第1題Inphysiology,changeintheenvironmentisknownas()AreflexBexcitationCthresholdDstimulusEresponse第2題Thechemicalandphysicalfeaturesoftheinternalenvironmentarenormallymaintainedat()AabsolutebalanceBrelativelyunchangingstateCthesameastheexternalenvironmentDconstantlevel第3題Comparingtohormonalregulation,thefeatureofneuralregulationisrelatively()AextensiveBlonglastingCinstantDslow第4題Theinternalenvironmentofthecellrefersto()ABloodBExtracellularfluidCIntracellularfluidDPlasmaEInterstitialfluid第5題Homeostasisis()AunchangingBconstantCmaintainedbypositivefeedbackDcontrolledbynervoussystemEatdynamicbalance正確答案：E第1題Concerningthediffusionofwater,whichofthefollowingistrue()AthenetfluxofwaterisfromanareaofhighsoluteconcentrationtoanareaoflowsoluteconcentrationBthenetfluxofwaterisfromanareaoflowsoluteconcentrationtoanareaofhighsoluteconcentrationCrequiresasemipermeableprocessDisnotrelatedtotheconcentrationofwaterEneedsenergy第2題Thedepolarizationofthenerveactionpotentialiscausedby()AinflowofNa+BinflowofCl-CinflowofK+DinflowofCa2+第3題Therepolarizationofthenerveactionpotentialiscausedby()AoutflowofNa+BoutflowofCl-CoutflowofK+DoutflowofCa2+第4題Inhibitionofthesodium-potassiumpumpwillcause()AAnincreaseintheflowofsodiumoutofthecellBAnincreaseintheintracellularpotassiumconcentrationCHyperpolarizationofthemembranepotentialDAnincreaseintheexcitabilityofnervecellsEAnincreaseintheintracellularvolume正確答案：E第5題Therestingpotentialofanervemembraneisprimarilydependentontheconcentrationgradientof()ASodiumBPotassiumCCalciumDChlorideEBicarbonate第6題Duringtheprocessofexcitation-contractioncouplinginskeletalmuscle,calciumisreleasedfromthesarcoplasmicreticulumby()AproteinkinaseBmembranedepolarizationCintracellularcalciumconcentrationDInositoltriphosphate(IP3)Eintracellularsodiumconcentration第7題Whenskeletalmuscleisinitsrestingstate,myosincross-bridgesarepreventedfrombindingtoactinmoleculesby()ACalmodulinBTroponinCTropomyosinDTitinEPhospholamban第8題Whichoneofthefollowingproteinsplaysanimportantroleinmusclecontraction?()AMyosinlightchainsBTroponinCTropomyosinDCalmodulinEActin正確答案：E第9題Themagnitudeoftheactionpotentialovershootinanerveisnormallydeterminedby()ARestingmembranepotentialBIntracellularpotassiumconcentrationCExtracellularsodiumconcentrationDMagnitudeofthestimulusEDiameteroftheaxon第10題Increasingtheextracellularpotassiumconcentrationwillleadto()AdecreasedpotassiumpermeabilityBhyperpolarizedmembranepotentialCincreasedthresholdforelicitinganactionpotentialDdecreasedsodium-potassiumpumpactivityEmorenegativeequilibriumpotentialforpotassium第11題A12-year-oldboyexperiencesmuscleweaknessafterswimming.Heisdiagnosedasperiodichyperkalemicparalysis.Whatcauseshismuscleweakness?()ADecreasedpotassiumconductanceinmusclecellsBIncreaseddurationofactionpotentialsproducedCIncreasedreleaseofneurotransmittersDInactivationofsodiumchannelsinmusclecellsEHyperpolarizationofmusclecells第12題Myastheniagravisisaneuromusculardiseasecharacterizedbyfatigueandweaknessofskeletalmuscles.AChreceptorsatneuromuscularjunctionaredamagedbyautoantibodies,resultingindifficultymusclecontractions.Thisismostlikelytooccurduringrepetitiveactivity,suchaschewingandcombing.Repetitivestimulationofaskeletalmusclefiberwillcauseanincreaseincontractilestrengthbecauserepetitivestimulationcausesanincreasein()AThenumberofmusclemyofibrilsgeneratingtensionBTheconcentrationofcalciuminthemyoplasmCThemagnitudeoftheend-platepotentialDThevelocityofmusclecontractionEThedurationofcross-bridgecycling正確答案：E第13題Themembranepotentialwilldepolarizebythegreatestamountifthemembranepermeabilityincreasesfor()ASodiumBSodiumandpotassiumCChlorideDPotassiumandchlorideEPotassium第14題Duringtheovershootofanactionpotential,whichofthefollowingwillbelessthanthatduringtherestingstate?()AMovementforsodiumBMovementforpotassiumCMembranepermeabilityforsodiumDMembranepermeabilityforpotassiumETotalmembranepermeability第15題Immediatereductionintheamountofpotassiumleakingoutofacellwouldoccurbecauseof()AIncreasingthepermeabilityofthemembranetopotassiumBIncreasingtheintracellularpotassiumconcentrationCDecreasingthepotassiumequilibriumpotentialDReducingtheactivityofthesodium-potassiumpumpEHyperpolarizationofthemembranepotential正確答案：EChapter3第1題Ascientistisinvestigatingdifferenttypesofsensoryreceptors.Fromasampleoftissue,heisolatesareceptorthatisencasedindeepskinlayersandjoints.Thereceptoradaptsquicklyandhediscoveritsroleistosensevibrationandpressure.Whichofthefollowingtypesofnervefibersismostlikelyusedbythisreceptortotransmitsensoryinformation?()ASmall,unmyelinatedfibersBSmall,myelinatedfibersCLarge,unmyelinatedfibersDLarge,myelinatedfibersEDendriticendings第2題A76-year-oldmalepresentstoclinicwithaseven-monthhistoryofprogressivelyshortnessofbreath,worseningcough,and20-poundweightloss.Overthesametimeperiod,hehasalsostartedtonoticeoccasionalweaknessinhislegsthathasmadeitdifficultforhimtostandupfromchairandclimbstairs.Theweaknessappearstoimprovewhenheexercises.Hehassmoked2packsofcigarettesperdayfor40years.Chestradiographsdemonstrateaperihilarmassinhisrightlung.Whichofthefollowingismostlikelytrueaboutthispatient?()AHisweaknessisduetoatypeIIIhypersensitivityreactionBHeisathighriskofdevelopingextraocularweaknessCHisweaknessisduetoantibodiesdirectedagainstpost-synaptic,voltage-gatedionchannelsDAdministeringacholinesteraseinhibitorwillimprovehissymptomsEHisweaknessimproveswhencalciumbuildsupinthepresynapticnerveterminal正確答案：E第3題A65-year-oldwomanwhohassmoked2packsperdayforfortyyearscomestocliniccomplainingofachroniccough,dyspnea,hemoptysis,anddifficultyrisingfromachair.CXRandbiopsyindicatesthepatienthassmallcelllungcancer.ThepatientsarediagnosedasLambert-EatonMyasthenicSyndrome().AllofthefollowingwouldbeconsistentwithherdiagnosisEXCEPT?()ADecreasingmusclestrengthwithrepetitivestimulationBBlurryvisionCAntibodiestopresynapticcalciumchannelsDDrymouthEOrthostatichypotension正確答案：EA第4題A66-year-oldmanpresentstohisclinicbecauseofatremorthathehasdevelopedoverthelastcouplemonths.HesaysthetremorisworstwhenheisrestingbutbecomesbetterwhenheengagesinmovementssuchaspickinguptheremoteforhisTV.Hiswifealsosaysthatthathismovementshavebecomesloweroverthelastfewmonths.Physicalexamrevealsincreasedresistancetopassivemotionofhisextremities.Gaitexamalsoshowstroublewithstartingmovementandshort,shufflingsteps.Neuronaldegenerationinwhichofthefollowinglocationsismostlikelyresponsiblefortheprogressionofthisdisease?()ASubstantianigraparscompactaBFrontotemporallobeCSubthalamicnucleusDCaudateandputamenEVermis第5題A73-year-oldmanpresentstoyourofficebacausehehasbeenexperiencingatremorinhisrighthandforthelastseveralmonthsthatseemstobeworsening.Hiswifethinksthathehasalsohadmoredifficultywalking.Onphysicalexamyounotethatthepatientspeakswithasoftvoiceandhasdecreasedfacialexpressions.Hehasarestingtremorthatisworseontherightside.Hehasincreasedresistancetopassivemovementwhenyouflexandextendhisrelaxedwrist.Gaitexamalsoshowstroublewithstartingmovementandshort,shufflingsteps.Themostlikelycauseofthispatient'ssymptomsinvolvethedegenerationofacertainsubsetofneurons.WhenthesubstancereleasedbytheseneuronsinteractwithaG-alpha-scoupledreceptor,whichofthefollowingeffectsoccurs?

()AInhibitionoftheglobuspallidusexternusBInhibitionoftheglobuspallidusinternusCStimulationoftheglobuspallidusexternusDStimulationoftheglobuspallidusinternusEStimulationofthesubthalamicnucleus第6題A72-year-oldmanisbroughttotheemergencydepartmentwithcomplaintsthathe"can’tcontrolhisrightleg”.Hissymptomsstartedafewhoursago.Hewasoutsidetakingawalkwithhiswifewhensuddenlyhislegshotoutandkickedher.Hispastmedicalhistoryisnotableforhypertension,diabetesandamyocardialinfarction4yearsago.Onexam,thepatienthasintermittentwide,flingingmovementsthataffecthisproximalrightarm.Whichofthefollowingpartsofhisbrainismostlikelydamaged?()ALeftinternalcapsuleBRightinternalcapsuleCLeftsubthalamicnucleusDRightsubthalamicnucleusEVentralposteriorthalamicnucleus第7題A28-year-oldmanpresentstotheemergencydepartmentwithalacerationtothedorsalsurfaceofhisleftfoot.Thelacerationisapproximately2cminlengthandpenetratesintothesubcutaneoustissue.Noboneortendondamageisnoticed.Thephysicianrepairsthelacerationprimarilyintheemergencydepartmentwithsutures.Oneyearlater,thepatientpresentstohisdoctorwithfullrangeofmotionandminimalscarring,butwithnumbnessinthedorsalsurfaceofhisleftfootdistaltothelaceration.Decreasedfunctioninwhichofthefollowingmostlikelycausedthispatient'spresentation?()AMyofibroblastsBOligodendrocytesCSchwanncellsDSquamouscellsETypeIcollagen第8題A32-year-oldwomanpresentstoyourofficeaccompaninedbyherhusband.Thehusbandsaysthatshehasbeenbeenforgetful,andshesometimesbecomesangeredfornoreason,whichishighlyunusualforher.Shehasalsobeenhavingrandom,uncontrollablemovements,whicharealsonew.Onfurtherquestioning,sherevealsthatherfatherdiedatage45fromamovementdisorder.MRIimageshowingtheshrunkencaudatenucleusandenlargedventricles.Whichofthefollowingisthepossiblepathologicalhallmarkofthepatient'scondition?()ASubstantianigraparscompactaBAlpha-synucleinintracellularinclusionsCLossofneuronsinthecaudatenucleusandputamenDLipohyalinosisEBeta-amyloidplaques第9題Painsensation:()AisevokedbystrongstimulationofspecificreceptorsBproducesreactionsthatblocktransmissionofpainimpulsesCarisesfromsmallencapsulatedreceptorsDoccurswhenthestimuluscausesdamageofthesensoryreceptors第10題Areflexaction:()AisafastbriefresponsetoasensorystimulusBisinvolvedinregulationofvoluntarymovementsCincludesatleastthreesequentialsetsofneuronsinitspathwayDisalwaysinitiatedwheneveritsspecificreceptorsareeffectivelystimulatedbyaspecificstimulus第11題Areflexarcincludes:()AatleasttwosetsofsequentialneuronsBatleasttwosequentialsetsofcentralsynapsesCatleasttwotypesofsensoryreceptorsDatleasttwotypesofefferentneurons第12題Visceralpainisusuallyfelt:()AdeeplyinthediseasedvisceraBindeeptissuesclosetothediseasedvisceraCinskinareasthatjustoverliethediseasedvisceraDinskinareasremotefromthediseasedviscera第13題Basalgangliaincludeallthefollowing,except:()AcaudatenucleusBdentatenucleusCsubthalamicnucleusDsubstantianigrareticulate第14題ManifestationsofParkinsonismincludeallthefollowingexcept:()AkinetictremorsBrigidityCbradykinesiaDdisturbanceofspeechChapter4第1題Youtakeabloodsamplefromamalemarathonrunnerattheendofalongrace.Thehematocritis65%.Themostlikelyreasonis:()AThisrunnerisanemic.BThemarathonrunnerisdehydrated.CThisiswithinnormalrangeformostadultmales.DTherunnerhasbeentakingpharmaceuticalerythropoietin.EThislowofahematocritcouldindicateliverdamageorleukemia.第2題Whichbloodcomponentplaysthelargestroleinmaintainingthepressurethathelpstokeepwaterinthebloodstream?()AAlbuminBCarbondioxideCFibrinogenDGlobulinsEWhitebloodcells第3題AllofthefollowingaretrueofRBCsexcept()Abiconcavediscshape,Blifespanofapproximately120days,Ccontainhemoglobin,Dcontainnuclei,Eaffectedbydietaryfactorssuchasfolicacid.第4題6×10^9/LPlatelets110×10^9/LWhichistheleastlikelysituationinthispatient?()AOnexaminationsheispale.BLowoxygen-carryingcapacity.CCommonlycausedbydietaryirondeficiencyDEasilycuredbybloodtransfusionEAnundiagnosedbleedinggastriculcer第5題A22-year-oldmaleisbroughttotheERwithafever,headache,andproductivegreensputum.Yoususpectbacterialinfection.Inhisbloodsample,whichofthefollowingcellswouldbethemostabundant?()ABasophilsBEosinophilsCLymphocytesDMonocytesENeutrophils正確答案：E第6題Thebloodcellthatcanbecomeanantibody-secretingcellisthe()Alymphocyte,Bmegakaryocyte,Cneutrophil,Dbasophil.Ereticulocyte第7題Thehormonalstimulusthatregulatesplateletformationis()Aserotonin,Bheparin,Cerythropoietin,Dthrombopoietin,Etestosterone.第8題Whichofthefollowingdoesnotpromotemultiplestepsintheclottingpathway?()APF3,BFactorXI,CThrombin,DCa21,EFactorF第9題Takingaspirineverydaycanreducetheriskofheartdiseasebecause:()AitisapowerfulvasodilatorBitblockspainreceptorsinhearttissueCitstopsatrialfibrillationDitloosensplaqueonarterialwallsEitpreventsplateletclumping.正確答案：E第10題SupposeyourbloodisObloodgroup.Thismeansthat()AneitheragglutinogensAandBarepresentonyourredbloodcells,Btherearebothanti-Aoranti-Bantibodiesinyourplasma,CyourbloodisRh+,Dyouaretheoreticallytheuniversaldonor,Ealloftheabove.正確答案：EChapter5_試題導(dǎo)出第1題Ascientistobservesamyocytebeatingincellculture.Whichstepisthemostdirectnecessarycomponentofcontractionforthiscell?()AInfluxofsodiumionsBEffluxofpotassiumionsCEffluxofcalciumionsfromthesacroplasmicreticulumDInfluxofcalciumionsfromoutsidethemyocyteEEffluxofcalciumions第2題WhichofthefollowingisNOTapartofthespecializedconductionsystemoftheheart?()ACellsoftheSAnode.BCellsoftheAVnode.CWorkingmyocardialcells.DHisbundle.EPurkinjefibers.第3題Ascientistisstudyinghowelectricalactivitypropagatesacrosstheheart.Heisolatesfibersfromdifferentareasoftheheartwiththefollowingcharacteristics.(A)DysfunctionleadstofixedPRintervalspriortoadroppedbeat;(B)DysfunctionleadstotachycardiawithadramaticallywidenedQRScomplex;(C)DysfunctionleadstoincreasingPRintervalspriortoadroppedbeat;(D)Dysfunctionleadstotachycardiawithasawtoothpatternonelectrocardiogram.Whichofthefollowingistheproperorderofthesetissuesfromfastestactionpotentialpropagationtoslowestactionpotentialpropagation.

AA>D>B>CBA>D>C>BCB>C>D>ADB>D>C>AED>C>A>B第4題Acardiologistmeasuresactionpotentialpropagationvelocityinvariousregionsoftheheartina24-year-oldmale.Whichofthefollowingsetofmeasurementscorrespondstothevelocitiesfoundintheatrialmuscle,AVNode,Purkinjesystem,andventicularmuscle,respectively?()A2.4m/s,0.4m/s,0.05m/s,1.2m/sB1.2m/s,0.05m/s,2.4m/s,0.4m/sC0.5m/s,1.1m/s,2.2m/s,3m/sD0.4m/s,2.4m/s,0.05m/s,1.2m/sE0.05m/s,1.2m/s,2.4m/s,3.3m/s第5題WhichofthefollowingisaTRUEstatementconcerningpacemakerpotential?()ASpecializedcellsdepolarizeduringphase4,butventricularandatrialmusclecellsdonot.BSpecializedcellsdepolarizeduringphase3,butventricularandatrialmusclecellsdonot.CSpecializedcellsrepolarizeduringphase4,butventricularandatrialmusclecellsdonot.DSpecializedcellsrepolarizeduringphase3,butventricularandatrialmusclecellsdonot.ENonearecorrect第6題Whichofthefollowingisthepropertyofacardiaccelltoinitiateandfireanactionpotentialonitsownwithoutexternalstimulation?()ASelectivityBSpontaneity.CAutomaticity.DConductance.第7題WhichofthefollowingisINCORRECTconcerningdiastolicdepolarizationattheSAnode?()AItresultsfromadecreaseinIK.BResultsfromtheactivationofIfcarriedmainlybyNaions.CItsrateisdecreasedbysympatheticstimulation.DActivatingIKAChdecreasesitsrate.EItsrateisdecreasedbydecreasingICa第8題Theelectrocardiogram(EKG)isamechanismforrecordingtheflowofelectricalcurrentsthroughouttheheart.Whichofthefollowingcharacteristicsismostconsistentwithinitialventriculardepolarizationofelectrocardiogram?

ABecomespeakedinstatesofhyperkalemiaBBecomesprominentinstatesofhypokalemiaCElevatedinpatientswithfullthicknessischemicinjuryoftheheartDNormaldurationdefinedaslessthan120millisecondsENormaldurationdefinedaslessthan200milliseconds第9題Theelectrocardiogram(EKG)isamechanismforrecordingtheflowofelectricalcurrentsthroughouttheheart.Whichofthefollowingcharacteristicsisrepresentsthetimefromthestartofatrialdepolarizationuntilthestartofventriculardepolarizationofelectrocardiogram?

ABecomespeakedinstatesofhyperkalemiaBBecomesprominentinstatesofhypokalemiaCElevatedinpatientswithfullthicknessischemicinjuryoftheheartDNormaldurationdefinedaslessthan120millisecondsENormaldurationdefinedaslessthan200milliseconds正確答案：E第10題A65-year-oldmanpresentstotheemergencydepartmentafterbeingfoundunresponsivebyhisfamily.Heisconfusedanddoesnotanswerquestionsthatareaddressedtohim.AnEKGisobtainedandtheresultshowslargepeakedTwaves.Whichofthefollowingprocesseswouldbeconsistentwiththefindingsseenonthispatient'sEKG?()AAcutekidneyfailureBBundlebranchconductionchangesCExcessiveuseofthiazidesDFailureofatrioventricularnodeconductionEInterruptionofpulmonaryperfusion第11題A56-year-oldmanpresentstotheemergencydepartmentafterbeingfoundunresponsivebyhisfamily.Heisconfusedanddoesnotanswerquestionsthatareaddressedtohim.AnEKGisobtainedandtheresultshowswidenedPRintervalsordroppedQRSwaves.Whichofthefollowingprocesseswouldbeconsistentwiththefindingsseenonthispatient'sEKG?()AAcutekidneyfailureBBundlebranchconductionchangesCExcessiveuseofthiazidesDFailureofatrioventricularnodeconductionEInterruptionofpulmonaryperfusion第12題A64-year-oldmanpresentstotheemergencydepartmentafterbeingfoundunresponsivebyhisfamily.Heisconfusedanddoesnotanswerquestionsthatareaddressedtohim.AnEKGisobtainedandtheresultshowsflattenedTwaves.Whichofthefollowingprocesseswouldbeconsistentwiththefindingsseenonthispatient'sEKG?()AAcutekidneyfailureBBundlebranchconductionchangesCExcessiveuseofthiazidesDFailureofatrioventricularnodeconductionEInterruptionofpulmonaryperfusion第13題WhichofthefollowingisNOTaneffectofapositiveinotropicagentontheheart?()AItincreasesstrokevolume.BItincreasestheinitialvelocityofmuscleshorteningatallloads.CItincreasestherateofbloodejectionfromtheheart.DItdecreasestherateofriseinventricularbloodpressureduringsystole.第14題WhichofthefollowingpairsisINCORRECT?()APwave:atrialdepolarizationBQRScomplex:ventriculardepolarizationCTwave:ventricularrepolarizationDQTinterval:Measureofdurationofatrialactionpotential第15題A75-year-oldmanpresentstoclinicwitha1-monthhistoryofpalpitationsinadditiontomildchestdiscomfort.Hispastmedicalhistoryissignificantforhypertension.Anelectrocardiogram(ECG)showssawtoothwaves.Whichofthefollowingcharacteristicsdescribesthemostlikelycauseofthispatient'ssymptoms?AAtriaandventriclesdepolarizeindependentlyBCausedbyreentrantcircuitsintherightatriumCFeaturesabnormalconductionpathwaybetweenatriaandventriclesDOftenoriginatesinthepulmonaryveinsESideeffectofmanymedications第16題Chapter6第1題Ahealthy25-year-oldmanhasatidalvolumeof450mL,adeadspaceof100mLandarespiratoryrateof16breaths/min.Hisalveolarventilationis:

A1.6LB3.0LC4.2LD5.6LE7.2L第2題Theparameter,()wouldincreaseinobstructivelungdisease,butnotinrestrictiveone:()ABreathingfrequencyBFunctionalresidualcapacity(FRC)CForcedexpiratoryvolumein1second(FEV1)DMaximumbreathingcapacityEVitalcapacity(VC)第3題Thepatientwithasthmahad(),attheearlystagesofanasthmaticattack:()ADecreasedarterialcarbondioxidetensionBIncreasedarterialoxygentensionCIncreasedlungcomplianceDDecreasedairwayresistanceEDecreasedfunctionalresidualcapacity(FRC)第4題Ahealthywomanwithoutsmokehistory,isreferredforphysicalexam.Inherspirometrytracingbelow,theexpiratoryreservevolume(ERV)equals:Ab-aBc+dCdDeEe-d正確答案：E第5題Ahealthy30-year-oldmanisstandingquietly.His()ishigherattheapexofthelungthanthatatthebase:()ALungcomplianceBPaCO2CVentilationDBloodflowEVA/Qratio正確答案：E第6題ApatienthasadecreaseinarterialoxygensaturationwithoutadecreaseinPO2.Whatisthediagnosis?:()AAmemiaBCarbonmonoxidepoisoningCAlowVA/QratioDHypoventilationERight-to-leftshift第7題Thegasesarephysicallydissolvedandchemicallyboundinbloodfortransportation.MostofCO2istransportedinarterialbloodas():()ADissolvedCO2BCarbonicacidCCarbaminohemoglobinDBicarbonateECarboxyhemoglobin第8題Alungdiseasepatientwithinsufficiencyofpulmonarysurfactant,wouldhave():()AIncreasedfunctionalresidualcapacity(FRC)BDecreasedtheworkofbreathingCDecreasedlungcomplianceDDecreasedsurfacetensioninthealveoliEDecreasedelasticresistance第9題Ahealthy30-year-oldmanchangedhisworkandmovedtoaremotemountainvillageatanelevationof18,000feetforawhile.Sohehavebecomeacclimatetohighaltitudeswithadequateoxygendeliverytothetissuesatrest,becauseof():()AAnincreaseinhemoglobinconcentrationBHisnormalarterialPO2CAdecreaseintheamountoftissuecapillariesDThepresenceofhisacidosisEAndecreaseinarterialPCO2第10題AasthmaticpatientswithalowVA/Qratio,willhaveagreater()thanthatinnormalpersons.:()APO2inarterialbloodBPCO2inarterialbloodCThedissolvedOxygeninbloodDAlveolar-arterial(A-a)gradientforoxygenETheamountofOxygencombinedwithhemoglobin第11題ApatientwithdiffuseinterstitialfibrosishasreducedVC,FRCandRV,butanormalpH.Whichofthefollowingcharacteristicscanbefoundinthispatient?:()AAnincreasedFEV1/FVCratioBAnincreasedlungcomplianceCAnincreasedVA/QratioDAdecreasedrespiratoryfrequencyEAdecreasedPCO2inarterialblood第12題A36-year-oldwomanhasanacuteonsetofbreathshortness.Intheemergencydepartment,anX-rayexaminationofthelungsrevealsaperfusiondefectintherightupperlobe.Atentativediagnosisofpulmonarythromboembolismismade.Whatwillhappenwhenthebloodflowtoalveolarunitistotallyobstructed?:()APO2inthealveoluswillbeequaltothemixedvenousPO2.BPO2inthealveoluswillbeequaltothatintheinspiredair.CThearterial-venousshuntinginthelungswillbeincreased.DThevolumeofalveolardeadspacewillbedecreased.ETheVA/Qratioofthealveoluswillbedecreasedtozero.Chapter7第1題A60-year-oldwomancomestotheemergencydepartmentbecausesheiscurrentlyconfusedandsluggish.Shehasrapidandshallowbreathing.Anarterialbloodgastestisperformed,andtheresultsareasfollows:pH7.02(7.35-7.45)PaCO220(35-45mmHg)PaO285(80-100mmHg)HCO313(22-26mEq/L)Whichofthefollowingisthemostlikelydiagnosis?ARespiratoryacidosisBRespiratoryacidosiswithmetabolicalkalosisCMetabolicalkalosisDMetabolicacidosisEMetabolicacidosiswithrespiratoryalkalosis正確答案：E第2題An72-year-oldmancomestotheemergencydepartmentbecauseofworseninglethargyforthepast3days.Healsocomplainsofshortnessofbreath,nauseaanddizziness.Physicalexaminationshowsnoabnormalities.Serumchemistryshows:pH:7.2Sodium:145mEq/LChloride:103mEq/LPotassium:4.8mEq/LBicarbonate:17mEq/LWhichofthefollowingisthemostlikelydiagnosis?ADiarrheaBHyperkalemiaCHypoaldosteronismDRenalfailureERenaltubularacidosistype2第3題A40-year-oldmancomestotheemergencydepartmentunresponsive.Vitalsignsrevealabloodpressureof90/60mmHg,aheartrateof130,andarespiratoryrateof24/min.Thepatient'spupilsarenotedtobefixedanddilated,andafruitybreathodorispresent.Physicalexaminationrevealstheliveredgeispalpable5cmbelowtheribborder.Laboratorydatarevealsametabolicacidosiswithahighaniongapandnormalglucoselevels.Whichofthefollowingisthemostlikelydiagnosisinthispatient?()AUremiaBHypothermiaCAlcoholicketoacidosisDDiabeticketoacidosisEOpioidwithdrawal第4題A40-year-oldmancomestotheclinicimmediatelyafterrunningamarathonbecauseofrapidbreathingforthepast20minutes.Histemperatureis36.8°C,

pulse

is91/min,respirations

are27/min,and

bloodpressure

is124/80

mmHg.Physicalexaminationshowsapaleappearingmanwhoisbreathingrapidly.LaboratorystudiesshowaserumpHof7.28anda

pCO2

of30

mmHg.Whichofthefollowingisthemostlikelycauseofthiscondition?

ARespriatoryacidosisBRespriatoryalkalosisCLacticacidincreaseDMethanolincreaseEEthyleneglycolincrease第5題Anarterialbloodgasisdrawnona13-year-oldboywhopresentedtothehospitalwithsymptomsofdiabeticketoacidosis.Inahurry,thephysicianhasthefirstyearmedicalstudenturgentlyobtainanarterialbloodsampleforanalysis.Thepartialpressureofoxygen(PO2)isfoundtobe28mmHg(normal>80mmHg)withanoxygensaturation(SaO2)of70%(normal>94%).However,atthetimeofthearterialbloodsampling,thepatientwasinnoacutedistresswithanoxygensaturationof99%whileonroomair.Hehasnopasthistoryoflungdisease,andnowheezeorrhonchiisauscultatedonexamination.Whichofthefollowingbestexplainsthepatient'scurrentpresentation?()AThesamplewasdrawnlateraltothefemoralarteryBThepatienthasobstructivelungdiseaseCThesamplewascontaminatedwithroomairDThepatienthasrestrictivelunddiseaseEThesamplewasdrawnmedialtothefemoralartery正確答案：E第6題AscientistisstudyingtheexcretionofanoveltoxinXbythekidneyinordertounderstandthedynamicsofthisnewsubstance.HediscoversthatthisnewtoxinXhasaclearancethatishalfthatofinulininaparticularpatient.Thispatient'sfiltrationfractionis18%andhispara-aminohippuricacid(PAH)dynamicsareasfollows:

Urinevolume:100mL/minUrinePAHconcentration:30mg/mLPlasmaPAHconcentration:5mg/mLGiventhesefindings,whatistheclearanceofthenoveltoxinX?A54ml/minB108ml/minC300