,Itisamonphenomenonthat...,Recently,thereisatrendthat...看段落主題句：?主體段落常以Onereasonis...,Anotherfactorliesin...等開頭。

考點02問題解決型說明文問題解決型說明文有強烈的實用導向，圍繞一個具體問題展開，探討解決方案。結構范式：問題界定→成因剖析→方案構建先明確某一現(xiàn)實問題（如環(huán)境問題、社會問題、技術難題），再提出具體解決方案（政策、技術、方法等），最后說明方案的效果、局限性或進一步建議，對應“問題→措施→結果/展望”的邏輯鏈。提出問題：明確指出某一亟待解決的困境、挑戰(zhàn)或負面現(xiàn)象（如資源短缺、健康隱患、技術瓶頸等）；分析影響與成因：闡述問題帶來的后果及其深層原因，增強解決必要性；提出并評估方案：介紹一種或多種解決方案，并可能附帶對其可行性、效果或局限性的客觀評價。識別標志：常見“problem”“challenge”“solution”“approach”“address”“mitigate”等關鍵詞；結構清晰體現(xiàn)“問題—分析—對策”邏輯鏈。

考點03觀點對比型說明文觀點對比型說明文圍繞某一爭議性話題，客觀呈現(xiàn)不同立場、研究結論或理論觀點，并進行比較分析。結構范式：議題導入→觀點呈現(xiàn)→比較綜合→立場表明圍繞同一話題（如技術應用、社會現(xiàn)象），呈現(xiàn)兩種或多種對立/差異觀點，分別通過數(shù)據(jù)、案例、理論支撐各觀點，最終可能隱含作者傾向或留待讀者判斷，對應“話題引入→觀點1+論據(jù)→觀點2+論據(jù)→總結”的邏輯鏈。引出議題：提出一個存在分歧或多元解讀的話題（如技術倫理、教育方式、生活方式選擇等）；呈現(xiàn)多方觀點：依次介紹兩種或以上代表性立場，常引用專家、研究機構或公眾意見；比較與綜合：分析各觀點的依據(jù)、優(yōu)勢與不足，最終給出平衡性結論或未來展望。識別標志：頻繁使用“someargue…whileothersbelieve…”“incontrast”“however”“ontheonehand…ontheotherhand”等對比連接詞；作者通常保持中立，重在呈現(xiàn)而非評判。

考點04事物介紹/過程描述型說明文系統(tǒng)介紹某一事物的屬性、構成、功能，或詳述某一過程的操作步驟與原理。事物介紹：圍繞某一具體事物（如技術產(chǎn)品、自然物種、文化現(xiàn)象），介紹其定義、特征、分類、功能、價值等，邏輯多為“總述→分點展開”。過程描述：圍繞某一操作流程（如實驗步驟、制作方法、技術原理），按時間或邏輯順序說明“怎么做”，常伴隨具體數(shù)據(jù)或注意事項。結構范式：總體定義→分層說明→綜合總結總體概述：對事物或過程進行定義、定位或整體描述；分項說明：按空間順序、時間順序或邏輯類別，逐一介紹組成部分、特征、步驟或操作要點；歸納總結：重申其價值、應用范圍或注意事項。識別標志：多用“consistof”“include”“first,then,finally”“characterizedby”“feature”等描述性語言；行文客觀、條理清晰，無明顯情感傾向或論證意圖。

題型01主旨大意題（宏觀結構把握）典｜例｜精｜析典例1【2025浙江1月卷】Anoveldesignapproachtogardeninghasbeengaininginpopularityworldwide.Referredtoasmatrixplanting,thisapproachaimsfornaturetodoalotmoreoftheheavyliftinginthegarden,andevensomeofthedesigning.Eschewingfertilizers(化肥)andpowertools,it’sbasedonanelegantlysimpleprinciple:togardenmorelikenaturedoes.TheconceptwasbornwhenGermancityplannerssoughttoplantlargeareasofparklandafterWorldWarIIinareproduciblewaythatwouldneedminimalmaintenance.Plannerscreatedplantingmixesthatcouldbeusedmodularly(模塊化).Inamatrixgarden,plantswithsimilarculturalneedsaregroupedsothattheywillgrowtogetheraboveandbelowground,formingacooperativeecosystemthatconserveswateranddiscouragesweeds.DutchplantsmananddesignerPietOudolf’sgardenspopularizedthisstyle,addingartisticflavorstotheplantingmixeswhileplayingwithcolorandform,includingfourseasoninterestandservingtheneedsofwildlife.Beautifulyearround,theyinviteyoutoenjoythesmallestdetail,fromthesoundofgrassesinthegentlewindtothesculptureofoddlookingseedheads.Ittakesalotofthoughttolookthisnatural.Whilematrixgardensappearwild,theyarecarefullyplanned,withculturalneedsthefirstconsideration.Ledbytheconceptof“rightplant,rightplace,”theymatchplantsthatenjoythesamesoil,sunandweatherconditions,andarrangethemaccordingtotheirpatternsofgrowth.Thebenefitsaresubstantialforbothgardenerandplanet.Withhumaninputsdramaticallyreduced,thegarden’secologycandevelopwell.Establishedmatrixgardensshouldnotneedthelifesupportwegivemostgardens:fertilizer,dividing,regularwatering.paredtotraditionalgardenplots,theyincreasecarbonabsorption,reducestormwaterrunoffandboosthabitatandbiodiversitysignificantly.31．Whichofthefollowingcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．ThefutureofgardeningisWILD． B．NaturetreatsalllivesasEQUALS.C．MatrixgardensneedmoreCARE. D．OldgardenplotsworkWONDERS.借助篇章結構答題【答案】31．A【解析】一、題型定位：主旨類標題題（TitleQuestion）此類題考查學生對全文核心思想的概括能力，需避免以偏概全或主觀臆斷。標題應覆蓋全文主干，體現(xiàn)說明對象及其核心價值。二、篇章結構再梳理（強化破題線索）段落功能內(nèi)容要點第1段總起引入提出新概念“matrixplanting”，強調(diào)其核心理念：模仿自然、減少人工干預。第2段歷史起源（分述1）起源于德國戰(zhàn)后公園建設——模塊化、低維護、生態(tài)協(xié)同。第3段藝術發(fā)展（分述2）荷蘭設計師Oudolf加入美學維度（四季觀賞、野生動物友好）。第4段科學原理（分述3）看似野生，實則精心規(guī)劃——“rightplant,rightplace”原則。第5段總結+對比優(yōu)勢與傳統(tǒng)園藝對比，突出生態(tài)效益（減碳、保水、增生物多樣性）。?全文結構=總（引出矩陣種植）→分（起源+藝術+科學）→總（生態(tài)價值+對比優(yōu)勢）同時貫穿一條隱性比較線：矩陣種植vs.傳統(tǒng)園藝三、選項逐項結構化解析選項表面含義是否契合結構原因分析A.ThefutureofgardeningisWILD.園藝的未來是“野生的”?

高度契合“WILD”在此非指雜亂，而是呼應文中“appearwildbutcarefullyplanned”的自然美學與生態(tài)野趣；“future”對應其全球流行趨勢與可持續(xù)優(yōu)勢（最后一段）；標題具有概括性+吸引力，涵蓋技術、生態(tài)、美學三大維度。B.NaturetreatsalllivesasEQUALS.自然平等對待所有生命?偏離主題文中雖提“wildlife”，但重點不在“平等”哲學，而在植物協(xié)同與生態(tài)功能；此為過度引申，非說明文核心。C.MatrixgardensneedmoreCARE.矩陣花園需要更多照料?與文意相反全文反復強調(diào)“minimalmaintenance”“humaninputsdramaticallyreduced”；此選項顛倒事實，屬典型干擾項。D.OldgardenplotsworkWONDERS.舊式園圃效果驚人?主體錯誤文章貶抑傳統(tǒng)園藝（需施肥、澆水、分株），推崇矩陣種植；此選項張冠李戴，完全背離作者立場。典例2【2024新課標ⅠⅠ卷】Weallknowfreshisbestwhenitestofood.However,mostproduceatthestorewentthroughweeksoftravelandcoveredhundredsofmilesbeforereachingthetable.Whilefarmer’smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicroFarm(BMF)shortensitevenmore.BMFisanindoorgardensystem.Itcanbesetupforafamily.Additionally,itcouldservealargeraudiencesuchasahospital,restaurantorschool.Theinnovativedesignrequireslittleefforttoachieveareliableweeklysupplyoffreshgreens.Specifically,it’safarmthatreliesonnewtechnology.ByconnectingthroughtheCloud,BMFisremotelymonitored.Also,thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.Becausethesystemisautomated,itsignificantlyreducestheamountofwaterneededtogrowplants.Ratherthanwateringrowsofsoil,thesystemprovidesjusttherightamounttoeachplant.Afterharvest,userssimplyreplacetheplantswithanewpreseededpod(容器)togetthenextgrowthcyclestarted.Moreover,havingasysteminthesamebuildingwhereit’seatenmeanszeroemissions(排放)fromtransportingplantsfromsoiltosalad.Inaddition,there’snoneedforpesticidesandotherchemicalsthatpollutetraditionalfarmsandthesurroundingenvironment.BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.Insidetheoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwastereductionbylimitinggarbagecansandavoidingsingleuseplastic.“Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinourenvironment,”saidaBMFemployee.11.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?A.BMF’smajorstrengths. B.BMF’sgeneralmanagement.C.BMF’sglobalinfluence. D.BMF’stechnicalstandards.借助篇章結構答題【答案】11.A【解析】第一步：定位“總起段”（首段）“Weallknowfreshisbest...BabylonMicroFarm(BMF)shortensitevenmore.”→引出主題：BMF能極大縮短食物運輸距離，提供更新鮮的食物。這是全文的切入點，也是核心話題。第二步：識別“分述段”（第2–5段）第2段：介紹BMF是什么（室內(nèi)花園系統(tǒng)），適用對象（家庭、醫(yī)院等）→

基本功能與適用性第3段：技術亮點（云端監(jiān)控、APP、自動化節(jié)水、預種苗莢）→

技術優(yōu)勢第4段：環(huán)保效益（零運輸排放、無農(nóng)藥）→

生態(tài)優(yōu)勢第5段：員工踐行可持續(xù)生活（步行上班、減少垃圾）→

企業(yè)文化體現(xiàn)其環(huán)保理念四個分述角度雖多，但全部圍繞BMF的優(yōu)點/優(yōu)勢展開，沒有涉及管理機制、國際影響或技術參數(shù)標準。第三步：看是否有“總結句”（隱含在末段）員工引語：“Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicals...”→再次強化BMF的核心價值：環(huán)保、減碳、健康，是對前文優(yōu)勢的升華。第四步：選項分析（緊扣結構）選項內(nèi)容是否匹配結構A.BMF’smajorstrengths主要優(yōu)勢?完全對應“分述”部分的三大方面（技術、環(huán)保、文化），是“總—分—總”中“分”的核心內(nèi)容B.BMF’sgeneralmanagement一般管理?文中未提組織架構、運營模式等管理內(nèi)容C.BMF’sglobalinfluence全球影響?未涉及國際市場、用戶規(guī)?；驀H評價D.BMF’stechnicalstandards技術標準?雖提到技術，但重在“應用效果”而非“標準規(guī)范”典例3【2025浙江1月卷】Asnewtechnologiestakeonincreasinglyhumanlikequalities,there’sbeenapushtomakethemgenderless.“Peoplearestereotyping(形成刻板印象)theirgenderedobjectsinverytraditionalways,”saysAshleyMartin,aStanfordassociateprofessoroforganizationalbehavior.Removinggenderfromthepicturealtogetherseemslikeasimplewaytofixthis.YetasMartinhasfoundinherwork,genderisoneofthefundamentalwayspeopleformconnectionswithobjects,particularlythosedesignedwithhumancharacteristics.Inherstudy,Martinaskedparticipantstoratetheirattachmenttomale,female,andgenderlessversionsofadigitalvoiceassistantandaselfdrivingcarknownas“Miuu.”Itwasfoundthatgenderincreasedusers’feelingsofattachmenttothesedevicesandtheirinterestinpurchasingthem.Forexample,participantssaidtheywouldbelesslikelytobuyagenderlessvoiceassistantthanversionswithmaleorfemalevoices.Whilegenderingaproductmaybegoodmarketing,itmayalsostrengthenoutdatedorharmfulideasaboutpowerandidentity.Thestereotypesmonlyassociatedwithmen,suchaspetitivenessanddominance,aremorevaluedthanthoseassociatedwithwomen.Thesequalities,inturn,aremappedontoproductsthathavebeenassignedagender.Martin’sstudyalsofoundthatcreatingagenderlessobjectwasdifficult.Forinstance,ifanobject’snamewasmeanttosoundgenderless,likeMiuu,participantswouldstillassignagendertoit—theywouldassumeMiuuwasa“he”or“she.”

Martinseesasilverlining,however:Shebelievesthatanthropomorphism(擬人化)“providesanopportunitytochangestereotypes.”Whenwomenareputintopositionsofleadershiplikerunningpanies,itreducesnegativestereotypesaboutwomen.Similarly,anthropomorphizedproductscouldbecreatedtotakeonstereotypeinconsistentroles—amalerobotthatassistswithnursingorafemalerobotthathelpsdocalculations,forinstance.35．Whatdoesthelastparagraphmainlytalkabout?A．Thequalityofgenderlessproducts. B．Theupsideofgenderingaproduct.C．Themeaningofanthropomorphism. D．Thestereotypesofmenandwomen.借助篇章結構答題【答案】35．B【解析】一、全文結構快速解構本篇屬于典型的“問題—分析—對策/積極展望”結構（Problem–Analysis–Solution/Hope），這是說明文中常見于科技倫理、社會心理類話題的復合結構：段落結構功能核心內(nèi)容第1段提出問題新技術擬人化引發(fā)性別刻板印象；有人主張去性別化，但研究發(fā)現(xiàn)性別有助于人機情感連接。第2段實證分析實驗顯示：帶性別的設備（如語音助手、自動駕駛車）比無性別版本更受喜愛、更易被購買。第3段問題深化性別化雖利于營銷，卻可能強化傳統(tǒng)性別刻板印象（如男性=強勢，女性=弱勢）。第4段現(xiàn)實困境即使設計為“無性別”（如名字Miuu），用戶仍會主動賦予性別，難以真正中立。第5段（題干所問）對策/積極展望轉折詞“however”引出希望：擬人化可成為打破刻板印象的工具——通過讓產(chǎn)品扮演“反刻板角色”（如男護士機器人、女計算機器人），推動觀念變革。?因此，最后一段不是重復問題，而是提出“轉機”或“積極可能性”，屬于典型的“silverlining”（一線希望）式結尾。二、題干解析：35.Whatdoesthelastparagraphmainlytalkabout?→考查段落主旨，需抓住該段核心觀點+作者態(tài)度傾向。三、選項結構化分析選項內(nèi)容是否匹配最后一段主旨原因A.Thequalityofgenderlessproducts.無性別產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量?偏離全段未討論“質(zhì)量”，且前文已說“genderless難實現(xiàn)”，本段重點不在產(chǎn)品本身。B.Theupsideofgenderingaproduct.給產(chǎn)品賦予性別的積極面?

正確“silverlining”直接點明積極轉向；核心觀點：擬人化（含性別）可被用來挑戰(zhàn)而非強化刻板印象；“upside”=積極潛力/好處，準確對應“opportunitytochangestereotypes”。C.Themeaningofanthropomorphism.擬人化的定義?片面雖提到anthropomorphism，但不是解釋其含義，而是強調(diào)其社會功能（改變偏見）。D.Thestereotypesofmenandwomen.男女刻板印象?舊信息刻板印象在第3段已詳述，最后一段是如何利用擬人化去改變它，而非重述刻板內(nèi)容。??關鍵提示：“however”是段落態(tài)度轉折信號，標志從“問題困境”轉向“解決方案/希望”，這是解題的線索！變｜式｜鞏｜固變式1（2025·浙江·一模）Manyofusbelievethatourpetsmakeushealthierandhappier.Whilethereissometruthtothis,thescientificevidenceismoreplexthanitseems.Researchinthefieldofhumananimalinteractionhasproducedmixedresults.Forexample,somestudiesshowthatpetownersarelesslikelytobedepressed,whileothersshowtheopposite.Expertssuggestthisinconsistencymayoccurbecausepeoplewhoalreadyfeellonelyordepressedmightgetapetforfort,thusaffectingthedata.Oneclearerbenefitofdogownershipisincreasedphysicalactivity,thankstodailywalks.Afamous1998studyfoundthatpetownerswhohadsufferedheartattacksweremorelikelytosurvivethefollowingyear.A2019analysisevenshowedadramatic24%lowerriskofdeathfordogowners.However,whenresearchersadjustedforotherfactors,suchastheowners’preexistinghealthandactivitylevels,thisbenefitnearlydisappeared.“You’remorelikelytohaveadogifyou’realreadyactive.”explainsdevelopmentalpsychologistMeganMueller,highlightingthatcorrelationdoesnotequalcausation.Consequently,scientistsarenowlookingbeyondsimpleownership.Theyarefocusingonthequalityoftherelationshipbetweenhumansandtheirpets.“Petsarenotamedicalintervention;they’rearelationship,”saysgerontologistJessicaBibbo.Thelevelofattachmentandemotionalsupportseemstobethetruekeytohealthbenefits.Controlledexperimentssupportthis.A2025studyfoundthatdogownershadlowerstresshormonelevelswhentheirpetswerepresentduringstressfultasks.Inanotherstudy,agroupofolderadultswhoweregivencricketstocareforshowedimprovedmentalhealthparedtoacontrolgroup.Thissuggeststhattheactofcaringitself,notjustthetypeofanimal,canbepowerful.Thesecrettoahealthierlife,itseems,liesnotmerelyinowningapet,butinbuildingastrong,supportivebondwithit.1．Whatdoestheresearchinparagraph2mainlyshowus?A．Healthbenefitsofpetownership. B．Variouscausesforhumanloneliness.C．Strongobjectiontothepreviousbelief. D．Inconsistentresultsofhumanpetstudies.2．Howdoesthewriterillustratepetownershipincreasesphysicalactivities?A．Bylistingexamples. B．Bypresentingfindings.C．Byclarifyingconcepts. D．Bygivingdefinitions.3．WhatcanbeinferredfromJessicaBibbo’sstatement?A．Thevalueofpetsliesinemotionalconnection.B．Medicalinterventionsarelesseffectivethanpets.C．Scientistshaveoverestimatedthebenefitsofpets.D．Petsshouldnotbeusedinanymedicaltreatment.4．What’sthemainideaofthispassage?A．Humanbeingsneedanimalpanionship. B．Petsserveasthebestcureformentalissues.C．Petownershipaloneguaranteesahealthylife.D．Humanpetbondcontributestoowners’wellbeing.【答案】1．D2．B3．A4．D【導語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹人們普遍認為寵物有益身心健康，但相關科學證據(jù)復雜且結果不一。真正的健康益處源于人與寵物的情感聯(lián)結及照料行為，而非單純養(yǎng)寵物本身。1．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Researchinthefieldofhumananimalinteractionhasproducedmixedresults.Forexample,somestudiesshowthatpetownersarelesslikelytobedepressed,whileothersshowtheopposite.(人與動物互動領域的研究結果參差不齊。例如，一些研究表明養(yǎng)寵物的人不太可能抑郁，而另一些研究則相反)”可知，第二段的研究主要向我們展示了對人與寵物互動的研究結果的不一致。故選D項。2．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段“Oneclearerbenefitofdogownershipisincreasedphysicalactivity,thankstodailywalks.Afamous1998studyfoundthatpetownerswhohadsufferedheartattacksweremorelikelytosurvivethefollowingyear.A2019analysisevenshowedadramatic24%lowerriskofdeathfordogowners.(養(yǎng)狗的一個更明顯的好處是，由于每天散步，身體活動增加了。1998年一項著名的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，心臟病發(fā)作的寵物主人第二年更有可能存活下來。2019年的一項分析甚至顯示，養(yǎng)狗的人死亡風險大幅降低了24%)”可知，作者通過呈現(xiàn)研究結果來說明養(yǎng)寵物增加了身體活動。故選B項。3．推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段““Petsarenotamedicalintervention;they’rearelationship,”saysgerontologistJessicaBibbo.Thelevelofattachmentandemotionalsupportseemstobethetruekeytohealthbenefits.(老年學家杰西卡·比博說：“寵物不是一種醫(yī)療干預；它們是一種關系?！币缿俪潭群颓楦兄С炙坪跏墙】狄嫣幍恼嬲P鍵)”可推知，杰西卡·比博認為寵物的價值在于情感聯(lián)系。故選A項。4．主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段“Thesecrettoahealthierlife,itseems,liesnotmerelyinowningapet,butinbuildingastrong,supportivebondwithit.(似乎，健康生活的秘訣不僅僅在于養(yǎng)寵物，還在于與它建立牢固、支持性的紐帶)”結合文章主要介紹了養(yǎng)寵物與健康之間的關系，養(yǎng)寵物與健康之間的關系并非簡單的因果關系，而是人與寵物之間的情感聯(lián)系和互動質(zhì)量對健康有重要影響?？芍?，這篇文章的主旨是人類與寵物的關系有助于主人的健康。故選D項。變式2（2025·安徽·二模）It’smontoseeabarista(咖啡師)createcoffeeart,butit’sawholedifferentballgamedoingthesamethingwithtea.HanZheminghasmanagedtoperfecttheskill,creatingteaartincups,ordianchainChinese,whichusedtobearitual(儀式)duringtheSongDynasty.Overthepastsixyears,hehasusedteaandspoonstocreatenearly200patternsbasedonancientpaintings.“It’slikeaddingbellsandwhistlestoteaandgivingpeopleastrongersenseofoccasion,sodrinkingteaismorefun,”Hansays.It’salsohisintentiontobringtheoldritualbacktomodernlifeandhavemorepeopleappreciateitscharm.ChineseteaculturestartedtoenjoypopularityduringtheTangDynastyandflourished(繁榮)throughouttheSongDynasty,whenteahadbeeanecessityforalmosteveryone,fromnoblesandscholarstomonpeople,justlikeothernecessaryitems,suchasrice,oilandsalt.IntheSongDynasty,thepopularwayofhavingteawasthroughdiancha.Theprocessbeginswithhotwaterbeingpouredoverfinepowderedtea,creatingapaste.Thenmorehotwaterisslowlyaddedastheteaisconstantlywhisked(攪動)byhandwithabamboostick.Thisactionofpouringhotwateriscalleddian,hencethenamediancha,whichwaslistedasanintangibleculturalheritageofRunzhouDistrict,ZhenjiangCity,JiangsuProvince.HanhasbeenfascinatedbythecultureandartoftheSongDynasty.“MymotherlovestraditionalcultureandIhavebeenleaningtowarditunderherinfluence,”Hansays.Aftergraduatingin2006,hetookgreatdelightindrinkingteagradually.Thisledhimtolearnabouttraditionalteacultureandbuyceramicteasets,especiallythosemadeinthestyleoftheSongDynasty.Whilestudyingthehistoryandtryingtofigureoutthereasonsbehindtheuseofteasets,hecameacrosstheartofdiancha.“Iwasamazedbythiswonderfulwayofdrinkingtea,”Hansays.13．Howdoesthewriterintroducethetopicofdianchainthefirstparagraph?A．Byraisingaquestion. B．Bydefiningaconcept.C．Bymakingaparison. D．Bygivingexamples.14．WhydidHanZhemingmithimselftodiancha?A．Toshowoffhisskillinmakingtea.B．Torevivetheoldritualinmodernlife.C．Toboostteasalesandincreasehisine.D．Tohelphismotherpromotetraditionalculture.15．Whatdoesparagraph4mainlytalkabout?A．Thespecificprocessofmakingdiancha.B．HanZheming'sexperienceofgrowingtea.C．Thedifferencesbetweendianchaandotherteaceremonies.D．Applicationproceduresforintangibleculturalheritageregistration.16．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A．AHistoryofChineseTeaSetsB．ATeaArtRebornfromHistoryC．TheInterestingProceduresforMakingTeaD．TheDifferentTeaCultureThroughDynasties【答案】13．C14．B15．A16．B【導語】本文是一篇記敘文。文章主要講述了韓哲明鉆研宋代點茶技藝，將這一古老的飲茶儀式重現(xiàn)于現(xiàn)代生活的故事，同時介紹了點茶的歷史背景與制作流程。13．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“It’smontoseeabaristacreatecoffeeart,butit’sawholedifferentballgamedoingthesamethingwithtea.(看到咖啡師創(chuàng)作咖啡藝術是很常見的，但用茶做同樣的事情則完全是另一回事。)”可知，作者將咖啡師的咖啡藝術與茶的點茶技藝進行對比，從而引出點茶這一話題。故選C。14．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“It’salsohisintentiontobringtheoldritualbacktomodernlifeandhavemorepeopleappreciateitscharm.(他還打算把這個古老的儀式帶回現(xiàn)代生活，讓更多人欣賞它的魅力。)”可知，韓哲明致力于點茶是為了讓這一古老儀式在現(xiàn)代生活中復興。故選B。15．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第四段“Theprocessbeginswithhotwaterbeingpouredoverfinepowderedtea,creatingapaste.(這個過程始于將熱水倒在精細的茶粉上，調(diào)成糊狀。)”以及“Thenmorehotwaterisslowlyaddedastheteaisconstantlywhiskedbyhandwithabamboostick.(然后慢慢加入更多熱水，同時用竹棍不斷用手攪動茶水。)”可知，第四段具體描述了制作環(huán)節(jié)，清晰展現(xiàn)了點茶的具體流程。故選A。16．主旨大意題。文章圍繞韓哲明復興宋代點茶技藝展開，既介紹了點茶的歷史，也講述了其在現(xiàn)代的重現(xiàn)，“ATeaArtRebornfromHistory(一項從歷史中重生的茶藝)”能精準概括主旨。故選B。變式3（2526高三上·四川自貢·期中）Millionsoftouriststraveltoparkseachyeartoenjoythebrightcolorsoffall—butecologistssaythefamiliarreds,orangesandyellowsoffallfoliage(葉子)areinglaterintheseason.“InNewEngland,generallythefallfoliagetendstopeakinmidOctober,”saidRichardPrimack,aprofessorofplantecology.“Butbecauseofawarmingclimate,thepeakoffallfoliageistendingtomovefromkindofearlytomiddleOctobertokindofmiddletolateOctober.”Predictingpreciselywhentheleaveswillturnfromgreentored,orangeandyellowinfalldependsinpartonthegeographicarea,thespeciesandtheamountofrainfall,andclimatechangecanlargelydeterminethetiming.Andleavesoftreeswithharmfulinsectswilldropsooner,accordingtoChristyRollinson,aforestecologist.“Brightcolorsareassociatedwithahealthytree,becausesomecolorstakeenergyforthetreetoproduce.”Peakcolorusedtolastforabouttwoweeks,butforcertainspecies,thatperiodmightbebeingmorecondensedashighertemperaturescontinuelateintothefallwhiledaysshortenatthesamerate.Sofuturegenerationsmightjusthavetobereadytotravelatamoment’snoticetocatchapeakperiodinpartsofthecountry.Suchchangescouldaffectthetourismindustrysurroundingleafpeeping(看),accordingtoSarahBlount,aresearcherattheNationalEnvironmentalEducationFoundation.Sheunderscoredhowimportantitistotrytoimprovepeaktimingpredictions.“There’ssomuchmoneyattachedtoit.”shesaid.“Peoplewanttobuyaplanetickettogosomewhereanddon’twanttofindthatitturnsoutthatit’stoolateandalltheleavesaregoneorit’stooearly,sothereisalotoffocusontryingtoimprovetheinformationthatwehaveaboutthat.”5．WhatdoRichard’swordsshow?A．Thelatenessofpeakfallfoliage.B．Therarenessofatrend.C．Theimpactsofclimatechange.D．Themassappealoffallcolors.6．Whatdoesparagraph2mainlytalkabout?A．Visiblesignsoftheingoffall.B．Predictionoffallfoliage’scolorchange.C．Factorsinthetimingofcolorfulfallfoliage.D．Determinantsofthebrightnessofcolors.7．Whichisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedword“condensed”inparagraph3?A．Irregular. B．Important. C．Lengthy. D．Brief.8．WhatdoesSarahBlountimply?A．Thecountryreliesheavilyontourism.B．Predictingpeakfoliagepreciselyisvital.C．Ittakesefforttoprotecttheenvironment.D．Schedulingleafpeepingtripsearlyisbetter.【答案】5．A6．C7．D8．B【導語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹氣候變暖導致秋葉變色高峰期推遲及縮短，進而影響相關旅游業(yè)的現(xiàn)象。5．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“Butbecauseofawarmingclimate,thepeakoffallfoliageistendingtomovefromkindofearlytomiddleOctobertokindofmiddletolateOctober.(但由于氣候變暖，秋葉的觀賞高峰期正從10月上中旬推移到10月中下旬)”可知，Richard的話表明了氣候變暖導致秋葉觀賞高峰期推遲。故選A項。6．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段中的“Predictingpreciselywhentheleaveswillturnfromgreentored,orangeandyellowinfalldependsinpartonthegeographicarea,thespeciesandtheamountofrainfall,andclimatechangecanlargelydeterminethetiming.(準確預測秋天樹葉何時由綠變紅、變橙、變黃，部分取決于地理位置、樹種和降雨量，而氣候變化在很大程度上決定了這個時間)”可知，該段主要講述的是影響秋葉變色時間的各類因素。故選C項。7．詞句猜測題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Peakcolorusedtolastforabouttwoweeks,butforcertainspecies,thatperiodmightbebeingmorecondensedashighertemperaturescontinuelateintothefallwhiledaysshortenatthesamerate.(過去秋葉最佳觀賞期能持續(xù)約兩周，但對于某些樹種來說，隨著秋季后期氣溫持續(xù)偏高，同時白晝時長以相同速率縮短，這個時期可能會變得更加……)”可知，condensed與前文的lastforabouttwoweeks形成對比，結合語境推測其含義為“縮短的、短暫的”，與brief含義最接近。故選D項。8．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段中的“Sheunderscoredhowimportantitistotrytoimprovepeaktimingpredictions.“There’ssomuchmoneyattachedtoit.”shesaid.(她強調(diào)，努力改進觀賞高峰期的預測是多么重要?！斑@其中涉及大量的資金?！彼f)”可知，SarahBlount暗示精準預測秋葉觀賞高峰期至關重要。故選B項。變式4（2025·河北·一模）DesignedbythearchitecturalfirmAnnvil,theGUARDENVerticalUrbanGardenisanexperimentalresearchinitiativeaimedatexploringtheplexrelationshipbetweenurbanenvironmentsandgardening.Teamingupwithurbanplanners,designers,andexpertsinenvironmentalandnaturalsciences,thisprojectseekstocastlightontheimpactsofurbansettingsonplantcultivation(栽培).Intermsofitscorevalue,urbanagricultureholdsenormouspotentialinreducingairpollution,managingrunoffeffectively,increasinglandproductivity,andadjustingurbantemperatures.However,uncertaintiesremainregardingthesafetyoffoodproducedinurbangardens.Toaddressthisgap,AnnvilhasbuiltthefirsturbanverticalgardeninRiga,Latvia,servingasaplatformforinterdisciplinaryresearch.Onthelocalpracticefront,theGUARDENVerticalUrbanGardenpriseslocallysourcedplants,emphasizingtheimportanceoflocalcultivationandglobalresourceconservation.Byengagingcityresidentsintheprocessofurbangardening,theprojectaimstoencourageconversationsandcultivatepublicinterestinsustainableurbanliving.AnnaBates,theprojectlead,emphasizestheneedtoreconnectwithnatureinthedigitalage,advocatingformoregreenspacesaspublicmeetingareas.Asapilotproject,GUARDENalsoinitiatesaprehensivescientificinquiryintourbanagriculture.Throughlaboratoryanalysis,researchersevaluatetheharvest’ssafety,examiningheavymetalpresenceandmicrobiologicalposition.IrinaSivicka,aprojectresearcher,highlightsthesignificanceofdatadriveninsightsinunderstandingthecorrelationbetweenurbanpollutionandcropsafety.ArchitectIlzeRukmanePo?acontributestoprojectdevelopment,ensuringanallroundedapproachtourbangardenrealization.Buildingontheresearchandpracticeabove,thefindingsfromtheGUARDENexperimentwillinformtheestablishmentofurbangardensacrossmajorLatviancities.Byintegratingscientificevidenceintourbanplanning,initiativeslikeGUARDENlaythefoundationforsustainable,healthawareurbanlandscapes.Throughcontinuedresearchandjointefforts,Latviaaimstopromotegreener,healthierurbanenvironmentsforitscitizens.TheGUARDENVerticalUrbanGardenfullypresentstheintersectionofarchitecture,environmentalscience,andmunityengagement,demonstratingLatvia’smitmenttosustainableurbandevelopment.9．WhatistheprimarypurposeoftheGUARDENVerticalUrbanGarden?A．Toshowcasemodernarchitecturaldesign.B．TotestverticalgardenprofitabilityinLatvia.C．Toexploreurbanimpactsonplantcultivation.D．Toreplaceruralagriculturewithurbanfarming.10．WhatcanweknowabouttheGUARDENprojectfromparagraph3?A．ItboostsLatvia’sagriculturalexports.B．Itsolvesglobalairpollutionproblems.C．Itpromotespublicinterestingreenurbanlife.D．Itreducestheneedforurbanplanningexperts.11．Whatisthemainideaofparagraph4?A．Scientificevaluationofurbanfoodsafety.B．munityparticipationinurbangardening.C．ArchitecturaldesignoftheGUARDENproject.D．Challengesofmaintainingurbanverticalgardens.12．Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardtheGUARDENproject?A．Neutral. B．Reserved. C．Approving. D．Critical.【答案】9．C10．C11．A12．C【導語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要講述了GUARDEN垂直城市花園項目的目的、實踐、科研及意義。9．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“DesignedbythearchitecturalfirmAnnvil,theGUARDENVerticalUrbanGardenisanexperimentalresearchinitiativeaimedatexploringtheplexrelationshipbetweenurbanenvironmentsandgardening.Teamingupwithurbanplanners,designers,andexpertsinenvironmentalandnaturalsciences,thisprojectseekstocast