汽車專業(yè)英語ENALISHCHAPTER5Motors

第五章

電機(jī)電機(jī)的種類電機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)永磁電機(jī)電機(jī)控制5-1．TypesofMotors5-2．ConstructionofMotor5-3．PermanentMagnetMotor5-4．MotorControl5-1．TypesofMotors

電機(jī)的種類TheoperationofthesimplepermanentmagnetDCmotorisshowninFigure5-1.直流永磁電機(jī)工作原理如圖5-1所示。Figure5-1TheOperationoftheSimplePermanentMagnetDCMotor直流永磁電機(jī)工作原理ThemagneticfieldinteractionisshowninFigure5-2.磁場(chǎng)相互作用如圖5-2所示。閱讀材料appearv.出現(xiàn)，呈現(xiàn)brushn.電刷（汽車電機(jī)）permanentadj.永久的magnetn.磁鐵electromagnetn.電磁體magneticadj.有磁性的windingadj.彎曲的、螺旋的n.線圈seriesn.串聯(lián)shuntn.分流（并聯(lián)）separatelyadv.分別地、單獨(dú)地permanentmagnet永磁體magneticfield磁場(chǎng)fieldwinding勵(lì)磁繞組basicelectricalengineering基本的電氣工程electricvehicle電動(dòng)汽車閱讀材料TypesofMotors電機(jī)的種類Motorscanbecategorizedintothefollowingtypes:DCorACmotors;Brushedorbrushless

motors;Permanentmagnetorelectromagnetmotors;Series,shunt,compound,motorsInFigure5.1andFigure5.2,themagneticfieldneededtomakethemotorturnisprovidedbypermanentmagnets.However,thisisnottheonlywayavailable,itispossibletoproducethemag-neticfieldusingcoilsthroughwhichacurrentispassed.Thesefieldwindingsarelocatedinthestatoroftheelectricmotor.TherearethreeclassicaltypesofbrushedDCmotorwithfieldwindings,asshowninFigure5-3.Thebehavioroftheseriesandshuntmotorsisconsideredinbasicelectricalengineering.電機(jī)可以分為以下幾種不同類型：直流電機(jī)、交流電機(jī)；有刷電機(jī)、無刷電機(jī)；永磁電機(jī)、電磁電機(jī)；串勵(lì)電機(jī)、并勵(lì)電機(jī)、復(fù)勵(lì)電機(jī)和他勵(lì)電機(jī)。如圖5-1和圖5-2所示，永磁體為電機(jī)旋轉(zhuǎn)提供磁場(chǎng)。然而，這不是唯一的方法，可以用線圈通電，產(chǎn)生電磁場(chǎng)。這些勵(lì)磁繞組安裝在電機(jī)的定子上。直流有刷電機(jī)的勵(lì)磁繞組主要有三種形式，如圖5-3所示。串勵(lì)與并勵(lì)電機(jī)是基礎(chǔ)電氣工程最優(yōu)先考慮的。ThestructureoftheDCmotorisshowninFigure5-5.直流電機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)如圖5-5所示Figure5-5TheStructureoftheDCMotor直流電機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)5-2．ConstructionofMotor

電機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)閱讀材料Constructionn.結(jié)構(gòu)、制成物armaturen.電樞rotatev.使轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)adj.輻狀的blurv.使模糊n.模糊的形狀reluctancen.磁阻、不情愿reversen.反向adj.相反的customarilyadv.習(xí)慣地uniformadj.一致的vt.使一致、使統(tǒng)一Graphiten.石墨framen.框架current-carrying載流currentflow電流reluctancepath磁阻路徑armaturecore電樞鐵心閱讀材料insulatedcopper絕緣線圈rectangular-shaped長方形linesofflux磁力線magneticmaterial磁性材料

Nowit'stimetolearntheconstructionofDCmotors.Let'sstartbylookingattheircomponents（Figure5.4）.ArmatureThearmatureisthemaincurrent-carryingpartofamotorthatnormallyrotates(brushlessmotorstendtoblurthisdistinction)andproducestorqueviatheactionofcurrentflowinitscoils.Italsoholdsthecoilsinplace,andprovidesalow-reluctancepathfortheflux.Thearmatureusuallyconsistsofashaftsurroundedbylaminatedsheetsteelpiecescalledthearmaturecore.CommutatorThecommutatoristhesmartpartofthemotorthatpermitsconstantrotationbyreversingthedirectionofcurrentinthewindingseachtimetheyreachtheminimumfluxpoint.FieldPolesIntherealworld,electromagnets(recallthenailinyourtoolboxwithafewturnsofinsulatedcopperwirewrappedaroundit)arecustomarilyusedinsteadofpermanentmagnets.Thepolepiecesareusuallycurvedwheretheysurroundthearmaturetoproduceamoreuniformmagneticfield.BrushesTypicallyconsistingofrectangular-shapedpiecesofgraphiteorcarbon,brushesareheldinplacebyspringswhosetensioncanbeadjusted.MotorCase,Frame,orYokeWhateveryouwishtocallit,thefunctionofthesepartsarenotonlytoprovidesupportforthemechanicalelements,butalsotoprovideamagneticpathforthelinesoffluxtocompletetheircircuit—justlikethelinesoffluxaroundabarmagnet.Inthemotor'scase,themagneticpathgoesfromthenorthpolethroughtheairgap,themagneticmaterialofthearmature,andthesecondairgap,tothesouthpoleandbacktothenorthpoleagainviathecase,frame,oryoke.閱讀材料Constructionofmotor電機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)現(xiàn)在讓我們學(xué)習(xí)直流電機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)，看看它由哪些零件組成。電樞電樞是電機(jī)中主要承載電流的旋轉(zhuǎn)部件（無刷電機(jī)比較難以區(qū)別），通過線圈中的電流作用產(chǎn)生轉(zhuǎn)矩。電樞還固定線圈，并為磁通提供低磁阻路徑。電樞通常由軸和圍繞共疊裝的硅鋼片（俗稱電樞鐵心）組成。換向器換向器是電機(jī)中的智能零件，當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)子轉(zhuǎn)到最小的磁場(chǎng)處時(shí)，它能讓通過線圈的電流轉(zhuǎn)向從而讓電機(jī)持續(xù)的旋轉(zhuǎn).磁極實(shí)際應(yīng)用中，使用電磁體（類似于工具箱里纏繞著幾匝絕緣銅線的釘子）來代替永磁體。極靴圍繞電樞的部分通常呈弧形，以產(chǎn)生更均勻的磁場(chǎng)。電刷電刷通常由矩形的石墨和碳?jí)K組成由彈簧固定，彈簧的松緊度可以調(diào)節(jié)。電機(jī)殼體、機(jī)座、軛鐵無論你怎么稱呼它，它們不僅為機(jī)械部件提供支撐，還能提供完整的磁力線回路，就像圍繞著條形磁鐵的磁力線。在殼體內(nèi)磁力線從北極出發(fā)，通過空氣間隙，進(jìn)入電樞的磁性材料，再進(jìn)入空氣間隙，進(jìn)入南極，最后通過殼體、機(jī)座、軛鐵返回北極。閱讀材料TheprincipleofapermanentmagnetmotorisshowninFigure5-7.圖5-7所示。Figure5-7ThePrincipleofaPermanentMagnetMotor永磁電機(jī)的工作原理5-3.PermanentMagnetMotor

永磁電機(jī)ThestructureofapermanentmagnetmotorisshowninFigure5-8.永磁電機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)如圖5-8所示。Figure5-8TheStructureofaPermanentMagnetMotor永磁電機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)閱讀材料alternatingmagneticfield交變磁場(chǎng)northandsouthpoles南北極alternatingcurrent交流電phaseshift相位移rotatingfield旋轉(zhuǎn)磁場(chǎng)permanentmagnets永磁體coiln.線圈statorn.定子polesn.極rotorn.轉(zhuǎn)子gearboxn.齒輪箱，變速器axlen.車軸loadn.負(fù)載flange電樞鐵心閱讀材料differentialn.差速器squirrelcage籠型轉(zhuǎn)子three-phasecurrent三相電流Gearbox齒輪箱rearaxle后軸mechanicalparkinglock機(jī)械駐車鎖electromechanicalparkingbrake電子機(jī)械駐車制動(dòng)器rotorshaft轉(zhuǎn)子軸inputshaft輸入軸outputshaft輸出軸finaldrivegear終傳動(dòng)齒輪oilcollector油收集器overallratio總傳動(dòng)比compactdesign緊湊設(shè)計(jì)higherloads高負(fù)載Coilsarefittedinthestatorthatgenerateacontinuouslyalternatingmagneticfield.Thenorthandsouthpolesarenotpermanentlyassignedtospecificcoils（Figure5-6）.Duetothealternat-ingcurrentandthephaseshiftof120°intheindividualphasesU,VandW,thestatorgeneratesarotatingfieldwithalternatingmagneticfieldsthatcausetherotortorotatesteadily.Themagneticfieldintherotorisformedeitherbypermanentmagnetsorasquirrel-cagerotor.The1-speedgearbox0MHisinstalledonthethree-phasecurrentdriveVX54ontherearaxle（Figure5-7）.Comparedtothee-Golf,thegearboxhasbeenmadeconsiderablymorecom-pactandlighter.Atthesametime,itisconfiguredforhigherloads.Theinternaldesignofthegearboxhasnotchangedsignificantlyfromthefamiliarconstruction.Themechanicalparkinglockinthegearboxhasbeendiscontinued.Thisfunctionisperformedbytheelectromechanicalparkingbrake(EPB).Thefollowingpartsarefittedinthisgearbox:RotorshaftwithflangeInputshaftwithgearZ1OutputshaftwithgearsZ2andZ3DifferentialwithfinaldrivegearZ4OilcollectorTheoutputshaftallowstheoverallratiotobeachievedovertwosteps.閱讀材料PermanentmagnetMotor永磁電機(jī)線圈安裝在定子中，生成一個(gè)持續(xù)交變的磁場(chǎng)。南北極不固定分配給特定的線圈（圖5-6）。由于交流電和U、V、W各相120°的相位移，定子生成一個(gè)旋轉(zhuǎn)磁場(chǎng)，該旋轉(zhuǎn)磁場(chǎng)導(dǎo)致轉(zhuǎn)子穩(wěn)定地旋轉(zhuǎn)。轉(zhuǎn)子中的磁場(chǎng)由永磁體或籠型轉(zhuǎn)子形成。單級(jí)變速器0MH安裝在后橋的三相電動(dòng)驅(qū)動(dòng)器VX54上（圖5-7）。與e-Golf車型相比，該變速器更加緊湊和輕便。同時(shí)，它也被設(shè)計(jì)為能夠承受更高的負(fù)載。變速器的內(nèi)部設(shè)計(jì)與原有結(jié)構(gòu)相比并未發(fā)生顯著變化。變速器中的機(jī)械駐車鎖已被取消。此功能由電子機(jī)械駐車制動(dòng)器（EPB）來執(zhí)行。該變速器中安裝了以下部件：帶法蘭的轉(zhuǎn)子軸帶齒輪Z1的輸入軸帶齒輪Z2和Z3的輸出軸帶終傳動(dòng)齒輪Z4的差速器油收集器輸出軸通過兩級(jí)傳動(dòng)實(shí)現(xiàn)總傳動(dòng)比。閱讀材料ThemotorspeedregulationisshowninFigure5-10.電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速調(diào)節(jié)如圖5-10所示。Figure5-10SpeedRegulation轉(zhuǎn)速調(diào)節(jié)5-4．MotorControl

電機(jī)控制ThepowerandtorqueregulationisshowninFigure5-11.功率和轉(zhuǎn)矩調(diào)節(jié)如圖5-11所示。Figure5-11PowerandTorqueRegulation功率和轉(zhuǎn)矩調(diào)節(jié)5-4．MotorControl

電機(jī)控制閱讀材料Regulatev.規(guī)定；調(diào)節(jié)，控制(速度、壓力、溫度等)frequencyn.頻率speedn.速度torquen.扭矩，轉(zhuǎn)矩amplituden.振幅increasev.增加demandv.需要convertern.轉(zhuǎn)換器oputputn.輸出voltagen.電壓frequencyofthealternatingvoltage交流電壓頻率speedoftheelectricdrivemotor電動(dòng)驅(qū)動(dòng)電機(jī)速度rotorspeed轉(zhuǎn)子速度vehiclespeed緊湊設(shè)計(jì)powerandcontrolelectronics電力與控制電子設(shè)備accelerationn.加速度閱讀材料torqueofthedrivemotor驅(qū)動(dòng)電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)矩greateracceleration更大的加速度DC/ACconverter直流/交流變換器powerelectronics電力電子設(shè)備amplitudeofthegeneratedalternatingvoltage產(chǎn)生的交流電壓幅值currentflow電流generatedvoltage產(chǎn)生的電壓highervoltage更高電壓highercurrentflow更高電流drivemotoroutput驅(qū)動(dòng)電機(jī)輸出speedregulation速度調(diào)節(jié)drivemotoractivation驅(qū)動(dòng)電機(jī)激活voltageamplitude電壓幅值motoroutput電機(jī)輸出torqueadjustment轉(zhuǎn)矩調(diào)整閱讀材料MotorControl電機(jī)控制Thefrequencyofthealternatingvoltagegeneratedregulatesthespeedofthe