第1題Whatispathophysiology?AItisthescientificstudyofthemechanismsthatworktokeepthe

humanbody

aliveandfunctioning.BItisthestudyofetiology,pathogenesisandmorphologicchangesinthediseases.CItisasciencetostudythefunctionalandmetabolicalterationsinthehumanbodyinthedevelopmentofdiseases.DItservesasalinkbetweenbiologyandclinicalmedicine.第2題Wherewaspathophysiologyfirstopenedasanindependentcourse？AFranceBGermanyCItalyDRussia第1題ThefactorsthatintensifytherolesofcausativefactorsandpromotetheonsetanddevelopmentofdiseasesarecalledA

IntrinsicfactorsBPredisposingfactorsCPrecipitatingfactorsDRiskfactorsEExtrinsicfactors第2題ThegeneralrulesfordiseaseoccurrenceanddevelopmentincludeADisruptionofhomeostasis.BProcessofdamageandanti-damage.CReversalroleofcauseandresult.DCorrelationbetweensystemicandlocalregulation.正確答案：ABCDchoice第1題WhendidtheChineseJournalofPathophysiologystartpublicationinJinanUniversity?

A1985B1950C1961D1991第2題TheassessmentcriteriaforbraindeathdonotincludeAHeartarrestBCessationofspontaneousrespirationCIrreversiblecomaDAbsenceofcephalicreflexes第3題Theetiologyofacquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome(AIDS)involvesAimmunologicalfactorBbiologicalfactorCcongenitalfactorD

nutritionalfactor正確答案：AB第4題68year-oldfemalepatientpresentedtohospitalaftersheinjuredherleftfootinaslipinjury.Shewasdiagnosedwithdiabetesmellitusfifteenyearsago.Examinationshowedsoleulcersonbothfeet:2x2cmwideontheleftfootand3x3cmwideonhisrightfoot,thisbeingmoresevere.Theulcerspresentanamountofhyperkeratosis,swollenborderswithexudation.Thegeneralruleofpathogenesisinvolvedinthiscaseis

A

Injuryandanti-injuryB

CausalalterationCViciouscycleDCorrelationbetweensystemicandlocalregulation第5題A40-year-oldfemalearrivedatthehospitalafteraleftthoracoabdominalfallingtraumafrom3metershigh.Shehadnorelevantmedicalhistory.Atadmission,herbloodpressure(BP)was110/60mmHg,heartratewas110bpm,andoxygensaturationwas90%.Nosignofheadtraumawasfoundonphysicalexamination.Sheunderwentassessmentwithsonography,x-raysandCTscan.Then,shewasadmittedtotheacutecaresurgeryunit,becamehypotensive(BP:80/50mmHg)andremainedtachycardic.ThegeneralruleofpathogenesisinvolvedinthiscaseismainlyAInjuryandanti-injuryBAlternationofcauseandresultCDisruptionofhomeostasisDCorrelationbetweensystemicandlocalregulationsinglechoice第1題Howmanyistheproportionofbodyfluidtobodyweightinanadultman?A40%B60%C50%D75%第2題TheinternalenvironmentofthehumanbodyreferstoAIntracellularfluidBTranscellularfluidCInterstitialfluidDExtracellularfluidsinglechoice第1題WhichhormonemayserveinanendocrineaxislinkingtheintestinewithkidneytomaintainthebodyNa+balancefollowingoralNaClloadsasanintestinalnatriureticfactor?AArgininevasopressinBAldosteroneCAtrialnatriureticpeptideDUroguanylin第2題Whichofthefollowinghormonesinducestheexpressionandtranslocationofaquaporins?AAntidiuretichormoneBAldosteroneCAtrialnatriureticpeptideDGuanylinsinglechoice第1題Atearlystage，theprominentclinicalmanifestationinpatientswithhypertonicdehydrationisAIncreasedthirstsensationBPolyuriaCMuscleweaknessDSwellingofthecerebralcells第2題WhichofthefollowingdiseaseseasilycausesthedependentedemaARightventricularfailureBLeftventricularfailureCNephroticsyndromeDAcuteglomerulonephritissinglechoice第1題WhichofthefollowingfactorscanpromotepotassiumshiftoutofcellsthroughopeningofATP–dependentK+channelsAInsulinBbeta-adrenergicagonistsCAriseinextracellularpotassiumconcentrationDExercise第2題Inelectrocardiogram,TwaveismainlyrelatedtoApotentialsproducedastheatriadepolarizeBpotentialsgeneratedwhiletheventriclesdepolarizeCpotentialsgeneratedwhiletheventriclesrepolarizeDpotentialsproducedatthephase3oftherepolarizationofventriclessinglechoice第1題WhichofthefollowingfactorscannotcausehypokalemiaviarenalpotassiumlossAUseofcertaindiureticagentsBRenaltubularacidosisCPrimaryaldosteronismsDhypermagnesemia第2題HypokalemiacandecreasethemyocardialAconductivityBirritabilityCcontractilityDautomaticitysinglechoice第1題ThemechanismbywhichmildhyperkalemiaincreasestheirritabilityofnerveandmusclecellsisrelatedtoAreducingtherestingmembranepotentialvalueBincreasingtherestingmembranepotentialvalueCreducingthethresholdpotentialvalueDincreasingthethresholdpotentialvalue第2題TheclassicelectrocardiographicmanifestationofhyperkalemiaisApeakedT-wavesBST-segmentelevationCdisappearanceofPwavesDwideningoftheQRScomplexchoice第1題Whichionisthemajorcontributortotheosmolalityoftheintracellularfluid?AK+BNa+CCa2+DMg2+第2題Whentheplasmavolumedecreases,thefollowingfactorthatfirstregulateswaterandsodiumbalanceisAArgininevasopressin

BAldosterone

CAtrialnatriureticpeptide

DAngiotensin第3題PatientswiththesyndromeofinappropriateADHsecretionarepronetosufferfromAHypovolemichyponatremiaBHypotonicdehydration

CNormovolemichyponatremiaDHypervolemichyponatremia第4題Whichpartofbodyfluidislostmostlyinhypertonicdehydration?

AIntracellularfluidBTranscellularfluidC

InterstitialfluidDExtracellularfluid第5題A70-year-oldwomanwithahistoryofhypertension,diabetesandrenaldiseasepresentedtotheemergencydepartmentcomplainingofdiffuseweaknessfor24hours.Onexamination,vitalsignsshowedanormaltemperature,pulse100beats/min,respiratoryrate25breaths/min,pulseoximetry97%,bloodpressure160/100mmHg.Serumchemistries:pH7.30,bicarbonate22mmol/L,BUN128mg/dL,creatinine28.3mg/dL,andglucose240mg/dL.ECGshowedthatpeakedT-wavesandwideningoftheQRScomplex.Thepatientwastreatedintravenouslywithcalciumgluconate,sodiumbicarbonate,andinsulin(glucose50%solution)andECGbecamenormal.ThemostlikelyreasonforECGalterationinthispatientisA

HypocalcemiaBHypercalcemiaCketoacidosisD

Hyperkalemia第6題A60-year-oldwomanwithahistoryofhypertension,diabetesandrenaldiseasepresentedtothehospitalcomplainingofdiffuseweaknessfor24hours.Onexamination,vitalsignsshowedanormaltemperature,pulse100beats/min,respiratoryrate25breaths/min,pulseoximetry97%,bloodpressure160/100mmHg.Serumchemistries:pH7.30,bicarbonate22mmol/L,BUN128mg/dL,creatinine28.3mg/dL,andglucose240mg/dL.ECGshowedthatabsenceofregularP-waves,peakedT-wavesandwideningoftheQRScomplex.Thepatientwastreatedintravenouslywithcalciumgluconate,sodiumbicarbonate,andinsulin(glucose50%solution)andECGbecamenormal.ThemostlikelymechanismforpeakedT-wavesinECGinthispatientis

AdecreasedvelocityofmyocardialdepolarizationBdepolarizedblockingofmyocardialcellsCincreasedvelocityofmyocardialrepolarizationatphase3Dincreasedvelocityofmyocardialrepolarizationatphase2singlechoice第1題

whichprocedurechangestheoxygen-carryingcapacityofhemoglobinAPlaceamouseintotheairtightbottlewithsodalimeBThemouseinhalescarbonmonoxideCThemousewasinjectedwithsodiumnitriteDB+C第2題Thecherry-redcolorofbloodindicatesATheformationofmethemoglobin(nitritepoisoning)BTheformationofcarboxyhemoglobin(COpoisoning)

C

Theformationofoxyhemoglobin

D

Theformationofdeoxygenatedhemoglobinsinglechoice第1題Usemethylenebluetotreatnitriteintoxication,whichstatementisINCORRECT

AMethylenebluecancapturehydrogen.

BMethylenebluecantransferhydrogen.CMethylenebluecanreducetheironofHbfromferrictoferrousstate.

DHigherthedoseofmethyleneblue,bettertheresultoftreatingnitriteintoxication.第2題Whichofthefollowingfactorsmaketheoxygen-dissociationcurveofhemoglobinshifttoleft?A2,3-DPG↑,

pH↑，temperature↑B2,3-DPG↓,pH↓andtemperature↓

C2,3-DPG↑，pH↓，

temperature↑

D2,3-DPG↓,pH↑andtemperature↑singlechoice第1題Thehost’sresponsetochronichypoxiadonotincludeA

IncreaseinmyoglobinB

IncreaseinredbloodcellsCIncreasedabilityoftissuestoutilizeoxygen

DShiftoftheoxyhemoglobindissociationcurvetoleft第2題ThealternationofbloodgascausedbysuffocationmaybeAPaO2andPaCO2arehigh.BPaO2ishighandPaCO2isnormal.CPaO2ishighandPaCO2islow.

DPaO2islowandPaCO2ishigh.

singlechoice第1題

ThemajorsitesofheatproductionareABrain

BSkinandliverCLungsandmuscles

DLiverandmuscles第2題Thefollowingsallhavehigherbodytemperature.Whichisfever?

ARunningBPrementrunCMalariaDStresswithpsychologicstimulationsinglechoice第1題ThemetaboliccharacteristicduringthefervescenceperiodinfeverisAHeatloss<heatproductionBHeatloss>heatproductionCHeatloss=heatproductionDDisorderinheatloss第2題WhichofthefollowingistheactivatortoinduceendogenouspyrogenproductionAInterleukin-1BTumornecrosisfactorCInterferonDEndotoxinsinglechoice第1題WhichofthefollowingistheactivatortoinduceendogenouspyrogenproductionAVirusB

EndotoxinCTumornecrosisfactorD

A+B第2題Whichiscorrectforfeverdefinition?AFeverresultsfromriseinsetpointofthermoregulatorycenter.BBodytemperatureis0.5℃higherthannormallevel.CFeverisacommondisease.DHeatproductionisgreaterthanheatloss.singlechoice第1題Ischemia-reperfusioninjuryismostcommoninAMyocardiumBBrainCLiverDKidneyEIntestines第2題

ThecausesofischemiareperfusionareA

ShocktreatmentBOrgantransplantationCIntherecoveryofheartafterischemicarrestDTissueinfarctionbythrombolysisEPlasmacolloidosmoticpressurerise正確答案：ABCD第3題Whichenzymeisrequiredduringtheconversionofxanthinedehydrogenasetoxanthineoxidase?AMg2+-dependentprotease

BFe2+-dependentprotease

CCa2+-dependentprotease

DCu2+-dependentproteasesinglechoice第1題WhatisthemostreactiveandpowerfuloxygenradicalsAO2-

B

H2O2

COH.

D

L.ELOO第2題WhatisthewrongstatementaboutfreeradicalsAAfreeradicalisageneraltermforanatom,radicalgroup,andmoleculehavinganunpairedelectron.BO2-isthebasisfortheproductionofotherreactiveoxygenspecies.CThefreeradicalsinthebodydon'tdoanygood.D

Thechemicalpropertiesoffreeradicalsareextremelyreactive.第3題ThemechanismsofcalciumoverloadinducedbyelevatedcatecholaminesincardiomyocytesareasfollowsAL-typecalciumchannelopeningincreasedBIncreasedCa2+releasefromthesarcoplasmicreticulumC

IncreasedcellmembranepermeabilityDNa+-Ca2+exchangeisenhancedECa2+-Mg2+-ATPaseactivityisenhanced正確答案：ABCD第4題Thecommonpathwaythatleadtoirreversiblecelldamageduringischemia/reperfusioninjuryis:A

LacktheATP

BCalciumoverloadCNoreflow

DTheactionofoxygenfreeradicalELeukocyteinfiltration第5題

Whichofthefollowingsubstancesisnotattackedbyfreeradical?ASaccharidesBProteinsCEndoplasmicreticulummembraneDMitochondriaEDNA第6題ThemainmechanismofcalciumoverloadduringreperfusionisA

IncreasedH+-Ca2+exchange

B

IncreasedMg2+-Ca2+exchangeCIncreasedNa+-Ca2+exchange

D

IncreasedP3+-Ca2+exchangeE

IncreasedK+-Ca2+exchangechoice第1題AmongthefollowingconditionsthatdonotcausereperfusioninjuryisAOrgantransplantationBDeplantationofaseveredlimbCCoronaryarterythrombolysis

DArteriovenousfistulaECoronaryarterybypasssurgery第2題ThemajormechanismofincreasedneutrophilinfiltrationduringreperfusionisATheeffectofhistamineandkinin

B

TheeffectofC3aandC5aCTheeffectofArachidonicacidmetabolitesD

TheeffectofLTC4ETheeffectofchemokinesandinflammatorymediators正確答案：Echioce第1題

Whichisthemostcommontypeofischemia-reperfusionarrhythmiaAAtrialarrhythmiaB

Ventriculararrhythmias

CAtrioventricularblockDAtrialfibrillation第2題Themostsignificanthistologicalchangesincerebralischemia-reperfusioninjuryareACerebraledema

BCerebralinfarction

CNecrosisofbraincells

DCerebralhemorrhageE

Cerebralthrombosis正確答案：AC第3題

ItisgenerallybelievedthattheinitialstageofischemiareperfusioninjuryisACalciumoverload.

B

No-reflowCThelackofATP

DOxygenfreeradicalENeutrophilinfiltrationsinglechoice第1題

TheinitialchangeresponsibleforshockisAReductionofcirculatoryvolumeBIncreaseincapillaryvolumeCDepressedmyocardialcontractilityDA+B+C第2題The

initialchangeresponsibleforanaphylacticshockis

ADepressedmyocardialcontractility

B

DecreasedcapillaryvolumeCReductionofcirculatoryvolumeD

Increasedcapillaryvolumesinglechoice第1題AbnormalincreaseinthecapillaryvolumewillAIncreasebloodpressureBDecreasebloodpressure.CBenoeffectonbloodpressureDNoneoftheabove第2題Thecontractionandrelaxationofsphincterscontrolthebloodflowincapillarynetwork.TheregulationofsphinctersisbyANeuralmechanismonlyBHumoralmechanismonlyC

LocalhydrostaticpressureonlyDA+Bsinglechoice第1題Whichoneofthefollowingsismostlikelytodevelophypotension,evenshock

AHypertonicdehydrationBHypotonicdehydrationCIsotonicdehydrationDEdema第2題

Bloodshuntedawayfrom“nonessential”organsisnamed:

AAutobloodinfusionBAutofluidinfusionC

RedistributionofbloodperfusionDPromotionofwaterretentionsinglechoice第1題ThemostimportantpurposefortreatingshockisA

Correctionofacid-baseimbalancesBRemovingetiologicalfactorsCElevatingbloodpressureDImprovementofbloodperfusion第2題ThechiefmechanismresponsibleforcardiogenicshockisAReducedvenousreturnB

Rapiddecreaseincardiacoutput

C

VasodilationDIncreasedperipheralresistanceE

Waterandsodiumretentionsinglechoice第1題Obstetricalemergenciesusually

AInduceacuteDICBInducechronicDICCAreverylowrisktoinduceDICDInduceDICin100%cases第2題ThekeytriggerthatactivatestheextrinsicpathwayofcoagulationisAfibrinBplasminogenCtissuefactor

Dplateletssinglechoice第1題ThesubsequenceofstagesinDICdevelopmentisusually

Afromhypercoagulablestagetohypocoagulablestagethentosecondaryfibrinolyticstage

BfromhypocoagulablestagetohypercoagulablestagethentosecondaryfibrinolyticstageCfromhypercoagulablestagetosecondaryfibrinolyticstagethentohypocoagulablestage

Dfromhypocoagulablestagetosecondaryfibrinolyticstagethentohypercoagulablestage第2題

ThemanifestationofDICincludeAbleedingBshockCMicroangiopathichemolyticanemia

DA+BEalloftheabove

正確答案：Esinglechoice第1題Thenormalrangeforcardiacoutputisabout

A3to5L/minB4to8L/minC5to8L/minD6to10L/min第2題Themostcharacteristichemodynamicchangesinheartfailureare

A

Pulmonarycirculatorycongestion

B

DecreasedarterialbloodpressureCDecreasedcardiacoutputDIncreasedcapillaryresistancesinglechoice第1題ThemaincompensatorymechanismsinHFincludeACardiaccompensationBSystemiccompensationCNeurohormonalcompensationDAlloftheabove第2題ConcentrichypertrophyistheresultofresponsetoAshort-termpressureoverloadBshort-termvolumeoverloadClong-termpressureoverloadDlong-termvolumeoverloadsinglechoice第1題whichdiseaseisthemostcommoncauseofmyocardialnecrosisAMyocarditisBEndocarditisCcardiotoxicdrugsDMyocardialinfarctioninducedbycoronaryartery

第2題Thefollowingionimbalanceisrelatedtomyocardialdysfunctioncausedbyexcitation-contractioncoupling.ASodiumionBPotassiumionCCalciumionDHydrogenionsinglechoice第1題Inpatientswithheartfailure,cardiacoutputisoftenlessthan

A3L/min

B3.5L/min

C5L/min

D6L/min

第2題Whichofthefollowingistheearliestclinicalmanifestationofrightheartfailure

AdyspneaBpulmonarycongestionCEdemaoflowerlimbsDengorgementofjugularveinsinglechoice第1題whereare

exchangeofgasbetweeninexternalbreath？AlungandairBlungandbloodCairandbloodDoxygenandcarbondioxide第2題Regardingrespiratoryfailure,whichofthefollowingiscorrectAItisnecessarythatPaO2islessthan60mmHgBItisnecessarythatPaCoO2isgreaterthan50mmHgCItisnecessarythatPaO2islessthan60mmHgwithPaCO2isgreaterthan50mmHgDItisnotnecessarythatPaO2islessthan60mmHgsinglechoice第1題Regardingrestrictiveventilatorydisorders,whichofthefollowingiscorrectADuringtheinhalation,theexpansionof

thoraciccavityisrestrictedBDuringtheinhalation,theexpansionofthealveoliisrestrictedCDringtheexhalation,theexpansionofthoraciccavityisrestrictedDDringtheexhalation,theexpansionofthealveoliisrestricted第2題Whatsymptomsthepatientusuallypresentswhentheobstructionlocatedinintra-thoracicairwayAInspiratorydyspneaBExpiratorydyspneaCBothDNeithersinglechoice第1題WhattypeofrespiratoryfailurewillbecausedintheusualcaseofdiffusiondisorderATypeI,PaO2maydecrease,PaCO2remainsnormalBTypeI,PaO2maydecrease,PaCO2increasesCTypeII,PaO2maydecrease,PaCO2remainsnormalDTypeII,PaO2maydecrease,PaCO2increases第2題Functionalshunt

referstoALocalhypo-perfusionBLocalhypoventilationCLocalhyper-perfusionDLocalhyperventilationsinglechoice第1題Intype2respiratoryfailure,whichofthefollowingiscorrectAMetabolicacidosisBRespiratoryacidosisCBothDNeither第2題ExceedingPaCO2maycause"carbondioxidenarcosis"andcoma.A50mmHgB60mmHgC80mmHgD90mmHgsinglechoice第1題Whichofthefollowingisnotthemajorfunctionofliver?AProductionofbileBClearingthebloodofdrugsandotherpoisonoussubstancesCSecretionofdigestiveenzymesDProductionofcertainproteinsforbloodplasma第2題Inmanycases,chronicliverfailureresultsfromcirrhosis.第3題Whichofthefollowingcancauseliverfaliure?AViralinfectionsBAutoimmunediseaseCOveruseofcertaindrugsortoxinsDShock正確答案：ABCDsinglechoice第1題Hepaticencephalopathyimpliesthatalteredbrainfunctionisduetometabolicabnormalities.第2題Whichofthefollowingistheprecipitatingfactorassociatedwithhepaticencephalopathy?AHyperkalem