隊(duì)列研究英文試題及答案

一、填空題(10題，每題2分)1.Theprimarypurposeofacohortstudyistoinvestigatethe_______betweenanexposureandanoutcome.2.Inacohortstudy,theindividualswhoareexposedtothefactorofinterestarecalledthe_______.3.Theindividualswhoarenotexposedtothefactorofinterestarereferredtoasthe_______.4.Themeasureofassociationusedincohortstudiesiscalledthe_______.5.Theincidencerateintheexposedgroupiscalculatedasthenumberofnewcasesintheexposedgroupdividedbythe_______.6.Theincidencerateinthenon-exposedgroupiscalculatedasthenumberofnewcasesinthenon-exposedgroupdividedbythe_______.7.Therelativerisk(RR)iscalculatedastheincidencerateintheexposedgroupdividedbythe_______.8.Acohortstudyisconsideredtobe_______whenitfollowsagroupofindividualsoveralongperiodoftime.9.Thefollow-upperiodinacohortstudyisthetimefromthestartofthestudyuntilthe_______.10.Themainlimitationofacohortstudyisthatitcanbe_______andexpensive.二、判斷題(10題，每題2分)1.Cohortstudiesareobservationalstudiesthatfollowagroupofindividualsovertimetodeterminetheincidenceofdiseaseorotheroutcomesinrelationtoanexposure.(True/False)2.Inacohortstudy,theoutcomeismeasuredatthebeginningofthestudyandtheexposureismeasuredattheend.(True/False)3.Therelativerisk(RR)isameasureofassociationthatcomparestheriskofdiseaseintheexposedgrouptotheriskofdiseaseinthenon-exposedgroup.(True/False)4.Cohortstudiescanprovideevidenceforcausation.(True/False)5.Theincidencerateisthenumberofnewcasesofdiseasedividedbythetotalpopulationatrisk.(True/False)6.Acohortstudycanberetrospectiveorprospective.(True/False)7.Themainadvantageofacohortstudyisthatitcancontrolforconfoundingvariables.(True/False)8.Thefollow-upperiodinacohortstudyisusuallyshort.(True/False)9.Cohortstudiesareoftenusedtostudytheeffectsofrareexposures.(True/False)10.Themainlimitationofacohortstudyisthatitcanbebiased.(True/False)三、選擇題(10題，每題2分)1.Whichofthefollowingistheprimarypurposeofacohortstudy?A.TodeterminetheprevalenceofadiseaseB.ToinvestigatetheassociationbetweenanexposureandanoutcomeC.TomeasuretheeffectivenessofatreatmentD.Tocomparethecostsofdifferentinterventions2.Inacohortstudy,whichgroupisconsideredtobetheexposedgroup?A.IndividualswhohavethediseaseB.IndividualswhodonothavethediseaseC.IndividualswhoareexposedtothefactorofinterestD.Individualswhoarenotexposedtothefactorofinterest3.Themeasureofassociationusedincohortstudiesiscalled:A.OddsratioB.RelativeriskC.RiskdifferenceD.Attributablerisk4.Theincidencerateintheexposedgroupiscalculatedas:A.ThenumberofnewcasesintheexposedgroupdividedbythetotalpopulationatriskB.ThenumberofnewcasesintheexposedgroupdividedbythenumberofexposedindividualsC.Thenumberofnewcasesintheexposedgroupdividedbythefollow-uptimeD.Thenumberofnewcasesintheexposedgroupdividedbythetotalnumberofcases5.Therelativerisk(RR)iscalculatedas:A.Theincidencerateintheexposedgroupdividedbytheincidencerateinthenon-exposedgroupB.Theincidencerateinthenon-exposedgroupdividedbytheincidencerateintheexposedgroupC.Thenumberofnewcasesintheexposedgroupdividedbythenumberofnewcasesinthenon-exposedgroupD.Thenumberofnewcasesinthenon-exposedgroupdividedbythenumberofnewcasesintheexposedgroup6.Acohortstudyisconsideredtobe:A.ProspectivewhenitfollowsagroupofindividualsoveralongperiodoftimeB.RetrospectivewhenitfollowsagroupofindividualsoveralongperiodoftimeC.ProspectivewhenitlooksbackintimetodeterminetheexposureD.Retrospectivewhenitlooksbackintimetodeterminetheexposure7.Thefollow-upperiodinacohortstudyis:A.Thetimefromthestartofthestudyuntiltheendofthefollow-upB.ThetimefromthestartofthestudyuntilthefirstcaseisobservedC.ThetimefromthestartofthestudyuntilthelastcaseisobservedD.Thetimefromthestartofthestudyuntiltheparticipantsarenolongeratrisk8.Themainlimitationofacohortstudyis:A.ItcanbebiasedB.ItcanbeexpensiveC.ItcanprovideevidenceforcausationD.Itcancontrolforconfoundingvariables9.Cohortstudiesareoftenusedtostudy:A.TheeffectsofrareexposuresB.TheeffectsofcommonexposuresC.TheeffectsofinterventionsD.Theeffectsofdiseases10.Whichofthefollowingisameasureofassociationusedincohortstudies?A.OddsratioB.RelativeriskC.RiskdifferenceD.Attributablerisk四、簡(jiǎn)答題(4題，每題5分)1.Describethemainstepsinvolvedindesigningacohortstudy.2.Explaintheconceptofrelativerisk(RR)andhowitisusedtomeasuretheassociationbetweenanexposureandanoutcome.3.Discusstheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofcohortstudies.4.Describethedifferencebetweenaprospectiveandaretrospectivecohortstudy.五、討論題(4題，每題5分)1.Discusstheimportanceofcontrollingforconfoundingvariablesincohortstudies.2.Explainhowbiascanoccurincohortstudiesandprovideexamplesofdifferenttypesofbias.3.Discusstheroleofcohortstudiesinpublichealthresearchandprovideexamplesofhowcohortstudieshavecontributedtopublichealth.4.Discusstheethicalconsiderationsthatshouldbetakenintoaccountwhendesigningandconductingcohortstudies.---答案和解析一、填空題1.association2.exposedgroup3.non-exposedgroup4.relativerisk5.totalpopulationatrisk6.totalpopulationatrisk7.incidencerateinthenon-exposedgroup8.prospective9.endofthefollow-up10.prospective二、判斷題1.True2.False3.True4.False5.True6.True7.False8.False9.False10.True三、選擇題1.B2.C3.B4.A5.A6.A7.A8.B9.A10.B四、簡(jiǎn)答題1.Describethemainstepsinvolvedindesigningacohortstudy.-Identifytheresearchquestionandtheexposureofinterest.-Selectasuitablestudypopulationanddefinetheinclusionandexclusioncriteria.-Determinethestudydesign(prospectiveorretrospective)andthefollow-upperiod.-Collectbaselinedataontheexposureandotherrelevantvariables.-Followtheparticipantsovertimeandcollectdataontheoutcomeofinterest.-Analyzethedatatodeterminetheassociationbetweentheexposureandtheoutcome.2.Explaintheconceptofrelativerisk(RR)andhowitisusedtomeasuretheassociationbetweenanexposureandanoutcome.-Relativerisk(RR)isameasureofassociationusedincohortstudiestocomparetheriskofdiseaseintheexposedgrouptotheriskofdiseaseinthenon-exposedgroup.-Itiscalculatedastheincidencerateintheexposedgroupdividedbytheincidencerateinthenon-exposedgroup.-AnRRof1indicatesnoassociationbetweentheexposureandtheoutcome.-AnRRgreaterthan1indicatesanincreasedriskofdiseaseintheexposedgroup.-AnRRlessthan1indicatesadecreasedriskofdiseaseintheexposedgroup.3.Discusstheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofcohortstudies.-Advantages:-Canestablishtemporalsequence,providingevidenceforcausation.-Canstudymultipleoutcomesinrelationtoasingleexposure.-Cancontrolforconfoundingvariables.-Disadvantages:-Canbeexpensiveandtime-consuming.-Canbesubjecttobias(e.g.,selectionbias,informationbias).-Canhavehighdropoutrates,leadingtolossoffollow-up.4.Describethedifferencebetweenaprospectiveandaretrospectivecohortstudy.-Prospectivecohortstudy:-Startswithagroupofindividualswithouttheoutcomeofinterestandfollowsthemovertimetodeterminetheincidenceoftheoutcomeinrelationtotheexposure.-Dataonexposureiscollectedatthebeginningofthestudyanddataontheoutcomeiscollectedduringthefollow-upperiod.-Retrospectivecohortstudy:-Startswithagroupofindividualswithknownexposurehistoriesandfollowsthembackintimetodeterminetheincidenceoftheoutcome.-Dataonexposureiscollectedatthebeginningofthestudyanddataontheoutcomeiscollectedduringthefollow-upperiod.五、討論題1.Discusstheimportanceofcontrollingforconfoundingvariablesincohortstudies.-Confoundingvariablesarefactorsthatareassociatedwithboththeexposureandtheoutcome,andcandistortthetrueassociationbetweentheexposureandtheoutcome.-Controllingforconfoundingvariablesisimportanttoensurethattheobservedassociationisnotduetotheconfoundingvariable.-Methodstocontrolforconfoundingvariablesincludestratification,multivariateanalysis,andmatching.-Bycontrollingforconfoundingvariables,cohortstudiescanprovidemoreaccurateandreliableestimatesoftheassociationbetweentheexposureandtheoutcome.2.Explainhowbiascanoccurincohortstudiesandprovideexamplesofdifferenttypesofbias.-Biascanoccurincohortstudieswhentheresultsaresystematicallydifferentfromthetrueassociationbetweentheexposureandtheoutcome.-Selectionbias:Occurswhenthestudypopulationisnotrepresentativeofthetargetpopulation.-Example:Enrollingonlyhealthyindividualsintothestudy.-Informationbias:Occurswhenthereareerrorsinthemeasurementofexposureoroutcome.-Example:Misclassificationofexposurestatus.-Confoundingbias:Occurswhenaconfoundingvariableisnotcontrolledfor.-Example:Notadjustingforagewhenstudyingtheassociationbetweensmokingandlungcancer.3.Discusstheroleofcohortstudiesinpublichealthresearchandprovideexamplesofhowcohortstudieshavecontributedtopublichealth.-Cohortstudiesplayacrucialroleinpublichealth