Chapter1TheAmericanLand

GeneralknowledgeThecountryissituatedmostlyincentralNorthAmerica,withCanadatothenorthandMexicotothesouth,thePacific

OceantothewestandAtlanticOceantotheeast.Landarea:9.83millionkm2Population:309millionComposition:50states(48contiguousstatesandtwoseparatestates)ThefaceofthelandFromeasttowest:TheAtlanticshoreTheAppalachiansCentralLowlands/GreatLakes(inthenorth)TheGreatPlainsTheRockyMountains(peak:Mt.Elbert:4300meters)——backboneofthecontinentThehighColoradoPlateauTheCascadeMountains(tothenorth)andtheSierraNevadaMountains(tothesouth,peak:Mt.Whitney:4418meters)CoastRangesFiftyStatesTheNortheast:11statesFeatures:leadingcentersoftradeandindustry,heavilypopulatedNewEngland(6stats):Maine,NewHampshire，Massachusetts,RhodeIsland,Connecticut,Vermont.TheMid-AtlanticStates(6states):NewYork,Pennsylvania,NewJersey,Delaware,Maryland.TheSouth:14statesVirginia,WestVirginia,NorthCarolina,SouthCarolina,Tennessee,Kentucky,Georgia,Florida,Alabama,Mississippi,Louisiana,Arkansas,Texas,andOklahoma.Features:Richsoil,plentifulrainfall,mildclimateStronginagriculture:tobacco,cornTheMid-west:12statesPosition:withGreatLakestothenorthandMississippiRivertothewest.Ohio,Indiana,Illinois,Michigan,Wisconsin,Minnesota,Missouri,Iowa,Kansas,Nebraska,NorthDakota,southDakota.Features：1）heavyindustry:Chicago,Detroit2)agriculture:CornBeltalongtheMississippiRiverbandTheWest:11statesThearidIntermountainPlateaus(ColumbiaPlateaus,GreatBasin,ColoradoPlateaus)8States:Montana,Wyoming,Colorado,NewMexico,Idaho,Utah,Nevada,Arizona.Features:Plateaus(GrandCanyon),deserts(DeathValley)Naturalscenery:YellowstoneNationalParkThePacificcoast:3states:California,Oregon,WashingtonFeatures:1)fertileland---agriculture/California(apricots,avocados,almonds,olives,grapespeaches)2)forest---lumber/Oregon3)fishing---Seattle/WashingtonofficiallyproclaimedastateinU.Sin1959ThelargeststateinU.S(area:1,518,800km2)Capital:JuneauGeography:ThestateisborderedbytheYukonTerritoryandBritishColumbiainCanadatotheeast,theGulfofAlaskaandthePacificOceantothesouth,theBeringSea,BeringStrait,andChukchiSeatothewestandtheArcticOceantothenorth.Climate:arctic(north),sub-arctic(central),oceanic(south),longwinters,shortcoolsummerIndustry:fishing,fur,lumber,productionofwoodpulpAlaskaHawaiiAdmittedasastatein1959Capital:HonoluluClimate:tropical,mildpopulationVariedracialandethnicgroup--“meltingpot”ConstantimmigrationChapter2EarlySettlers1.ThefirstAmericans:theIndiansTheindigenouspeoplesoftheU.S.mainland,includingAlaskaNatives,aremostcommonlybelievedtohavemigratedfromSiberia,Asia.Theybeganarrivingatleast11,000andasmanyas17,000yearsago.Somedevelopedadvancedagriculture,grandarchitecture,andstate-levelsocieties.AfterEuropeansbegansettlingtheAmericas,manymillionsofindigenousAmericansdiedfromepidemicsofimporteddiseasessuchassmallpox,Chickenpox.2.Thediscoveryandsettlement(1)Norse:ThereisevidencetoprovethatthefirstEuropeanstoarriveinNorthAmericawereNorse,travellingfromGreenland.*ErictheRed(950–c.1003)foundedthefirstNordicsettlementinGreenland.(2)ColumbusChristopherColumbusisbelievedtohavebeenthediscovererofAmerica.In1492,GenoeseexplorerChristopherColumbus,undercontracttotheSpanishcrown,reachedseveralCaribbeanislands,makingfirstcontactwiththeindigenouspeople.HisarrivalinAmericaopenedupanewwordforEuropeansandinitiatedthespreadofcivilizationtoanewworld.3.ColonialPeriod

referstothehistoryofthelandfromthestartofEuropeansettlementtothetimeofindependencefromEurope,andespeciallytothehistoryofthethirteencoloniesofBritainwhichdeclaredthemselvesindependentin1776.(1)EnglishcoloniesTheEnglishestablishedcoloniesalongtheeastcoastofNorthAmericafromNewfoundlandasfarsouthasFlorida.ThefirstsuccessfulEnglishcolonywasJamestown,establishedin1607,onasmallrivernearChesapeakeBay.TheventurewasfinancedandcoordinatedbytheLondonVirginiaCompany,ajointstockcompanylookingforgold.Itsfirstyearswereextremelydifficult,withveryhighdeathratesfromdiseaseandstarvation,warswithlocalIndians,andlittlegold.Afterthe1620s,aseriesofcolonieswereestablishedalongthenortheastcoastofnorthAmerica.EnglandalsotookovermanycoloniesfromotherEuropeancountries,suchas:NewNetherland,NewSweden,NewFrance,andFlorida.ThetwocrucialeventsthatplayedaroleinthedevelopmentofAmerica:(1)theGeneralAssemblyheldintheNewWorldin1619.(2)thearrivalofAfricanstoJamestownasindenturedservants.ThirteenofBritain’sColoniesrebelledin1776.TheThirteenColonieswereBritishcoloniesfromNewHampshiretoGeorgiathatfoughttheAmericanRevolutionanddeclaredindependenceinJuly1776astheUnitedStatesofAmerica.Thecolonieswerefoundedbetween1607(Virginia),and1733(Georgia).Theoriginalthirteenstates,inchronologicalorderoftheirratificationoftheUnitedStatesConstitutionwere:Delaware,Pennsylvania,NewJersey,Georgia,Connecticut,Massachusetts,Maryland,SouthCarolina,NewHampshire,Virginia,NewYork,NorthCarolina,RhodeIslandReligiousimmigrantsBritishimmigrantswhocametothecoloniesforreligiousfreedom.Twogroups:(1)ThePilgrims(Protestants),soughttoleavetheChurchofEngland.(2)thePuritanswantedtoreformbysettinganexampleofaholycommunitythroughthesocietytheyweretobuildinthenewworld.(1)ThePilgrimssailedtoAmericaontheMayflowerandestablishedthePlymouthcolony(inMassachusetts)in1620.OriginofThanksgivingday(P38).(2)ThePuritansorganizedbytheMassachusettsBayCompanycametoAmericaandestablishedtheMassachusettsBayColonyin1629.（2）FrenchcolonizationTheFrenchcolonizationoftheAmericasbeganinthe16thcentury,andcontinuedinthefollowingcenturiesasFranceestablishedacolonialempireintheWesternHemisphere.FrancefoundedcoloniesinmuchofeasternNorthAmerica,onanumberofCaribbeanislands,andinSouthAmerica.AstheycolonizedtheNewWorld,theFrenchestablishedfortsandsettlementsthatwouldbecomesuchcitiesasQuebecandMontrealinCanada;Detroit,St.Louis,Mobile,Biloxi,BatonRougeandNewOrleansintheUnitedStates.ThefirstsuccessfulcolonywasAcadiafoundedin1604.AcadiawasthenamegiventolandsinaportionoftheFrenchcolonialempireinnortheasternNorthAmericathatincludedpartsofeasternQuebec,theMaritimeprovinces,andmodern-dayNewEngland,stretchingasfarsouthasPhiladelphia.TheTerritorialCollectivityofSaintPierreandMiquelon(/?se?nt

pi????r

?nd?m?k??l?n/)isagroupofsmallFrenchislandsintheNorthAtlanticOcean,themainislandsbeingSaintPierreandMiquelon,southoftheCanadianprovinceofNewfoundland&Labrador.Theislandsareascloseas10

kilometres(6.2

mi)fromGreenIsland,partofNewfoundland.SpanishcoloniesFlorida:SpainestablishedmanysmallsettlementsinFlorida,mostofwhichweresoonabandonedtoBritain.TheU.S.tookpossessionin1819.NewMexico(1598-1821):EventhoughtherehavebeenseveralclaimswithintheboundariesoftheKingdomofNewMexicobyseveralforeignpowers,controlhadalwaysbeenmaintainedbySpain(223years)andlaterMexico(25years)untilthearrivaloftheAmericanArmy.California(1769-1821)

Duringthelastquarterofthe18thcentury,thefirstEuropeansettlementswereestablishedinCalifornia.PortuguesecolonizationPortugalestablishedsettlementinBrazil(Salvador,RiodeJaneiro)through15thto16thcenturyanddidnotdivideitscolonialterritoryinAmerica.DanishcolonizationDanishWestIndies(VirginIslands)from18thuntil20thcentury,latersoldtoU.S.SwedishcolonizationNewSwedenwasaSwedishcolonyalongtheDelawareRiverValleyfrom1638to1655.NewSwedenwasincorporatedintoDutch

NewNetherlandonSeptember15,1655.DutchcolonizationTheRepublicoftheSevenUnitedNetherlandsfoundedthecolonialprovinceNewNetherlandonnortheasterncoastofNorthAmericain17thcentury.Dutchclaimstotheregionwerebasedonexplorationsmadebetween1609and1614,thefirstmadebyHenryHudsonalongtheriverwhichtodaybearshisname.Thecolony'scapital,NewAmsterdam,foundedin1625andlocatedatthesoutherntipoftheislandofManhattanontheUpperNewYorkBay.ThecitywassurrenderedtotheBritishin1664.4.ColonialrelationswiththeIndiansTwokindsofsettlerscometoAmerica:1)fortradeandprofits;2)tofindnewlandstoliveandbuildnewlives(thepilgrims);BothofthemcausedfightswiththeIndiansforland.RussianColonizationThefirstRussiancolonyinAlaskawasfoundedin1784byGrigory

Shelikhov.TheRussian-AmericanCompanywasformedin1799forthepurposeofhuntingseaottersfortheirfur.TradingpostsestablishedinAlaska,theAleutianIslands,BritishColumbia,Washington,OregonandasfarsouthasFortRossinnorthernCalifornia.In1867theU.S.purchasedAlaska.RussianmissionariessuchasHermanofAlaskaestablishedtheOrthodoxChurchamongthenativetribes.TheOrthodoxChurchandAlaskaNativescontinuetobecloselyassociated.5.WarsforterritoryWarsbetweenFranceandBritaininthe18thcentury.TheSevenYear’sWar(1756-1763)BritainwonthewarandFrancerelinquishedallofCanada,theGreatLakesandtheupperMississippiValleytoBritain.6.BritishinfluenceoncoloniesImitatedBritishstylesofdress,danceandetiquette.FollowedEnglishpoliticalstructure.7.BlackslavesTheyworkedonfarmsandplantations,togrowrice,indigoandtobacco,andalsoinavarietyofotheroccupations.Theyweretreatedasproperty,tobefreelyboughtandsold.Chapter3

EthnicMinoritiesOverview

TheUnitedStatesisadiversecountryraciallyandethnically.

Sixmainracesarerecognizedofficially:White,BlackorAfricanAmerican,Asian,AmericanIndianandAlaskaNative,NativeHawaiianandOtherPacificIslander,andpeopleofTwoormoreraces.Americansarealsoclassifiedas"HispanicorLatino"and"NotHispanicorLatino",whichidentifiesHispanicandLatinoAmericansasaraciallydiverseethnicitythatcomposesthelargestminoritygroupinthenation.AfricanAmericansBlackorAfricanAmerican:thosehavingoriginsinanyoftheblackracialgroupsofSub-SaharanAfrica.About13%oftheAmericanpeopleareAfricanAmericans,mostofwhomareprimarilydescendantsofAfricanswholivedthroughtheSlaveryeraintheU.S.between1619andthe1860sandwereemancipatedduringtheAmericanCivilWar.BlackAmericansarethelargestracialminorityasopposedtoHispanicsandLatinos,whoarethelargest"ethnic"minority.Livingarea:Historically,mostAfricanAmericanslivedintheSoutheastandSouthCentralstates.SinceWorldWarIthereoccurredtheGreatMigrationofruralblackAmericanstothenortherncitiesthatlasteduntil1960.Sincethe1980s,thismigrationfromtheSouthhasreversed,withmillionsofAfricanAmericans,manywell-educated,movingtogrowingmetropolitanareasinthatregion.Today,mostAfricanAmericans(56%)liveintheSouthernUSandinurbanareas.Language:AfricanAmericanVernacularEnglish(AAVE)orblackEnglishReligion:Protestantism(majority),IslamHispanicandLatinoAmericans

HispanicandLatinoAmericansreferstoAmericanswithethnicorancestraltiestoHispanicLatinAmerica.AmericansofHispanicorigincomposed14.8%ofthepopulation(44million)in2006andwasthelargestethnicminority.AfricanAmericansarethesecondlargestminoritygroup.Theleadingcountry-of-originforHispanicAmericanswasMexico(28.3million),followedbyPuertoRico(3.9million)andCuba(1.5million).Culture:Spanishlanguage,RomancatholicreligionOrigin:mestizos(EuropeanandAmericanIndianancestry),mulattoes(EuropeanandAfricanancestry)Livingarea:urbanareaslikeLA,NewYorkcity,Chicago,Miami.Feature:BiculturalandbilingualNativeAmericansIndigenouspeoplesoftheAmericas,suchasAmericanIndiansandInuit,madeup0.8%ofthepopulationin2006,numbering2.4million.Oncethoughttofaceextinctioninraceorculture,therehasbeenaremarkablerevivalofNativeAmericanidentityandtribalsovereigntyinthe20thcentury.ThelargesttribalgroupisCherokee

；livinginOklahomaintheCherokeeNation,andinNorthCarolinaonremnantsoftheirancestralhomelands.ThesecondlargesttribalgroupistheNavajo,wholiveona16-millionacre(65,000

km2)IndianreservationcoveringnortheastArizona,northwestNewMexicoandsoutheastUtah.ThethirdlargestgrouparetheLakota(Sioux)NationlocatedinthestatesofMinnesota,Montana,Nebraska,Wyoming;andNorthandSouthDakota.AsianAmericansAthirdsignificantminorityistheAsianAmericanpopulation,comprising13.1millionin2006,or4.4%oftheU.S.population.Californiaishometo4.5millionAsianAmericans,whereas512,000liveinHawaii.AsianAmericansliveacrossthecountry,andarealsofoundinlargenumbersinNewYorkCity,Chicago,Boston,Houston,andotherurbancenters.Itisbynomeansamonolithicgroup.ThelargestgroupsareimmigrantsordescendantsofimmigrantsfromthePhilippines,China,India,Brunei,Malaysia,Vietnam,Cambodia,SouthKoreaandJapan.JewishAmericans

JewishAmericansareAmerican

citizensoftheJewishfaithand/orJewishethnicity.TheUnitedStatesishometothelargestorsecondlargest(afterIsrael)Jewishcommunityintheworld.JewishimmigrationtotheUnitedStatesincreaseddramaticallyintheearly1880s,asaresultofpersecutioninpartsofEasternEurope.Livingarea:NewYorkCity,Miami,LA,Philadelphia,Chicago,SanFrancisco,Boston,andWashingtonDC.Religion:JudaismScotch-IrishAmerican

referstoinhabitantsoftheUnitedStateswhoareofUlsterScottishdescent,immigratingfromtheprovinceofUlsterinIreland.Livingarea:centralNewEngland;MassachusettsisthemostIrishstate.Features:pronetoalcoholism,havingshorttempers,policeofficers,firefighters.GermanAmericansGermanAmericansareAmericansofGermandescent.TheyformthelargestethnicgroupintheUnitedStates,outnumberingtheIrishandEnglish.SettlingprimarilyinNewYorkandPennsylvania.GermanAmericanshavebeeninfluentialinalmosteveryfield,fromsciencetoarchitecture,industry,sports,entertainment,andgovernment.E.g.AlbertEinstein,celebrationofChristmas,etc.FrenchAmericansFrenchAmericansorFranco-AmericansareAmericansofFrenchdescent.ThemajorityofAmericansofFrenchdescentaredescendantsofthosewhofirstsettledinCanadainthe17thcentury(knownasNewFranceatthetime,whichlaterbecametheCanadianProvinceofQuebec.)Population:11.8millionLanguage:1.6millionspeakFrenchathome,thefourthmost-spokenlanguageinthecountry,behindEnglish,Spanish,andChinese,andthesecondmostcommonlytaughtforeignlanguageinU.S.highschools,colleges,anduniversitiesbehindSpanish.RussianAmerican

RussianAmericansareAmericanswhoseancestorswereborninRussia.Non-ethnicRussiansinthisgroupcouldbeJews,Ukrainians,Armenians,oranyotherethnicitywhowerebornandgrewupinRussia.Historyofimmigration:Earlysettlers:TheterritorythattodayistheUnitedStatesstateofAlaskawassettledbytheRussiansandcontrolledbytheRussianEmpire.ThefirstmassivewaveofimmigrationofRussianstotheUnitedStatestookplaceinlate19thcentury,someforpoliticalreasons,someforeconomicreasons,andsomeforacombinationofboth.

Chapter4GovernmentandPoliticsOverview

TheUnitedStatesisfederal

constitutionalrepublicandrepresentativedemocracy.ThegovernmentisregulatedbyasystemofchecksandbalancesdefinedbytheU.S.Constitution,whichservesasthecountry'ssupremelegaldocument.IntheAmericanfederalistsystem,citizensareusuallysubjecttothreelevelsofgovernment,federal,state,andlocal.BasicStructureoftheU.SPoliticalSystemConstitutionTheConstitutionoftheUnitedStatesofAmericaisthesupremelawoftheUnitedStates.ItisthefoundationandsourceofalllegalauthorityandthefederalgovernmentoftheUnitedStates.ItprovidestheframeworkfortheorganizationoftheUnitedStatesgovernmentandfortherelationshipofthefederalgovernmenttothestates,tocitizens,andtoallpeoplewithintheUnitedStates.TheConstitutiondefinesthethreemainbranchesofgovernment,specifiesthepowersanddutiesofeachbranch,andreservesallunenumeratedpowersfortherespectivestatesandthepeople,therebyestablishingthefederalsystemofgovernment.OriginsoftheconstitutionTheDeclarationofIndependenceprovidedbasicprinciplesfortheconstitutionsuchasequality,naturalright,limitedgovernment,andtheconsentofthegoverned.ArticlesofConfederation(聯(lián)邦條款)Philosophicalorigin:JohnLocke,SecondTreatiseonCivilGovernment,ArticlesoftheconstitutionTheConstitutionconsistsofapreamble,sevenoriginalarticles,twenty-sevenamendments,andaparagraphcertifyingitsenactmentbytheconstitutionalconvention.Preamble:Statementofpurpose

Itestablishesthefactthatthefederalgovernmenthasnoauthorityoutsideofwhatfollowsthepreamble,asamended."Wethepeople",isoneofthemost-quotedsectionsoftheConstitution.TheBillofRights(Amendments1to10,P137)Federalism(P137)SeparationofpowersandchecksandbalancesTheseparationofpowersisamodelforthegovernanceofdemocraticstates.Underthismodel,thestateisdividedintobranches,eachwithseparateandindependentpowersandareasofresponsibility.Thenormaldivisionisintoanexecutive,alegislature,andajudiciary.ChecksandbalancesTopreventonebranchfrombecomingsupreme,andtoinducethebranchestocooperate,governancesystemsthatemployaseparationofpowersneedawaytobalanceeachofthebranches.Checksandbalancesallowforasystembasedregulationthatallowsonebranchtolimitanother,suchasthepowerofCongresstoalterthecompositionandjurisdictionofthefederalcourts.TheExecutiveBranch:thePresidencyThepresidentialtermisfouryears.ThePresidentmustbeanaturalborncitizenoftheUnitedStates,atleast35yearsoldandaresidentoftheUnitedStatesforatleast14years.Thepresidentisremovedonimpeachmentfor,andconvictionof,treason,bribery,orotherhighcrimesandmisdemeanors.PresidentialpowersFederalbureaucracyunderthepresident:EOP(ExecutiveOfficeofthePresident)The14departmentsPresidentialpowers:

(1)executivepowers:Thepresidentseesthatthelawsarefaithfullyexecuted;commissionsalltheofficesofthefederalgovernment;exercisesubstantialinfluenceoverthefederalbureaucracy.(2)appointmentpowers:WiththeadviceandconsentoftheSenate,thePresidentmayappointambassadors,otherpublicministersandconsuls,judgesofthesupremeCourt,andallotherofficersoftheUnitedStateswhoseappointmentsarenototherwisedescribedintheConstitution.(3)legislativepowers:Thepresidentmayvetoanylawpassedbycongress,recommendlegislationtotheCongress,andconveneCongressinspecialsession.(4)Powersinthearmy:ThepresidentistheCommanderinChiefofthearmedforces.(5)powersinforeignaffairs:WiththeadviceandconsentoftheSenate,providedtwo-thirdsoftheSenatorswhoarepresentagree,thepresidentmaymaketreaties,receiveambassadors.(6)Judicialpowers:thePresidentgrantreprievesandpardons,exceptincasesofimpeachment.TheLegislativeBranch:theCongressArticleOneoftheconstitutiongrantsthelegislativepowerofthefederalgovernmenttotheCongress.TheUnitedStatesCongressisabicameralbodyconsistingoftwoco-equalhouses:theHouseofRepresentativestorepresentthepeople,andtheSenatetorepresenttheStates.Powers:makesfederallaw,approvestreaties,andhasthepowerofimpeachment,bywhichitcanremovesittingmembersofthegovernment.TheHouseofRepresentativeshas435votingmembers,eachrepresentingacongressionaldistrictforatwo-yearterm.Houseseatsareapportionedamongthestatesbypopulationeverytenthyear.TheSenatehas100memberswitheachstatehavingtwosenators,electedat-largetosix-yearterms;onethirdofSenateseatsareupforelectioneveryotheryear.TheJudicialBranch:theCourtsTwolevelsofJudicialsystems:thefederaljudicialsystemandthestatejudicialsystem.Thefederalcourts,whichincludetheSupremeCourtandlowerfederalcourts,interpretlawsandoverturnthosetheyfindunconstitutional.PoliticalpartiesTheUnitedStateshasoperatedunderatwo-partysystemformostofitshistory:theDemocraticParty,andtheRepublicanParty.TherolesofpoliticalpartiesinpoliticsTheElectoralProcessTwo-partprocess:nominalizationstageandfinalstage.Electoralcollege:aslateofpresidentialelectors.StateandlocalgovernmentFederalgovernmentStategovernmentLocalgovernmentsofcounties,municipalities,citiesandtownsChapter5EconomyOverviewTheUnitedStateshasacapitalist

mixedeconomy,whichisfueledbyabundantnaturalresources,awell-developedinfrastructure,andhighproductivity.TheeconomyoftheUnitedStatesisthelargestnationaleconomyintheworld.AgricultureAgricultureisamajorindustryintheUnitedStatesandthecountryisanetexporteroffood.TheUnitedStatescontrolsalmosthalfofworldgrainexports.Advantages:1)vastnessofthelandandgenerosityofnature;2）adoptionofnewtechnologyandmechanization.Productsincludewheat,corn,othergrains,fruits,vegetables,cotton;beef,pork,poultry,dairyproducts;forestproducts;fish.IndustryUSAistheleadingmanufacturerintheworld.Mainindustriesarepetroleum,steel,motorvehicles,aerospace,telecommunications,chemicals,electronics,foodprocessing,consumergoods,lumber,andmining.Twoimportanttransition:1)Late19thtoearly20thcentury:industrializationandtechnologicalrevolutionhastransformedAmericafromanagriculturalcountrytoanindustrializedone.2)Postwarera:manufacturingemploymenthasdeclinedanddemandforserviceshasincreased.Post-industrialEra:ServiceindustriesServiceindustriesdominatetheeconomy.U.S.hasatertiaryindustryunrivalledbyanyothercountryintheworld.TheeconomicsystemCapitalisticeconomy,marketeconomy,freeenterprises,privateownership/stockownershipAdvantages:(1)highlevelofproductivityreasons:(a)intensecompetitioninherentinaprivateenterprise;(b)sufficientlegalprotectionfornewinventions.(2)creativenessWeaknessandlimitations:(1)Stabilitycan’tbemaintained;prosperity/boomalternatewithrecession/depression.(2)incomemaldistribution;thewideninggapbetweenwealthandpoverty.TheroleofgovernmentineconomyGovernmentintervention(P163):(1)stabilizeroftheeconomy;(2)providerofservices;(3)protectorofpublicinterest.Therootsofsuccess(1)Naturalpossessions:largearea,bountifulnaturalresources,fertilefarmsoil,moderateclimate(2)theentrepreneurialspirit,thefrontierspirit,materialacquisitiveness(3)system:AmericancapitalismTheTradeUnionTradeunions:representtheinterestsandneedsofworkerstomanagersandthegovernment,givingprimaryimportancetonegotiationswithmanagementforhigherwages.AmericanFederationofLabor(AFL)美國(guó)勞工聯(lián)合會(huì)CongressofIndustrialOrganizations(CIO)美國(guó)工業(yè)聯(lián)合會(huì)ForeignTradePolicyProtectivetradepolicyProtectivetariffsChapter6

LawandJudicialSystemTheFederalJudicialsystemDualcourtsystem:federalcourtsandstatecourtsFederalcourtsFourlayersofcourts:（fromlowtohigh）MagistrateCourts地方簡(jiǎn)易法庭DistrictCourts聯(lián)邦地方法院CourtsofAppeals上訴法院

TheSupremeCourt最高法院（achiefjustice,8associatejustice）

Whatkindsofcasesdofederalcourtshear?

FederalcourtscanhearanddecidethosecasesoverwhichtheConstitutiongivesthemauthority.StateCourtsFourlayersofcourts:（fromlowtohigh）Trialcourtsoflimitedjurisdiction有限管轄權(quán)的初審法院Trialcourtsofgeneraljurisdiction一般管轄權(quán)的初審法院CourtsofAppeals中級(jí)上訴法院StateSupremecourts終審法院ThepositionandselectionofJudgesPositionofjudgesinU.S:benefits1)Highlevelofprestigeandrespect2)Highsalaries3)patronagepowersFrustrations:heavyworkloadSelectionsofjudgesAppointment（ArticleⅢfederaljudges）PartisanelectionsNonpartisanelectionsMeritelection(MissouriBarPlan)Chapter7ReligionTheUnitedStatesisofficiallyasecularnation;theFirstAmendmentoftheU.S.Constitutionguaranteesthefreeexerciseofreligionandforbidstheestablishmentofanyreligiousgovernance.ReligiousfreedomIntheUnitedStates,thereligiouscivillibertiesareguaranteedbytheFirstAmendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitution.(1)ItprohibitstheFederalgovernmentfromestablishinganationalchurch("religion")orexcessivelyinvolvingitselfinreligion.(2)ItstatesthatCongresscannot"prohibitthefreeexercise"ofreligiouspractices.MajorAmericanreligionThelargestreligionintheUSisChristianity,practicedbythemajorityofthepopulation.Protestantdenominationsaccountedfor51.3%,whileRomanCatholicism,at23.9%,wasthelargestindividualdenomination.Theleadingnon-Christianfaithswere