目的論視角下的景點(diǎn)公示語英漢互譯策略研究摘要在政治經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化逐漸加深的同時(shí)，越來越多的國人以及外國友人渴望更多的文化上的交流，而對于了解文化最直觀的做法就是進(jìn)行國際旅游，到旅游景點(diǎn)去親身領(lǐng)略其他國家文化的底蘊(yùn)。與此同時(shí)出現(xiàn)的旅游景點(diǎn)公示語的翻譯就顯的尤為重要，但是同時(shí)也會出現(xiàn)或多或少、或大或小的問題。因此，筆者希望能夠通過這篇文章，找到一個(gè)更加適合旅游景點(diǎn)公示語的翻譯方法。旅游景點(diǎn)的公示語，有一些是警示語，有一些是日常用語，同樣有一些是內(nèi)含文化色彩的公示語。內(nèi)含文化色彩的公示語是其中最為重要的，因?yàn)檫@是文化與文化之間溝通的橋梁，是了解國家文化的一個(gè)最直觀的語言，因此，對于這類公示語的翻譯就顯得非常重要，翻譯上的一點(diǎn)差錯(cuò)就可能使游客出現(xiàn)理解上的偏差，反而起到了南轅北轍的作用。本文將從目的論視角視角下，對景點(diǎn)公示語的英漢互譯策略進(jìn)行分析，從而能找到一個(gè)適合旅游景點(diǎn)公示語翻譯的最佳方法和策略。關(guān)鍵詞：目的論視角旅游公示語英漢翻譯方法AStudyontheEnglish-ChineseTranslationofPublicSignsinPlacesofInterestsinSkoposTheoryAbstractWiththegradualdeepeningofthepoliticalandeconomicglobalization,moreandmoreChineseandforeignersareeagerformoreculturalexchanges,andthemostintuitivewaytounderstandthecultureistocarryoutinternationaltourism,tovisittouristsitestopersonallyappreciatetheculturaldepositsofothercountries.Atthesametime,thetranslationofpublicsignsoftouristattractionsisparticularlyimportant,butatthesametime,therewillbemoreorfewer,bigorsmallproblems.Therefore,theauthorhopestofindmoresuitabletranslationmethodsforpublicsignsoftouristattractionsthroughthispaper.Someofthepublicsignsoftouristattractionsarewarningsigns,somearedailyexpressions,andalsosomearepublicsignswithculturalcolors.Thepublicsignlanguageisculturallyloaded,anditisthebridgeofcommunicationbetweendifferentcultures.Also,itisoneofthemostintuitivemeanstounderstandanothercultureandlanguage.Asaresult,itisveryimportantforthiskindofpublicsignstranslation.Oneerrorinthetranslationcanleadtomisunderstandingonvisitors’part,andthedesiredeffectwillnotbeachieved.ThispaperwillanalysethestrategiesforEnglish-Chinesetranslationofpublicsignsofplacesofinterestsfromtheperspectiveofskopostheory,soastofindthebestmethodsandstrategiesforthetranslationofpublicsignsofplacesofinterests.Keywords:Spokostheory;publicsignsinplacesofinterests;English-ChinesetranslationsContentsTOC\o"1-3"\h\uIntroduction IntroductionWiththedeepeningofreformandopeningupandtheimplementationofthe“OneBeltAndOneRoad”nationalstrategy,thecooperationandfriendlyexchangesbetweenChinaandforeigncountriesareincreasingdaybyday.Underthebackgroundofthisera,manypublicsignsoftouristattractionsareexpressedinbothChineseandEnglishsoastoachievebettercommunicationbetweenChinaandforeigncountries.Thetranslationofpublicsignshasadirectbearingonthespiritualoutlookandexternalimageofacityoreventhewholecountry.However,therearesomeproblemsinthetranslationofpublicsignsoftouristattractionsinmanycities,suchasmistranslationandirregulartranslation,whichnotonlyfailtoplaytheirrole,butalsodestroythesoftpowerconstructionofcities,whichisnotconductivetothesmoothdevelopmentofopeningupandcommunication.SkopostheorywasproposedandperfectedbyReiss,VermeerandNord,therepresentativesofGermanfunctionaltranslationtheory.Functionalskopostheorysuggeststhat,asafundamentalprinciple,translationmethodsandstrategiesmustbedeterminedbytheintendedpurposeoffunctionofthetranslation.Functionaltheoryfollowsthreeprinciples:thelawofpurpose,thelawofcoherence,andthelawoffidelity.Skopostheoryholdsthatthetranslator,asthesubjectoftranslation,shouldmakethetranslationmeaningfulinthecontextofthetargetlanguagebasedontheanalysisoftheoriginaltext.Itshouldbeacceptedbythetargetlanguagesystem,andfitintothetargetlanguagesystem,andachievetheappropriatenessconsistentwiththetypeandfunctionoftheoriginaltext.Part1IntroductionofPublicSignsThedefinitionofpublicsignsPublicsignsaresigns,reminders,displays,warnings,signs,andexplanationsofwordsandpicturesthatarecloselyrelatedtopeople’slife,production,andecology.Thecommunicativepurposeofpublicsignsisclear,andtheymeettheusers’basicinformationneedssuchasdiet,accommodation,travel,sightseeing,entertainmentandshopping.Wordssimilartothemeaningofpublicsignsinclude“specifier”,“l(fā)ogo”,“accessibilitymarkers”and“slogan”.Thecombinationofsignlanguageandsigniswidelyusedinmanysituationssuchastransportation,tourismandtransportation.SignshavebeenwidelyacceptedintheITindustryandalmostbecomethelanguagebranchoftheindustry.Inadditiontotheconnotationandextensionof“specifier”,“l(fā)ogo”,“accessibilitymarkers”and“slogan”,itisstilldifficulttochooseotherbroadterms.Therefore“publicsignsbecomethecollectivenounof“specifier”,“l(fā)ogo”,“accessibilitymarkers”and“slogan”.ThefeaturesofpublicsignsPublicsignsarethe“face”ofacityandcarrytheculturalmeaningofacountry.Publicsignsrefertonotices,instructions,promptsorwarningsandrelevantinformationthatareopentothepublic.Asthemostcommonpracticallanguageinpeople’slife,publicsignsbelongtoaspecialstyle.Itisanindispensablehelperinpeople’slife.Theformofpublicsignsiseitheraconcisetext,orasimpleandeasy-to-understanddiagram,orboththetextandthediagram.Inordertorealizetheirfunctions,mostpublicsignshavethecharacteristicsofconcise,attractive,uniquesyntaxandfrankandpowerfullanguage.1.3ThecategoriesofpublicsignsDespitethewiderangeandvarietyofpublicsigns,publicsignscanbedividedintoseveralcategoriesaccordingtotheirfunctions,namely,instructionalsigns,indicativepublicsigns,restrictivepublicsigns,mandatorypublicsignsandculturally-loadedsigns.Thispaperwilldiscusstheinstructionalsignsandculturally-loadedsigns.Instructionalsignsprovideinformationtothepublicanddonotrestrictorforcethepublictotakecertainactionsorcarryoutcertainorders.Therefore,instructionalsignsaremostlycomposedofnounsandnounphrases.Suchas,“油漆未干”，“問訊處”,“中山路and“售票處”.Culturally-loadedpublicsignsrefertothosethatconveyacertainkindofculturalconnectionsorassociationswhichmayormaynotbefoundinotherlanguagesorcultures.Suchas,“應(yīng)縣木塔造型美觀,氣勢恢宏,用鬼斧神工,巧奪天工,來形容也不為過.”ThissentenceshowsthespecialcultureofChinesewords.Sowhenwetranslatethissentence,weshouldconsiderthecultureinthisculturally-loadedpublicsigns.1.4PublicsignsinplacesofinterestsPublicsignsinplacesofinterests

canberoughlydividedintoinstructional

publicsignsandculturally-loadedpublicsigns.Generallyspeaking,theinstructional

publicsignsaresomeindicativewords,suchas“注意安全”,“小心地滑”,“不要攀爬”

and“在此左轉(zhuǎn)”,whichareallinstructional

publicsignscommonlyseeninplacesofinterests.Andusuallyitisverydifficulttotranslateculturally-loadedwords.Suchas“路左有一巨石，時(shí)尚原有蘇東坡手書‘云外留春’四個(gè)大字”.ItsEnglishversionis“ToitsleftisanotherrockformerlyengravedwithefourbigChinesecharactersYunWaiLiuChun(Beyondcloudsandflowsspring)writtenbySuDongpo(1037-1101),themostversatilepoetoftheNorthernSongDynasty(960-1127)”.TheintroductionofSuDongpointhetranslationalsoreflectsthehighculturalvalueoftheword“云外留春”,whichwaswrittenbyaversatilepoetoftheNorthernSongDynasty.PartIIIntroductionofSkoposTheory2.1TheconceptofskopostheoryThetermofSkoposisoftenusedtorefertothepurposeofatranslation.ThewordSkoposcomesfromtheGreekword“Skopos”.AswellasSkopos,Vermeerusestherelevantwords“aim”,“purpose”,“intention”and“function”.Toavoidconfusionofconcepts,Nordproposesabasicdistinctionbetweenintentandfunction.“Intent”isdefinedfromtheperspectiveofthesender,while“function”referstotextualfunction,whichisjointlydeterminedbytherecipient’sexpectations,needs,knownknowledgeandenvironmentalconditions.IntheframeworkofVermeer’sskopostheory,oneofthemostimportantfactorsdeterminingthepurposeoftranslationistheaudiencetherecipientofthetranslation.Eachtranslationpointstoacertainaudience,sotranslationis“atextproducedforacertainpurposeandtargetaudienceinthecontextofthetargetlanguage”.Vermeerbelievesthattheoriginaltextisonlythesourceofsomeoralloftheinformationforthetargetaudience.Therefore,thestatusoftheoriginaltextinSkopostheoryisobviouslylowerthanthatinthetheoryofequivalence.Inthe1970s,functionaltranslationtheoryemergedinGermany.Itsdevelopmenthasgonethroughthefollowingstages.Thefirststage:CatherineRiceintroducedfunctionalcategoriesintotranslationcriticismforthefirsttimeandconnectedlanguagefunctions,discoursetypesandtranslationstrategies.Shealsodevelopedatranslationcriticismmodelbasedonthefunctionalrelationshipbetweensourcetextandtargettext,andthusproposedtheembryonicformoffunctionalism.AccordingtoRice,theidealtranslationshouldbeacomprehensivecommunicativetranslation,whichisequivalenttotheoriginalintermsofconceptualcontent,linguisticformandcommunicativefunction.Thesecondstage:HansVermeerputforwardskopostheory,whichfreedtranslationstudiesfromthebondageoftext-centeredtheory.Accordingtothistheory,translationisapurposefulandfruitfulbehaviorbasedontheoriginaltext,whichmustbecompletedthroughnegotiation.Translationmustfollowaseriesoflaws,ofwhichthelawofpurposeisthefirst.Inotherwords,thetranslationdependsonthepurposeoftranslation.Inaddition,translationmustfollowthe“internalcoherencelaw”and“interlingualcoherencelaw”.Theformermeansthatthetranslationmustbeinternallycoherent,whichisunderstandabletotherecipientofthetranslation,whilethelattermeansthatthereshouldalsobecoherencebetweenthetranslationandtheoriginaltext.Afterthesethreeprinciplesareputforward,thecriterionoftranslationisnolonger“equivalence”,buttheadequacyofthetranslationtoachievethedesiredgoal.Vermeeralsoputforwardtheconceptoftranslationcommission,thatis,thetranslatorshoulddecidewhether,whenandhowtocompletethetranslationtask.Inotherwords,translatorsshouldadoptcorrespondingtranslationstrategiesaccordingtodifferenttranslationpurposes,andhavetherighttodecidewhatcontentsoftheoriginaltextcanberetainedandwhatneedstobeadjustedormodifiedaccordingtothetranslationpurposes.Thethirdstage:JastaHotz-Mantaridrewonthetheoryofcommunicationandbehaviorandproposedabehavioraltheoryoftranslation,whichfurtherdevelopedthefunctionalisttheoryoftranslation,whichsawtranslationasapurpose-driven,results-orientedinterpersonalinteraction.ThistheoryhadmuchincommonwithSkopostheory,andVermeerlaterfusedthetwo.Thefourthstage:ChristinaNordsummarizedandimprovedthefunctionalisttheorycomprehensively.Forthefirsttime,ChristinaNordusedEnglishtosystematicallyexplaintheinternalandexternalfactorstobeconsideredintextanalysisintranslation,andhowtodeveloptranslationstrategiesbasedonthefunctionsoftheoriginaltext.ChristinaNordsortedoutthefunctionalisttheoriesandproposedthattranslatorsshouldfollowtheguidingprincipleof“functionandloyalty”,thusimprovingthetheory.2.2Theprinciplesofskopostheory2.2.1SkopostheorySkopostheoryholdsthattheprimaryprincipleofalltranslationactivitiesisthe“principleofpurpose”,thatis,translationshouldbeabletofunctioninthecontextandcultureofthetargetlanguageinthewayexpectedbytherecipientofthetargetlanguage.Thepurposeoftranslationbehaviordeterminesthewholeprocessoftranslationbehavior,thatis,theresulttobeachieveddeterminesthemethodstoemployed.However,translationactivitiescanhavemultiplepurposes,whicharefurtherdividedintothreecategories:(1)thebasicpurposeofthetranslator(suchasearningaliving);(2)thecommunicativepurposeofthetranslation(e.g.toenlightenthereader);(3)thepurposetobeachievedbyusingaspecialmeansoftranslation(e.g.literaltranslationaccordingtothestructureofalanguageinordertoillustratethespecialfeaturesofthegrammaticalstructure).However,ingeneral,“purpose”referstothecommunicativepurposeofthetranslation,thatis,“thecommunicativefunctionofthetranslationtothetargetlanguagereadersinthesocialandculturalcontextofthetargetlanguage.Therefore,thetranslatorshoulddefinehisspecificpurposeinagiventranslationcontextanddecidewhichtranslationmethodtoadoptaccordingtothispurpose--amongtheliteraltranslation,freetranslationorothertranslationmethods.”[1]2.2.2CoherenceruleCoherencerulereferstotherequirementthatthetargettextconformtothestandardsofintra-textualcoherence,i.e.thetargettextisreadableandacceptable,enablingtherecipienttounderstandandmakesenseofthetargetcultureandthecommunicativecontextinwhichthetargettextisused.2.2.3FidelityruleThefidelityruleisthatthereshouldbeinter-textualcoherencebetweenthesourcetextandthetranslation.Thisisequivalenttotheso-calledfidelitytotheoriginalinothertranslationtheories,butthedegreeandformoffidelitytotheoriginaldependsonthepurposeofthetranslationandthetranslator'sunderstandingoftheoriginal.PartIII:AnalysisandMethodsofChinese-EnglishTranslationofPublicSignsinPlacesofInterestsUnderSpokosTheory3.1AnalysisandsolutionsofC-Etranslationofpublicsignsinplacesofinterestsunderspokostheory3.1.1AnalysisofC-EtranslationofpublicsignsinplacesofinterestsunderspokostheoryInplacesofinterests,weoftenseealotofpublicsignsinbothChineseandEnglishversions.Aftercarefulobservationandanalysis,itisnotdifficulttoseethattherearesomeproblems.Inthispart,therearesomeexamplesoftranslationerrorsfromthetranslationsofthepublicsignsinsomeplacesofinterestsinBaoDingHebeiProvince.Exampleone,“呵護(hù)生命，請勿垂釣”.Theoriginaltranslationversionis“RESPECTLIVESANDDONOTFISHINTHELAKE”.Sincethefocusofthepublicsignsistoforbidfishinginthelake,itcanbeimprovedbybeingtranslatedinto“nofishing”only,tohighlightthecentralinformation.Exampletwo,“于雍正八年(1730)改為直隸總督署大堂”.Theoriginalversionis“Finallyin1730(theeighthyearofYongzheng’srule),itbecamethemainhalloftheZhiliGoveinor-Central’Office”Examplethree,“1913年6月18日早晨，筑夢校長蔣方震因改革校務(wù)受阻，憤而自戕未遂事件就發(fā)生在尚武堂”.Theoriginalversionis“OnthemorningofJune18,1913,thefamousheadmasterJiangFangzhenattemptedtosuicideherefortheschoolreformwasblocked.Examplefour,“1962年9月在保定市北郊的韓莊出土”.Theoriginalversionis“InSeptemberof1962,itwasunderthedinHanzhuanginthenorthernsuburbsofBaoding.Inthetranslationsofthesethreeexamples,adverbialsoftimeareputinfrontofeachChinesesentence,butinEnglish,adverbialsoftimeareusuallyputattheend,andtheemphasisofthesethreesentencesisonthetime,butthebodyofthetext.Therefore,theadverbialsoftimecanbeputafterandthemainpartofthesentencetoachievethetranslationpurposeofgivingprioritytothemaininformationoftourists.Examplefive,“如遇緊急情況，請聯(lián)系主管或撥打xxx”.Theoriginalversionis“Incaseofemergency,contactthesupervisororcallXXX”.Becausethereisnoneedtocontactthesupervisorormakephonecallswhenthereisnoproblem,soitisinappropriatetoputtheadverbialofconditioninthefrontpartofthesentenceforemphasis,consideringthatthetranslationshallabidebythe“faithfulprinciple”ofskopostheory.Thefaithfuldegreedependsonthetranslator'sunderstandingoftheoriginalandthepurposeoftranslation.Whenwearetranslatingsuchpublicsigns,weshouldconsiderwhethertheresultistobeemphasized.Ifnot,weshouldputtheresultatthebeginningofthesentenceinaccordancewiththeEnglishrulethatimportantinformationcomesfirst.Inthiswaytouristscangeteffectiveinformationinthefirstplace,whichfitsthecharacteristicsofpublicsigns.WecandrawaconclusionfromthefiveexamplesabovethatChinesespeakersandEnglishspeakersfocusondifferentrespectsinusinglanguage.ChinesespeakerstendtoputthemostimportantinformationinthelastplacewhileEnglishspeakerstendtoputthemostimportantinformationinthefirstplace.ThereforetranslatorsusuallyputthekeyinformationinthefirstplacewhentranslatingChineseintoEnglish.Butpublicsignsareintendedtoshowtouristsinformationclearly,soweshouldpayattentiontolocationofthekeyinformationtoconvey.Examplesix,“洗手間”wastranslatedinto“WashroomandToilet”.Simplicityandclarityisacharacteristicofpublicsigns.Ifonewordcanexpressclearlyandaccurately,thenitisnotnecessarytousemorewordstoexpressthesamemeaning.Thetranslatormaythinkthat“washroom”and“toilet”havedifferentmeanings.However,inthedictionarythedefinitionof“washroom”isthat“aroominapublicbuildingwherepeoplecanwashhandsandusethetoilet”,so“洗手間”canbeliterallytranslatedinto“washrooms”.Exampleseven,“外語在線，即時(shí)翻譯”wastranslatedinto“InstantOnlineForeignLanguageTranslation”.Onthe“smartservice”

card,touristscanscantheQRcodetoenjoyonlineinstanttranslationinmultiplelanguages.ButtheEnglishtranslationof“外語在線，即時(shí)翻譯”

containsredundantandunnecessaryinformation,resultinginsemanticdeviation,whichmakesitimpossiblefortouriststounderstandthemeaningaccurately.Whenwetranslatetheword“外語”

weshouldkeepitinmindthat“English”

isaforeignlanguageintheviewofChinese.WhenEnglishnativespeakersreadthispublicsign,theywillthinkitreferstoChineseorotherlanguages.Therefore,weshouldmakethetranslationconveytherealmeaningoftheorigintext.Sothispublicsignshouldbetranslatedinto“InstantOnlineLanguageTranslation”.Exampleeight,“南岳衡山是我國五岳名山之一”istranslatedinto“MountHengisamongthefivegreatestmountainsinChina.”ThetranslatorthinksthatforeigntouristsgenerallyknowmuchaboutthefivefamousmountainsinChina.Sothetranslatortranslatedthispublicsignliterally.Buttherearetwo“MountHeng”inChinaandoneofthemisinNorthChina”andtheotherisinSouthChina.AlthoughtwodifferentChinesecharactersareusedfor“Heng”,theyhappentobepronounceinthesamewayinEnglish.Sotheoriginalversionshouldberetranslatedinto“MountHenginSouthChinaisoneofthefivefamousmountainsinChina”.3.1.2SolutionsofC-EtranslationofpublicsignsinplacesofinterestsunderskopostheoryInviewofthetourismtext,thetranslatorshouldchoosethecorrespondingtranslationstrategyfirstlyaccordingtotheprincipleofpurpose,andthenensurethatthetranslationfollowstheprincipleofcoherence,soastomakethetranslationmorefaithfultotheoriginaltext.Theprincipleoffidelityisalsoapplicabletoguidethetranslationofnamesofplacesofinterests.Thetranslationofnamesofplacesofinterests

shouldmakethetouristswhousethetargetlanguageunderstandthespecificmeaningoftheplacesofinterests.Thetranslationoftourismtextsismainlytoservethemajorityofforeigntouristsandspreadthelocaltourismculture.Andalsothecharacteristicsandcharmofplacesofinterestscanbespreadinthisway.Alsoitwillhelpforeigntouriststohaveadesiretovisittheplacesofinterests.Themostfundamentalpurposeofpublicsignsistopublicizeandspreadtheplacesofinterests,soastoattracttouriststocomeandvisittheplacesofinterests.Therearedifferenttranslationstrategiesfordifferentkindsofpublicsigns,whicharetransliteration,literaltranslationandliberaltranslation.Themostimportantprincipleinskopostheoryistheprincipleofpurpose,whichmeansthatintheprocessoftranslation,thepurposeofthetranslationdetermineswhichtranslationstrategythetranslatorshouldadopt.Therefore,thetranslatorshouldmakeclearthepurposeoftranslationfirstly.Forexample,“從此，宋王朝對湘西地區(qū)仍實(shí)行‘以蠻夷治蠻夷’政策，同時(shí)也加強(qiáng)對湘西地區(qū)的軍事控制。”TheEnglishversionis“Fromthenon,theSongDynastycarriedouttheautonomypolicyandalsostrengthenedthemilitarycontrolamongminoritiesinWesternHunanarea”[2].ThepurposeofthispassageistointroducetheTusigoverningtothetourists,sothattheycanhaveabetterunderstandingoftheTusigoverningculture.Andif“以蠻夷治蠻夷”istranslatedliterally,thenitwillbedifficultforforeigntouriststounderstandtherealmeaningofthispublicsign.Itcanbeseenfromthetranslationthattranslatorsconsideredtheculturalbackgroundoftheforeigntouristsandthepurposeoftheoriginaltext.Sothetranslatortranslateditinto“autonomypolicy”.“ThistranslationconformstotheprincipleofpurposeandachievesthepurposeofhelpingforeignaudiencesknowmoreaboutTusigoverningculture.”[3]Thecoherenceprinciplereferstotherelationbetweenthetranslationandthetargetlanguagespeakers,andalsothetranslationmustconformtothelogic,grammaticalstructureandexpressionhabitsofthetargetlanguagespeakerssothatthetargetlanguagespeakerscanacceptandunderstandthetranslationeasily.Therefore,fromtheaspectofthecoherenceprinciple,thetranslatorshouldconsiderthelanguageusinghabitsofthetargetlanguagespeakersandadoptappropriatetranslationstrategiestomakethetranslationmorecoherentandsmooth.Forexample,“更體現(xiàn)了古代中國作為一個(gè)統(tǒng)一多民族國家對西南民族地區(qū)獨(dú)特的‘齊政修教、因俗而治’的管理智慧?！眎stranslatedinto“ItfurthermorebearsauniquetestimonytothewisdomofimperialChinaasaunifiedmulti-ethniccountryinadministratingthesouthwestminoritiesregionswiththeapproachof‘Retainoriginalethniclivingmodeandcustoms;introduceunifiednationaladministrationsystemandetiquette.”Inthistranslationsimplewordsandsyntacticstructuresareused.Butintheprocessoftranslation,thetranslatorignoredthelanguagehabitsofthetargetlanguagespeakersandadoptedtheliteraltranslation.Alsothetranslatordidnotfollowtheoriginalpublicsignandmadethetranslationslightlycomplicatedandrepetitive.Alsothistranslationdoesnotconformtotheprincipleofcoherenceandthetranslatordoesnotconsidertheacceptabilityandreadabilityofthetranslation.Thisversionmaketheforeigntourists’haveamisunderstandingofcultureintheprocessofvisitingtheplacesofinterests.Thethirdprincipleofskopostheoryistheprincipleoffidelity,whichmeansthatthetranslatorshouldrespecttheoriginaltextandaccuratelyconveythemeaningoftheoriginaltext.Thetranslationshouldfirstlyreflectthecontentoftheoriginaltextaccuratelyandconformtheformoftheoriginaltextstrictly.Forexample,“上效中央,下?lián)崦癖姟眎stranslatedinto“Loyaltothecentralgovernmentandlenienttowardsitspeople.”Theorigintext“上效中央,下?lián)崦癖姟盿retwotypicalChinesefour-characterexpressions.Whenthetranslatorhandlesthispublicsign,thetranslatortranslateditintotwoadjectivephraseswithsimilarstructure,whichwellfollowsthemeaningandformoftheoriginaltext.Andthistranslationnotonlyreflectsthebeautyoftheformoftheoriginaltextbutalsoconformtotheprincipleoffidelityofskopostheory.AndalsothistranslationhelpstheforeigntouriststounderstandthecultureandachievesthesemantictransformationbetweenChineseandEnglish.3.2MethodsofChinese-Englishtranslationsinpublicsignsofplacesofinterestsunderspokostheory3.2.1LiteraltranslationLiteraltranslationreferstotheone-to-onetranslation,wordbyword,sentencebysentence,beingloyaltotheoriginaltextbothincontentandformandnotviolatingtheoriginalculturalbackground.Thistranslationmethodmakesthetargettextconsistentwiththeoriginaltext.Andthetargettranslatedversionandtheoriginaltextcorrespondtoeachotherincontentandstructure,sothatthetargetlanguagereaderscanunderstandthemeaningoftheoriginaltextaccuratelyandeasily.Oneofthecharacteristicsofliteraltranslationisthatthetranslatorshouldnotonlytranslatethemainmeaningoftheoriginalsentence,butalsocomplywiththesyntacticstructureofthetargetlanguage.Therefore,comparedwiththetransliterationstrategy,themostimportantfeatureoftheliteraltranslationstrategyistoretainthesyntacticstructureandlanguagestyleoftheoriginaltext.Thatis,tobefaithfultotheoriginaltext.Thistranslationstrategyofliteraltranslationreflectstheprincipleofcoherenceandfidelityofskopostheory.InChina,manyplacesofinterestsarenamedaccordingtotheiractualgeographicallocation,geographicalcharacteristics,historicalallusionsandfamoushistoricalfigures.Wecantranslatethenamesoftheseplacesofinterestsinviewoftheactualgeographicallocation,geographicalfeaturesandsoon.Andthesenamescanbetranslatedaccordingtothemethodofliteraltranslation.Three-riverAncientTownaroundChaohunationaltourismandleisureareaisanancienthistoricandculturaltowninChinaandanational5Atouristattraction.TheFengleriver,TheHangbuRiverandTheXiaonanRivermeetinthetownandflowintoChaohuLake,hencethenameofThree-riverAncientTownwasadoptedaccordingtothegeographicallocation.Here“三河”canbeliterallytranslatedinto“Three-river”intheEnglishversionofThree-riverTown.Andforeigntouristscanaccuratelyknowthatthisistownwitharichandgenerousculture.Andtherearethreeriverswindthroughthetown,thushelpingforeigntouriststoappreciatethesceneof“smallbridgewhichisflowingothers’house”,andmakingthetranslationconformtotheprincipleofthepurposeofthefunctionaltranslationtheory.3.2.2TransliterationTransliterationreferstothetranslationofawordintheoriginallanguagewhichistranslatedintoawordwiththesameorsimilarpronunciationinthetargetlanguage.Forexample,inChinese-Englishtranslation,manypropernounssuchaspersonalnames,namesofplacesandbrandnamescanbedirectlytransliteratedintoEnglish.Inaccordancewithinternationalpractice,Chinaplacenames,includingnamesofprovinces,cities,countiesandevenvillagesaretranslatedaccordingtothemethodoftransliteration,suchas“Anhui”,“Hefei”,“Chaohu”.Themethodoftransliterationcaneffectivelyreducethecommunication