我國(guó)農(nóng)村現(xiàn)代化和城市化中國(guó)農(nóng)村現(xiàn)代化與城市化RuralModernizationandUrbnizationinChina到本世紀(jì)中葉基本實(shí)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化是13億中國(guó)人民的奮斗目標(biāo)。中國(guó)現(xiàn)代化的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)在農(nóng)村，難在農(nóng)民增收，但根本出路在農(nóng)村之外，在于城市的率先發(fā)展和對(duì)于農(nóng)村的帶動(dòng)。Generallyrealizingmodernizationby2050istheworkingtargetthe1.3billionChinesepeople.Thepivotsanddifficultiesmainlylieinruralareas,liesinincreasingfarmers’income;butthefundamentalsolutionisoutsideruralarea,dependingontheleaddevelopmentofcitiesandtheirboostingeffects.WorkshoponChina’sRuralElectrification2中國(guó)農(nóng)村現(xiàn)代化與城市化RuralModernizationandUrbanizationinChina

中國(guó)現(xiàn)代化的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)在農(nóng)村ThepivotsanddifficultiesinChina’smodernizationlieintheruralareas中國(guó)農(nóng)村現(xiàn)代化的前提是減少農(nóng)民TheprerequisiteforChinaruralmodernizationinreducingthenumberoffarmers減少中國(guó)農(nóng)民的根本途徑是城市化Thefundamentalrouteforfarmerreductionisurbanization中國(guó)農(nóng)村的不發(fā)展是因?yàn)槌鞘械牟话l(fā)展StagnancyinthedevelopmentofruralChinaisduetoinsufficientcitydevelopment加快城市化才能帶動(dòng)農(nóng)村現(xiàn)代化Acceleratingurbanizationcanpromoteruralmodernization中國(guó)農(nóng)村現(xiàn)代化要與城市化統(tǒng)籌謀劃和對(duì)于農(nóng)村的帶動(dòng)。China’sruralmodernizationshallbeharminzedwithurbanizationandtheboostingeffectstoruraldevelopmentWorkshoponChina’sRuralElectrification3

中國(guó)現(xiàn)代化的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)在農(nóng)村ThePivotsandDifficultiesofChina’sModernizationLieinRuralAreas中國(guó)農(nóng)村人口達(dá)8億，大約是城鎮(zhèn)人口的1.6倍，而人均家庭純收入只及城鎮(zhèn)居民人均可支配收入的1/3。Chinahas800millionruralresidents,around1.6timesthenumberofChineseurbanpopulation;thepercapitanetincomeoffarmersisonly1/3ofthepercapitadisposableincomeofurbanresidents長(zhǎng)期的城鄉(xiāng)分割的二元結(jié)構(gòu)造成的過(guò)大的城鄉(xiāng)差距，經(jīng)過(guò)改革開(kāi)放初期的所有縮小后，又一直呈擴(kuò)大的趨勢(shì)。

Theduelstructureoflong-termurbanandruralsegmentationcreatesexcessiveurbanandruralgap,whichwasnarrowedtosomeextentshortlyafterthereformandopeningup,butthenseesatendencyoffurtherwideningWorkshoponChina’sRuralElectrification4中國(guó)現(xiàn)代化的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)在農(nóng)村ThePivotsandDifficultiesofChina’sModernizationLieinRuralAreas若計(jì)入城鎮(zhèn)居民的各種福補(bǔ)和補(bǔ)貼，城鄉(xiāng)人均消費(fèi)水平大約為6.0:1

Ifthevariouswelfareandsubsidiesenjoyedbyurbanresidentsareconsidered,theratiobetweenurbanandruralpercapitaconsumptionlevelis6.0:1.WorkshoponChina′sRuralElectrification

1985年全國(guó)城鄉(xiāng)居民人均消費(fèi)性支出之比為2.3:1，In1985,theratiobetweenpercapitaconsumptionexpenditureofurbanandruralresidentsis2.3:1

2000年增加到3.0:1，By2000,therationhadgrownto3.0:12003年又?jǐn)U大到3.3:1。By2003,thegapwasfurtherwidenedto3.3:1.

5

中國(guó)現(xiàn)代化的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)在農(nóng)村ThePivotsandDifficultiesofChina’sModernizationLieinRuralAreas

農(nóng)村基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)普遍滯后，居民面臨著出行難、通訊難、就醫(yī)難、上學(xué)難、用水用電難和買(mǎi)難賣(mài)難等諸多難題，自來(lái)水普及率只有50％左右。

Theruralinfrastructureconstructionlagsbehindandtheruralresidentsfacelimitedaccesstotransportation,communication,medicalfacilityandservice,schooleducation,watersupply,electricitysupplyfacilitiesandtransactiondifficulties,tapwaterisavailableonlytoaround50%ofruralhouseholds.

WorkshoponChina′sRuralElectrification中國(guó)農(nóng)村的現(xiàn)代化要面對(duì)更多的阻礙和難題，中國(guó)現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)的重點(diǎn)在農(nóng)村，難點(diǎn)也在農(nóng)村。China’sruralmodernizationwillencounterevenmorebarriersanddifficulties,thepivotsanddifficultiesofChina’smodernizationconcentrateinruralareas.6

中國(guó)農(nóng)村現(xiàn)代化的前提是減少農(nóng)民ThePreconditionforChina’sRuralModernizationisReducingFarmers如何富裕農(nóng)民仁者見(jiàn)仁。主要思路大致有三

Differentpeoplehavedifferentideasabouthowtoincreasetheincomeoffarmers,thereare3majorideasWorkshoponChina′sRuralElectrification

農(nóng)村現(xiàn)代化核心任務(wù)是富裕農(nóng)民，主要標(biāo)志和最大難點(diǎn)也是農(nóng)民富裕。要富裕農(nóng)民，必須減少農(nóng)民。

Thecoretaskforruralmodernizationiscreatingarichlifeforfarmers,andthemajorindicatorandtopdifficultyishowtomakefarmersricher.Tomakefarmersricher,thenumberoffarmershastobedecreased.7中國(guó)農(nóng)村現(xiàn)代化的前提是減少農(nóng)民ThePreconditionforChina’sRuralModernizationisReducingFarmersWorkshoponChina′sRuralElectrification

調(diào)整農(nóng)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)Agriculturalrestructuring

目前農(nóng)業(yè)收入占中國(guó)農(nóng)民純收入的50%，農(nóng)業(yè)從業(yè)勞動(dòng)力達(dá)3.3億人，占鄉(xiāng)村勞動(dòng)力的2/3。

Currently,farmingcontributesto50%offarmers’netincome,and330millionlaborsareengagedinfarming,accountingfor2/3ofrurallabors.發(fā)展農(nóng)村非農(nóng)產(chǎn)業(yè)Boostingindustrydevelopmentinruralareas

以鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)企業(yè)為代表的農(nóng)村非農(nóng)產(chǎn)業(yè)對(duì)于農(nóng)民增收和農(nóng)村發(fā)展發(fā)揮過(guò)重要作用。Industryinruralareas,representedbytownshipenterprises,playsakeyroleinincreasingfarmers’incomeandstimulatingruralareadevelopment8中國(guó)農(nóng)村現(xiàn)代化的前提是減少農(nóng)民ThePreconditionforChina’sRuralModernizationisReducingFarmersWorkshoponChina′sRuralElectrification減輕農(nóng)民負(fù)擔(dān)Lighteningfarmers’burden

應(yīng)該承認(rèn)，減免與三農(nóng)相關(guān)的各種稅費(fèi)和三提五統(tǒng)，對(duì)于增加農(nóng)民收入具有重要現(xiàn)實(shí)作用。Itshouldbeacknowledgedthatlighteningandabolishingvarioustaxesandchargesonagriculturalactivitiesandfarmersisofgreatpracticalsignificance.9減少中國(guó)農(nóng)民的根本途徑是城市化TheFundamentalRouteforReducingChineseFarmersisUrbanizationWorkshoponChina′sRuralElectrification

農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)對(duì)土地等自然資源的依賴(lài)性較強(qiáng)，Agriculturalactivity’sstrongrelianceonlandandothernaturalresources

在農(nóng)業(yè)自然資源既定的條件下，農(nóng)民越多，人均可支配的農(nóng)業(yè)自然資源量越少Undertheconditionsoffixednaturalresources,themorefarmersare,thelesspercapitadisposableagriculturalnaturalresourcewillbe.

農(nóng)民人均可支配的農(nóng)業(yè)自然資源量越少，Thelesspercapitadisposableagriculturalnaturalresourceis,

農(nóng)業(yè)越難以實(shí)現(xiàn)規(guī)模經(jīng)營(yíng)，農(nóng)業(yè)勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率越難以提高，農(nóng)民的收入也就越難以提高themoredifficultitistorealizescaleoperation,toimproveagriculturalproductionefficiency,andtoincreasefarmers’income10減少中國(guó)農(nóng)民的根本途徑是城市化減少中國(guó)農(nóng)民的根本途徑是城市化TheFundamentalRouteforReducingChineseFarmersisUrbanizationWorkshoponChina’sRuralElectrification

一些人認(rèn)為，大量青壯農(nóng)民進(jìn)城,會(huì)形成（婦女、老人）搞農(nóng)業(yè)的局面，從而危及農(nóng)業(yè)的穩(wěn)定發(fā)展。這種擔(dān)心依據(jù)不足。原因有三點(diǎn)。

Somepeoplethinkthatmanyyoungandmiddle-agedfarmerscometoworkincitieswillmakewomenandoldpeoplethemainworkingforceengagedinagriculturalactivityandjeopardizethesteadydevelopmentofagriculturesector.Suchconcernsisnotwellfoundedbecauseof3reasons:

11減少中國(guó)農(nóng)民的根本途徑是城市化TheFundamentalRouteforReducingChineseFarmersisUrbanizationWorkshoponChina′sRuralElectrification進(jìn)城的只是剩余部分，onlytheredundantlaborscometoworkincities

不會(huì)對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)勞動(dòng)力的總量供給造成影響thiswillnotinfluencethetotalsupplyofagriculturallabors由于科學(xué)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步、機(jī)械化作業(yè)的普及scienceandtechnologyprogressandthewideapplicationofagriculturalmachinesandequipment

農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)所需要的活勞動(dòng)投入大量減少，農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度大為減輕thelaborinputneededbyagriculturalproductionwillmassivelyreduceandthelaborintensityofagriculturalproductionwillseeenormousreduction12減少中國(guó)農(nóng)民的根本途徑是城市化TheFundamentalRouteforReducingChineseFarmersisUrbanizationWorkshoponChina′sRuralElectrification對(duì)于一個(gè)經(jīng)營(yíng)6-8畝耕地的農(nóng)民家庭來(lái)說(shuō)，forafarmerfamilywith0.4-0.54hectaresofarableland,

老少婦孺在家種田、養(yǎng)殖，青壯年外出務(wù)工經(jīng)商,又增加一筆非農(nóng)業(yè)收入oldpeopleandwomenstayhomeandperformfarmingandhusbandry,youngandmiddle-agedpeopleleavehometoengageinindustrialorcommercialactivitiescanearnsomeextraincome

13中國(guó)農(nóng)村的不發(fā)展是因?yàn)槌鞘械牟话l(fā)展StagnancyinthedevelopmentofruralChinaisduetoinsufficientcitydevelopmentWorkshoponChina′sRuralElectrification

科學(xué)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步，社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制的建立和逐步完善，經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的大趨勢(shì)，scienceandtechnologyprogress,theestablishmentandgradualoptimizationofsocialistmarketeconomyregime,andtheoveralltendencyofeconomicglobalization

都強(qiáng)烈地沖擊了中國(guó)農(nóng)村傳統(tǒng)的生產(chǎn)生活方式，極大地改變了農(nóng)村發(fā)展軌跡。農(nóng)村的發(fā)展越來(lái)越有賴(lài)于城市的發(fā)展，越來(lái)越與城市的發(fā)展融為一體。

StronglyimpactthetraditionallifestyleandproductionpatternsofruralChinaandsignificantlychangethedevelopmenttrackofruralChina.Ruralareas’developmentincreasinglyreliesoncitydevelopmentandmoreandmoreintegrateswithcitydevelopment.

14加快城市化才能帶動(dòng)農(nóng)村現(xiàn)代化AcceleratingurbanizationcanpromoteruralmodernizationWorkshoponChina′sRuralElectrification

未來(lái)幾十年是中國(guó)城市化進(jìn)程加速時(shí)期。ThenextfewdecadesisaperiodofacceleratingurbanizationinChina在城市化加速時(shí)期，農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力、土地、資金等要素大量向城市流動(dòng)是必然現(xiàn)象。Intheperiodofacceleratingurbanization,themassiveflowofsuchelementsasrurallabors,land,andfundtocitiesisinevitable從城市發(fā)展看，在城市面臨巨大就業(yè)壓力的情況下，大量農(nóng)民進(jìn)城仍然是利大于弊intermsofcitydevelopment,evenwhencitiesfaceenormousunemploymentpressure,theinflowof

enormousfarmersstillbringaboutmorebenefitsthandisadvantages

15加快城市化才能帶動(dòng)農(nóng)村現(xiàn)代化AcceleratingurbanizationcanpromoteruralmodernizationWorkshoponChina′sRuralElectrification

其一，目前進(jìn)城農(nóng)民約占中國(guó)城鎮(zhèn)就業(yè)勞動(dòng)力的40％，城市的運(yùn)行與發(fā)展已經(jīng)離不開(kāi)他們。

First,migrantfarmersnowmakeuparound40%oftheworkingforceinChinesecitiesandtheirexistenceisindispensabletothefunctioninganddevelopmentofcities其二，進(jìn)城農(nóng)民承擔(dān)的主要是苦臟累險(xiǎn)等報(bào)酬較低的崗位，與市民就業(yè)正面沖突的概率不大。

Second,migrantfarmersmainlytaketough,dirty,tiring,anddangerouspostswithlowpaymentandtheyareunlikelytodirectlycompetewithurbanresidentsforjobopportunities

16加快城市化才能帶動(dòng)農(nóng)村現(xiàn)代化AcceleratingurbanizationcanpromoteruralmodernizationWorkshoponChina′sRuralElectrification其三，人民政府不僅是市民政府，而且是農(nóng)民的政府。農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力的剩余與城市職工下崗待業(yè)同是失業(yè)，為農(nóng)民創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)同樣是政府的責(zé)任，Third,people’sgovernmentshouldrepresentnotonlyinterestsofurbanresidents,butalsotheinterestsoffarmers.Rurallaborredundancyandjoblessurbanresidentsarebothunemployment,itisalsothegovernment’sresponsibilitytocreatejobsforfarmers.第四，隨著第一、第二產(chǎn)業(yè)勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率的提高，第三產(chǎn)業(yè)逐漸成為吸納就業(yè)的主要部門(mén)Fourth,withlaborandproductionefficiencyimporvementintheprimaryandthesecondarysectors,thetertiarysectorwillgraduallybecomethemajorsourceofnewjobs.第五，進(jìn)城的農(nóng)民需要解決吃、穿、住、行、教育、娛樂(lè)等問(wèn)題，本身也在創(chuàng)造著大量需求。Fifth,themigrantfarmershavetosolvetheireating,clothing,sheltering,mobility,education,andentertainmentproblems,whichcanalsocreateenormousdemand17中國(guó)農(nóng)村現(xiàn)代化要與城市現(xiàn)代化統(tǒng)籌謀劃China’sruralmodernizationshallbeharminzedwithurbanizationandtheboostingeffectstoruraldevelopm