-2026學(xué)年高二英語上學(xué)期第一次月考卷01（全國通用版）（考試時間：120分鐘試卷滿分：150分）考生注意：1．答題前，請務(wù)必將自己的姓名、準(zhǔn)考證號用黑色字跡的簽字筆或鋼筆分別填寫在試題卷和答題紙規(guī)定的位置上。2.答題時，請按照答題紙上“注意事項”的要求，在答題紙相應(yīng)的位置上規(guī)范作答，在本試題卷上的作答一律無效。3．難度系數(shù)：0.65。4．考試結(jié)束后，將本試卷和答題卡一并交回。第一部分聽力（共兩節(jié)，滿分30分）注意，聽力部分答題時請先將答案標(biāo)在試卷上，聽力部分結(jié)束前你將有兩分鐘的時間將答案轉(zhuǎn)涂到答題卡上。第一節(jié)（共5小題；每小題1.5分，滿分7.5分）聽下面5段對話。每段對話后有一個小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個選項中選出最佳選項，并標(biāo)在試卷的相應(yīng)位置。聽完每段對話后，你都有10秒鐘的時間來回答有關(guān)小題和閱讀下一小題。每段對話僅讀一遍。1．Whatcanweinferfromtheman’swords?A．Hecan’tlendthewomanhiscar.B．Hewillhavehiscarrepaired.C．Hewillborrowthewoman’scar.2．Whydoesthewomanwanttobeachessplayer?A．Sheobeysherfather’splan.B．Shefollowstheman’sadvice.C．Hercoachthinksshemightbeachampion.3．Wheremightthespeakersbe?A．Inarestaurant. B．Atastadium. C．Athome.4．Whatdoesthemanthinkofthenewspaper?A．Boring. B．Attractive. C．Meaningful.5．Whatwillthemandotoday?A．Meethisfriends. B．Cleanhisroom. C．Goboating.第二節(jié)（共15小題；每小題1.5分，滿分22.5分）聽下面5段對話或獨白。每段對話或獨白后有2至4個小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個選項中選出最佳選項，并標(biāo)在試卷的相應(yīng)位置。聽每段對話或獨白前，你將有5秒鐘的時間閱讀各個小題；聽完后，各小題將給出5秒鐘的作答時間。每段對話或獨白讀兩遍。聽下面一段對話，回答第6和第7題。6．Whatarethespeakersmainlytalkingabout?A．Thewoman’sgapyear. B．Chineseculture. C．Theirschoolproject.7．WhatisthewomanmostinterestedinaboutChina?A．Itshistory. B．Itsfood. C．Itsbuildings.聽下面一段對話，回答第8至第10題。8．Howmuchistherent?A．$300. B．$650. C．$9509．WhichofthefollowingisNOTincludedintherent?A．Gas. B．Water. C．Electricity.10．WhenwillBlancatakealookattheapartment?A．At10amtoday. B．At10amtomorrow. C．Sometimenextweek.聽下面一段對話，回答第11至第13題。11．Whatarethespeakersmainlytalkingabout?A．ThehistoryofChineseknots.B．Thewoman’shandwork. C．Anafter-schoolclub.12．Whenwasthecraftclubestablished?A．InSeptember. B．InOctober. C．InNovember.13．WhatwillthewomangiveherfriendsduringtheSpringFestival?A．Musicalbums. B．Handmadecrafts. C．Luckycoins.聽下面一段對話，回答第14至第17題。14．Whydosomepeoplefeellonelywhenthey’resurroundedbypeople?A．Theyseparatethemselves.B．Theyhavesocialawkwardness.C．Theylackmeaningfulconnections.15．Whatdoesthewomanthinkisthefirststeptodealwithloneliness?A．Meetingnewpeople. B．Enjoyingbeingalone. C．Identifyingthereasons.16．Howlongdoesittakethemantowritehisjournalnow?A．20minutes. B．30minutes. C．60minutes.17．Whatdoesthewomanliketodomosttodealwithloneliness?A．Readfavoritenovels. B．Thinkdeeplyandquietly. C．Gettogetherwithherfamily.聽下面一段獨白，回答第18至第20題。18．WhatcanweknowaboutJim?A．Helovesgardening. B．Heisascienceexpert. C．Heworksforawebsite.19．WhathappenedduringthetripinSouthAmerica?A．Abearattackedtheteam.B．Anewanimalwasdiscovered.C．Jimwasapartfromhisteamforsomenights.20．WhatmayJimdoontheshow?A．Answersomequestions.B．Talkabouthisadventures.C．Recommendsomecommonplants.第二部分閱讀理解（共兩節(jié)，滿分50分）第一節(jié)（共15小題；每小題2.5分，滿分37.5分）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中選出最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該選項涂黑。ABringthebeautyofnativebirdsintoyourhomewithuniqueartworkbyPamMcGrathAustraliaanditsoffshoreislandsandterritorieshave898recordedbirdspeciesasof2014.Oftherecordedbirds,165areconsideredaccidentalvisitors,oftheremainderover45%areclassifiedasAustralianendemics:foundnowhereelseonearth.Ithasbeensuggestedthatupto10%ofAustralianbirdspeciesmaygoextinctbytheyear2100asaresultofclimatechange.ArtistPamMcGrathexpressesherlifetimeconcernforwildlifeconservationthroughtheseacrylicpaintingsofAustralianbirds.Whilecelebratingtheirbeautyanddiversity,thebirdsarepresentedinabstractdesignwithstraightlines,ratherthanthedelicatenaturalform,tosuggestthechallengesoftheiradaptiontoenvironmentalchange.12345Eachoftheseframed,one-of-a-kindoriginalartworksisavailableforpurchasefrom$80(plus$50packingandsending).Theperfectgiftforthenature-loverorart-loverinyourlife,you’llalsobegenerouslygiftingyourlocalcharity,as50%ofthepurchasepricegoestowardshelpingWildlifePreservationSocietyofQueensland(WPSQ)continueitsimportantwork.21．WhatcanwelearnaboutAustralianbirdsfromthepassage?A．Australiahasthemostrecordedbirdspeciesaroundtheworld.B．AlargenumberofbirdspeciescouldonlybefoundinAustralia.C．By2010,morebirdswillbevisitorsratherthanlocalendemics.D．Almostone-tenthlocalbirdspecieswentextinctinrecentyears.22．WhatdoesPamMcGrathwanttoexpressthroughherpaintingsofbirds?A．HerloveforthebeautyofAustralianbirds.B．Thedelicateskillsofcreatingabstractart.C．Herappreciationoftheworkofalocalcharity.D．Theimportanceofprotectingthewildlife.23．Howmuchgoestowardsyourlocalcharityifyoupurchasepaintingnumber4?A．$40. B．$80. C．$105. D．$130.BIsoldoneofmycarsandswitchedtoane-bikeoneyearago.IknewthatIwasdoingsomethinggoodfortheplanet.ButIstillviewedgivingupmycarassomethingreservedforthedeeplycommittedandadventurous,somethingthatGreenpeacevolunteersdidtomaketheworldbetter.However,IliveinColorado;e-bikewouldmeanfreezinginthewinterandsweatinginthesummer.Itwastherightthingtodo,Ithought,butitwasnotgoingtobefun.Iwasverywrong.Beforesellingmycar,Iworriedmostaboutridinginthecoldwintermonths.ButIquicklylearnedthat,asthesayinggoes,thereisnobadweather,onlybadclothes.Iweargloves,warmsocksandaskijacketwhenIride,andIamalmostnevertoocold.ThoughI,likemanywould-becyclists,wasworriedaboutarrivingattheofficesweatyinhottermonths,thee-bikesolvedmyproblem.Evenwhentherewas35degreesCelsiusoutside,Ididn’tsweat,thankstomybike’spedal-assistmode(腳踏輔助模式).IfIamhonest,sometimesIdidn’tevenpedal;Ijustswitchedtopedal-assistmode,satbackandenjoyedmyride.Butbikingtoworkwasn’tjustnotunpleasant—itwasentirelyenjoyable.Oneday,shortlyaftersellingourcar,Ihoppedon(跳上)mybikeafterastressfuldayatworkandrodehomedownastreetedgedwithchangingfallleaves.IfeltmoreconnectedtothephysicalenvironmentaroundmethanIhadwhenI’dtraveledthesameroutesurroundedbymetalandglass.Ihavetosay,thissensationmademehappierandhealthier.Ofcourse,e-bikesaren’tgoingtoreplaceeverycaroneverytrip.Inacountrywhereuncontrolledstretchingofsuburbsandmallsandunprotectedbikepathsarethenorm,it’sunrealistictoexpecte-bikestoreplacecarsinthewaythattheModelT(福特公司第一款大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)的汽車)replacedhorses.Butasanindividual,makingshorttripsonane-bikewouldsavemoney,cutcarbonfootprints,andimprovehealthandwell-being.24．Whatdidtheauthororiginallythinkoflettinggoofhiscar?A．Ahealthymove. B．Adifficultchoice.C．Acallofduty. D．Acrowd-drivendecision.25．Howdidtheauthorfeelabouttheactualexperienceofridingtowork?A．Confused. B．Embarrassed. C．Anxious. D．Amazed.26．Whatdoestheunderlinedpart“thissensation”inparagraph4referto?A．Interestinexploringnewroutes. B．Desiretoheadhomefaster.C．Relieffromworkpressure. D．Loveforexposuretonature.27．Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?A．E-bikewillreplacecarsverysoon.B．Cyclistsshoulddomoretoprotectthemselves.C．Citiesneedamoreinclusivetransportnetwork.D．TheModelTwillbebackquickly.CSendingathumbs-upcanbeseenaspassiveaggressive(冒犯的),accordingtoGenZ(thosebornbetween1995and2009)whosaytheyfeelattackedwheneveritisused.Whetherthechatisinformal,betweenfriendsoratworkthesymbolappearstohaveaverydifferent,‘rude’meaningfortheyoungergeneration.A24-year-oldonRedditsummeduptheGenZargument,sayingitisbestneverusedinanysituationasitis“hurtful”.“Nooneofmyageintheofficedoesit,buttheGenX(thosebornbetween1966and1980)peoplealwaysdoit.Takemeabittoadjustandgetitoutofmyheadthatitmeansthey'remad-atme,”headded.Otheryoungpeopleagreeditisbadform,especiallyatworkwhereitcanmaketheteamappearunfriendlyandnoteasygoing.“MylastworkplacehadaWhatsAppchatforourteamtosendinformationtoeachotheron,andmostofthepeopleontherejustrepliedwithathumbsup.Idon'tknowwhy,butitseemedalittlebitaggressivetome,”onewomansaid.OneReddituseralsosaidthethumbsupactuallymeansthat“I'vereadyourmessageandhavenothingtoaddandIhopeandpray...allthepeopleinthisgroupchathavenothingtosayonittoo.”O(jiān)lderworkersappearconfusedbythereaction,sayingtheyusethethumbsupinwork-relatedchatstoshow“Iagree”or“Iunderstoodandwillfollow.”Partoftheissueisthatyoungpeopletendtousethethumbs-upinjokes.BarryKennedy,24,hesaidheonlyusedittocommunicatewitholderpeoplelikehisparentsoroldercolleagues.Asurveyof2,000peopleconductedbyPerspectusGlobalshowedthatamajorityofpeoplebetweentheagesof16and29believethatyouare“officiallyold”ifyouusethumbs-uporheartemoji.28．Whatdoesthethumbs-upemojimeantoGenZaccordingtothetext?A．Itshowsagreement. B．Itisconsideredrudeorhurtful.C．Itisusedtojokewitholderpeople. D．Itsymbolizesfriendship.29．Whydoesonewomanfindthethumbs-upemojiaggressiveinherworkplace?A．Becauseitisaformalwayofcommunication.B．Becauseitshowsdisagreementwithhermessages.C．Becauseitseemsdismissiveandunresponsive.D．Becauseitwasusedonlybyyoungercolleagues.30．Whatcanbeinferredaboutolderworkersfromthetext?A．Theymisunderstandtheyoungergeneration'semojipreferences.B．Theyintentionallyusethumbs-uptoannoyyoungercolleagues.C．Theyavoidusingemojisinwork-relatedchats.D．Theyviewemojisasinappropriateinformalsettings.31．Whichofthefollowingisthemostsuitabletitleforthepassage?A．TheEmojiDebate:GenerationalDifferencesB．HowThumbs-UpBecameaGlobalSymbolC．TheRiseofEmojisinProfessionalChatsD．WhyOlderWorkersPreferThumbs-UpDInMexico,achinampaisanislandthatwasbuiltupbythenativeAztecpeoplewithmudfromthebottomofalakethatsurroundstheircapital.OneoftheseareasiscalledXochimiloo.FoodgrownontheislandsinXochimilcohasfedpeopleforhundredsofyears,butthechinampashereareunderthreatfromurbanization.Manyfamiliesaregivinguptheancientpracticetorentoutorselltheirlandformoreprofitableusessuchassoccerfieldsandtourism.“Ifyoudowellinfarming,youcouldearn$5,000toS10.000ayear,”onelocallandownersaid.“Inthetouristarea,youcouldhavethatwithinacoupleofweekends.”Someofthoseremaining,likeCassandraGardu?o,arebandingtogethertopromotethetraditionaluseofthechinampas.Whenhergrandfatherdiedin2010andherunclesdidn’twanttocarryon,Gardu?otookituponherselftolearnfarming.Sheboughtlandfromafriend’sunclein2020andgrewkindsofproduce,includingsunflowersandeggplants.Now32-year-oldGardu?oisonememberofthegrowingorganizationcalledChinampoRefuge,andsheandothermembersencouragelocalpeopletoprotecttheirland.TheyfollowancientgrowingtechniquesbutaretryingnewcommercialapproachestocompetewithcheaperproducegrownonmassivefarmselsewhereinMexico.Thatincludesaspeciallabel-EtiquetaChinampera,whichtellsbuyerstheproducecamefromachinampa.LuisZambrano,anecologistwhohasworkedinXochimilcofordecades,saysfedandwateredbythelake,thefieldscanproducethreetofivecropsofvegetablesayearwithouttheneedforchemicals.Butnow,onweekends,it’scommontoseemoresoccerplayersboatingtoislandsthanfarmerstendingtheircrops.Overthepasttwotothreeyears,therehasbeenamassiveincreaseinthenumberofsoccerfieldsontheislands.“Itdoesn’tlookthatharmfulbecausethere’snoconstruction,”saysZambrano.“Butit’sjustasdamagingbecauseoftheamountofchemicalsthatareused,andtheamountofpollutionthatisgenerated.”32．Whatcanwelearnfromparagraph2?A．Thechinampashavebenefitedfromurbanization.B．Manyfarmersareusingnewfarmingtechnology.C．FarmingaffectstheenvironmentinMexicobadly.D．FarmingislessprofitablethantourisminXochimilco.33．Whatdoesparagraph3mainlytellusaboutGarduno?A．Herrelationshipwithherfamily. B．Thetroubleshehadinbuyingland.C．Hereffortstoprotectagriculturalland. D．Thechallengesshemetwhenlearningfarming.34．WhatisthepurposeofusingEtiquetaChinampera?A．Toshowthedateofproduction. B．Toindicatethefoodorigin.C．Totellthepriceofthefood. D．Toexplainthecookingmethod.35．WhatisZambrano’sattitudetobuildingsoccerfieldsonchinampas?A．Positive. B．Unconcerned. C．Disapproving. D．Unclear.第二節(jié)（共5小題,每小題2.5分,共12.5分）閱讀下面短文,從短文后的選項中選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項。選項中有兩項為多余選項。Nowadaysmoreandmoreyoungathletesaretakingpartintherisky,adventurousactivitiescalled“extremesports”or“X-sports”.Itsphilosophyistogetasclosetotheedgeaspossible.Inthepastyoungathleteswouldplayhockeyorbaseball.Today,theywantriskandexcitement—theclosertotheedge,thebetter.36Theywindsurfnearhurricane,gowhite-waterraftingthroughrapids,andbungee-jumpfromtowers.37Acitykidwhocouldn’taffordexpensivesportsequipmentcouldgetaskateboardandhavefun.Butnowithasbecomeawholenewareaofsports,withspecializedequipmentandhighlevelsofskill.ThereisevenaspecialOlympicsforextremesports,calledtheWinterX-game,whichincludessnowmountainbikingandclimbing.38Itfeaturessportssuchasskysurfing,wherepeoplejumpfromairplaneswithsurfboardattachedtotheirfeet.39“Peoplelovetheexcitement,”saysMurrayNussbaum,whosellssportsequipment.“Citypeoplewanttobeoutdoorsontheweekendanddosomethingchallenging.Thenewequipmentissomuchbetterthatpeoplecantakemoreriskswithoutgettinghurt.”Anathleteadds,“Surethere’sarisk,butthat’spartoftheappeal.”Noweventheoldercrowdisstartingtojoinin.Everyweekend,groupsoffriendsintheirearly30sgettogether.Onweekdays,theyworkascomputerprogrammersinthesameoffice.OnSundaystheyrentmountainbikesandridedownsteepmountainstogether.Extremesportsarecertainlynotforeveryone.MostpeoplestillprefertoplaybasketballorwatchsportsonTV.40A．AnExtremeGamescompetitionisheldeachsummerinRhodeIsland.B．Whatmakesextremesportssopopular?C．Extremesportsstartedasanalternativetomoreexpensivesportssuchasgolf.D．WhataretherisksinExtremesports?E．Butithasbeenafactthatextremesportsaregainingpopularity.F．Theysnowboardovercliffsandmountain-bikedownsteepmountains.G．Extremesportsbringusbothexcitementandrisks.第三部分語言運用（共兩節(jié),滿分30分）第一節(jié)（共15小題；每小題1分,共15分）閱讀下面短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項。Ishallneverforgetthosewinters.Theywerethetimeswhenmyfathertraveledthroughthecoldwindstofindmethemedicalinstrumentsthatwouldcorrectmydeformed(畸形的)41.Iwasan42childbecauseIwasbornwithX-shapedlegs.43Iwastheluckiestkidtohaveafatherwhoputinsomuch44tocureme—andwho45succeeded.Myfatherworkedfromsunrisetosunset,tryingto46thosemedicalinstruments.Mymemoriesofchildhoodareofhim47hospitals,tryingtofindtheonethatcouldbuildhisdesigns.Butoneday,myfatherarrivedhomewithapairof48.Thatnight,withgreat49,hefittedtheinstrumentstomylegs.Itmademybonesache,buthetoldmeIwouldhaveto50it,foreighthoursanight,orIwouldneverbeabletowearprettyskirtsorhave51legslikeothergirls.Butashesaidthis,heturnedhisfaceawayand52awaytears.WheneverI53whatmyfatherdid,Ifeelwhathedidshowsthemostselflesscontribution.Today,whenIlookatmystraightandhealthylegs,tearsrun54downmyface.Thewinterwindsarecoldtootherpeople,butbecauseofmyfather,theywillalwaysbe55tome.41．A．legs B．brain C．body D．feet42．A．unhappy B．ugly C．unfortunate D．unaccepted43．A．And B．But C．So D．If44．A．effort B．energy C．pain D．emotion45．A．a(chǎn)ccurately B．rarely C．simply D．eventually46．A．draw B．make C．design D．play47．A．staying B．touring C．leaving D．passing48．A．instruments B．shoes C．gloves D．socks49．A．interest B．a(chǎn)ttention C．patience D．care50．A．see B．bear C．hold D．protect51．A．long B．thin C．beautiful D．super52．A．wiped B．threw C．put D．gave53．A．turndown B．giveout C．takeup D．thinkof54．A．unexpectedly B．smoothly C．fluently D．uncontrollably55．A．bitter B．strong C．cool D．Warm（共10小題；每小題1.5分,滿分15分）閱讀下面短文，在空白處填入1個適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。ThedancedramaadaptationoftheChinesescienceclassicTianGongKaiWu,orTheExploitationoftheWorksofNature,began56(it)nationwidetourrecentlyinXiamen,Fujianprovince,bringingtolifeanearly400-year-oldmasterpiece.Thebook,57(write)bySongYingxing,ascientistwho58(live)duringthelateMingDynasty,wasfirstpublishedin1637.ItoffersasummaryofancientChina’smanufacturingandfarmingtechniques,earning59(recognize)asanencyclopedia(百科全書)ofscienceandtechnologyfromthattime.The60(pioneer)workhassincebeentranslated61multiplelanguages,includingEnglish,Japanese,French,GermanandRussian.“Songwasfascinatedbytheingenuityandcreativityoflabourers,”saidXuBinbin,directoroftheSongYingxingMemorialMuseum.Thedrama,co-producedbytheJiangxiCulturalPerformanceGroupandtheBeijingDanceAcademy,isdirectedbyChinesefilmmakerLuChuan.Lusaid,“ThedramafocusesonSong’sjourneytogatherthetechniquesandtools,emphasizingthecraftsmanshipofancientChineselabourers.62gracefuldancebringsvitality(活力)intothisscienceencyclopedia,63mayotherwiseseemcoldandboring.”“Thedancedramaovercomeslanguage64(barrier),allowingpeopleofdifferentagesandnationalities,especiallytheyoungergeneration,65(gain)insightsintoChina’sscientificandtechnologicaldevelopment,”Lusaid.第四部分寫作（共兩節(jié)，滿分40分）第一節(jié)（滿分15分）假定你是李華，你校將舉辦一次主題為“Thekeytogettingalongwithclassmates”的英語演講比賽。請你給校交換生Jackson寫一封郵件邀請他參加，內(nèi)容包括：1.比賽的時間和地點；2.參加比賽的意義；3.報名方式和截止時間。注意：1.詞數(shù)100左右；2.可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫。____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________第二節(jié)（滿分25分）閱讀下面材料，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容和所給段落開頭語續(xù)寫兩段，使之構(gòu)成一篇完整的短文。Calliewasahighschoolstudent.Becauseofherparents’business,herfamilymovedfromLondontoLosAngeles,whereshegrewup.Livinginaquietandwarmcommunitywithherparents,Calliewasveryinterestedinvariousvolunteeractivitiesinthecommunity,andalmostnooneinthecommunitydidn’tknowher.Onasunnyafternoon,Calliewasreadingapoemwhensheheardasoftknock.Shestoodupatonceandopenedthedoor.Herfavouriteneighbor,Mrs.Baker,stoodoutsidethedoor.“Ineedyourhelp,Callie,”Mrs.Bakersaid,“anddoyouknowtheemptylot(場地)downthestreet?”Callienodded,smiling.“Theplaceisamess,coveredwithtrash.Thecityislettingususethelotasacommunitygarden,”sheexplained.“WeneedhelptocleanupthelotonSaturday.”“Sure,Mrs.Baker!”Calliesaidcheerfully.“IjusthavenothingtodothisSaturday.Iwillbehappytohelpyou!”Mrs.Bakerlookedpleasedandsaid,“Thanks,Callie.Wewanttogetthegardenplantedbeforesummer.Bythen,adultsandchildreninourcommunitywillhavehadagoodplacetogo.”Atschoolthenextmorning,Callie’sclosefriendTamarawaswaitingforherbytheirclassroom,whohadasurpriseforher.Tamarasaid,“MymomboughtticketstoFunWorldthisSaturday.Shehasanextraoneforyou!”Thegirlshadbeenwaitingformonthsfortheamusementparktoreopen.Calliesighedandworriedoverhowtochoosefortherestoftheday.Hermothernoticedhermoodwhenshearrivedhome.“Didsomethinggowrongatschool?”hermotherasked.Callieexplainedherproblem.“WhatshouldIdo,Mom?”Callieasked.“IknowyouwanttogowithTamaraandalsowanttohelpMrs.Baker.Thinkcarefullyaboutyourchoice,andyouneedtomakeyourowndecision.ButIknowyouwilldowhatisbest,”hermotheranswered.注意：1.續(xù)寫詞數(shù)應(yīng)為150左右；2.請按如下格式在答題卡的相應(yīng)位置作答。Calliespenttherestoftheeveningthinkingaboutherdecision.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________OnSunday,CalliemetMrs.Bakerattheemptylot._______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________