Unit3BacktothepastGrammarandusageWhatdoyouknowaboutthegreathistorianSimaQian?Lead-inSimaQian(145–86BC),arenownedChinesehistorianoftheHanDynasty,iscelebratedasthe"fatherofChinesehistoriography."Hismasterpiece,RecordsoftheGrandHistorian(Shiji),isacomprehensivehistorycoveringovertwomillennia.Completeddespitepersonalsuffering,itestablishedthemodelforlaterChinesehistoricalworksandremainsapreciousliteraryandhistoricaltreasure.BelowisanessayonthegreathistorianSimaQian.Findthesentenceswithpredicativeclausesandfillintheboxbelow.BelowisanessayonthegreathistorianSimaQian.Findthesentenceswithpredicativeclausesandfillintheboxbelow.Learningandtravellingwereexactlywhathelpedhiminhislatercareerasahistorian.

ExploringtherulesHisfather’sdreamwasthatonedayhecouldwriteagreatmasterpiecerecordingwhathadhappenedinhistory.Hischiefconcernwaswhetherhecoulddohisjobmoreeffectivelyandefficiently.學習和旅行正是對他后來在歷史學領域發(fā)展事業(yè)大有裨益的因素。他父親的夢想是，有朝一日能夠創(chuàng)作出一部偉大的杰作，記錄下歷史上所發(fā)生的一切。他最關心的問題是他能否更有效地、更高效地完成自己的工作。連接詞?Wecanuseanounclauseasthepredicativeofasentence.?Wecanusethattointroduceapredicativeclausewhentheclauseisa(1)_____________.Wecanusewhethertointroduceapredicativeclausewhentheclauseisa(2)________________.Wecanusewhat,why,when,where,etc.tointroduceapredicativeclausewhentheclauseisa(3)______________.statementWorkingouttherulesyes-noquestionwh-question

表語（predictive）

SimaQianwasagreatChinesehistorian.Readingmanybooksis

good.Thestorieswere

aboutConfucius,Liubangandsoon.Myonlyambitionis

tobeagreathistorian.MyonlyambitionisthatIcan

beagreathistorian.That’s

whyI’mstudyingsohard!名詞作表語形容詞作表語介詞短語作表語非謂語作表語從句作表語時，叫表語從句

表語是用來說明主語的身份、性質、品性、特征和狀態(tài)的，表語常由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、動詞過去分詞、動詞的-ing形式、副詞、介詞短語、形容詞、不定式和從句等來充當,它常位于系動詞之后。

復合句形容詞性從句副詞性從句名詞性從句定語從句狀語從句主語從句賓語從句表語從句同位語從句三大從句主語系動詞表語從句1）定義：

表語從句是指__________________________,緊跟在________之后，對主語進行解釋、說明，使主語的內容具體化。用_______語序。2）結構：_________________________________。在復合句中作主句表語的句子系動詞主語+系動詞+引導詞+簡單句陳述表語從句定義與結構Herdreamisthatshecouldbecomeahistorianoneday.

名詞性從句定語從句狀語從句表語從句學什么

系動詞（謂語動詞）引導詞特殊形式LinkingVerbs系動詞be動詞感官類變化類am,is,are,was,werelook,sound,smell,taste,feel,seem,appear變得：become,get,turn,grow;go保持：keep,hold,stay,stand,remain;系動詞”證明”proveturn顏色變化grow逐漸變化go由好變壞1.Thepurposeisthatstudentscanbeawareofculturalrelics.2.Thequestionis

whetherhecanaccomplishthetaskontime.(1)從屬連詞:that&whether

用法歸納：a.that引導表語從句時，只起______作用，作/不作句子成分，有/沒有意義。b.whether引導表語從句時，只起______作用，作/不作句子成分，通常翻譯為“______”。注意，引導表語從句時通常不用if。連接√√連接√是否(1)從屬連詞:

asif/asthough

“似乎、好像”asif/asthough引導的表語從句如果是事實，就用陳述語氣；如果與事實不符，就用虛擬語氣(從句表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反，謂語動詞用一般過去式；從句表示與過去事實相反，謂語動詞用had+過去分詞；從句表示將來的可能性不大，用would/might/could+動詞原形)。1.Helooksasifhewerearichman.2.Hetalkedasifhehadbeenthere

before.

3.Itlooksasifitmightrain.asif/asthough似乎，好像

Lookatthedarkclouds.Itlooksasifthereisastormcoming.Hetalksasifhewereanexpert.（與事實相符）（與事實相反）(1)從屬連詞:

because

1.Hefailedthedrivingtest.That’sbecausehewastoocareless.2.Hewastoocareless.That’swhyhefailedthedrivingtest.3.Thereasonwhyhefailedthedrivingtestisthathewastoocareless.用法歸納：That’sbecause+原因…That’swhy+結果…Thereasonwhy+結果...is/wasthat+原因...注意：這里不能用because!who/whom/whose/which/what等二、連接代詞：連接代詞在表語從句中可充當主語、賓語、表語或定語。依據(jù)“缺什么補什么”原則確定正確的連詞。所謂“缺什么補什么”是指從句與連詞之間的關系。如果句子中缺主語，指人用

，指物用

。如缺賓語，指人用

，指物用

。如缺定語用

或

。whowhatwhomwhosewhatwhich(2)連接代詞:who,whom,whose,which,what,wh-ever1.Theproblemiswhocoulddothework.2.Thequestioniswho/whomIshouldaskforadvice.3.MytroubleiswhoseadviceIshouldfollow.4.Mytopconcerniswhichjobissuitableforme.5.Readingiswhatkeepsuswise.6.Thevillageisnolongerwhatitusedtobe.用法歸納：連接代詞引導表語從句時，既起______作用，又作句子成分(通常作_____________________)等。連接主語,賓語,表語,定語what可以表示“什么，什么樣子，或所…的（人或事）”三.連接副詞:when/where/why/how等連接副詞在表語從句中充當狀語，可表時間、地點、原因、方式等，因此不能省略。依據(jù)“缺什么補什么”原則確定正確的連詞。所謂“缺什么補什么”是指從句與連詞之間的關系。如缺時間狀語用

；地點狀語用

。

原因狀語用

；方式狀語用

。whenwherewhyhow(3)連接副詞：when,where,why,how...M:ThesmallvillageiswhereMarylives.Shebecamedisabledafteracaraccident.Thatwaswhenshewasinhighschool.W:Poorgirl!Thequestionishowshehasmanagedtoliveanormallife.M:Sheisanoptimisticgirlgiftedinpainting.Herworksarepopularonline.That’swhyshecanearnherliving.用法歸納：連接副詞引導表語從句時，既起______作用，又作句子成分（通常作______）。連接狀語(4)特殊規(guī)則：表“建議，要求，命令”的名詞+that+（should）do結構用法歸納：表示___________________(advise,suggestion,request,

proposal,idea,demand,order)等后面的表語，那么表語從句應該用虛擬語氣,即謂語動詞用“should+動詞原形”,should可省略。建議，要求，命令Myadviceisthatyou(should)consultsomeexpertsaboutthisproblem.

名詞性從句的解題法①判斷是否屬于名詞性從句(從句是否充當主、賓、表、同位)②判斷從句是否缺成份：不缺成分、不缺詞義：that不缺成分、缺“是否”詞義：if,whether缺主語：指人who/whoever,指物what/whatever,指物、強調在范圍內選擇which,whichever缺賓語：指人whom/whomever,指物what/whatever,指物、強調在范圍內選擇which,whichever缺狀語：指時間when，指地點where，指原因why，指方式how缺定語：指人whose，指物what/whatever，指物、強調在范圍內選擇which,whichever（注意：該表并不完整，只體現(xiàn)通用的）“缺什么補什么”原則whichthatthatwhywhetherhowPractice(1)引導詞連詞關系代詞關系副詞在從句中不作成分，只起連接作用在從句中作主賓表定語在從句中作狀語that,whether,asif/asthough,becausewhat,which,who(m),whose，whatever,whichever,whoeverwhen,where,why,howSummary表示建議、命令、要求等名詞后的表語從句要用虛擬語氣：（should）+doPractice填入適當?shù)倪B接詞(短語)補全表語從句。(1)MrDarcyisquiterichbuttooproud,andthat's______________Elizabethdoesn'tlikehim.(2)Don'tbesad.Themostimportantthingis______________wemustlearnfromourmistakesandmoveon.(3)Thereasonforhisabsenceis______________hehasn'tbeeninformed.(4)Thedebatebetweenthemwas______________itwasworthwhiletoaffordtheextraexpenseofhiringanexpensiveapartment.(5)Hedidnotwatchthefilm.Thatis______________hehadtohelphislittlesisterwithherhomework.whythatthatwhetherbecausePractice(6)Youaresayingeveryoneshouldtakeequalresponsibility,andthatis______________Idisagree.(7)Asituationwhereapersonisunabletorememberpasteventsis______________isgenerallycalledamnesia(健忘癥).(8)Igooverlight－footed,pickupthekittenandputheroutsidethedoor,andthesparrowremains______________itis.(9)Delhiisanoverwhelmingexperience.Itis______________allofhumanityhasbeensqueezedintoonecity.(10)Itseems______________shewillnevergetoverhermother'sdeath.wherewhatwhereasif/thoughthatPractice(11)—Doyouthinkitiswiseformotherstotrytodoeverythingfortheirchildren?—No,that's______________theyactwrong.(12)Actually,theyoungcanbe______________theywanttobe,whetheritisapilot,anastronaut,oramanager.(13)Iwantedtobesureeverythingwasperfect.Thatis______________Idouble－checkedtheaddressontheelectronicorder.(14)Thequestionis______________couldleadthemtogetridofpoverty.(15)Thebestmomentforthefootballstarwas______________hescoredthegoal.

wherewhat/whateverwhywhowhenPractice(16)TheyalsoneedtobereadytogiveinterviewsinEnglishwithinternationaljournalists.Thisis______________theyneedanEnglishtrainer.[2023新課標Ⅱ卷](17)Andthereasontheygotsomuchstrongerandfitterwas______________theirheartscouldnowfillalotbetterandpump(泵送)alotmorebloodduringexercise.[2022新高考Ⅱ卷](18)Thisfirstcontactwas______________mystorybegan.[2022北京卷]

whythatwherePractice1)Mydoubtis_____________________________.(我們能否按時完成任務)2)Thequestionis__________________________.(誰為這個事故負責)3)Theproblemis__________________________.(我們怎樣才能為這個項目籌集到足夠的資金)4)Thatwas_______________________________.(我們上次