雅思(閱讀)模擬試卷123

一、綜合題(本題共40題，每題1.0分，共40分。)

Timekeeper:InventionofMarineChronometerA.Uptothemiddleofthe18thcentury,

thenavigatorswerestillunabletoexactlyidentifythepositionatsea,sotheymightface

agreatnumberofriskssuchastheshipwreckorrunningoutofsuppliesbeforearrivingat

thedestination.Knowingone'spositionontheearthrequirestwosimplebutessential

coordinates,oneofwhichisthelongitude.B.Thelongitudeisatermthatcanbeusedto

measurethedistancethatonehascoveredfromone'shometoanotherplacearoundthe

worldwithoutthelimitationsofnaturallyoccurringbaselineliketheequator.To

determinelongitude,navigatorshadnochoicebuttomeasuretheanglewiththenaval

sextantbetweenMooncentreandaspecificstar—lunardistance—alongwiththeheight

ofbothheavenlybodies.Togetherwiththenauticalalmanac,GreenwichMeanTime

(GMT)wasdetermined,whichcouldbeadoptedtocalculatelongitudebecauseonehour

inGMTmeans15-degreelongitude.Unfortunately,thisapproachlaidgreatrelianceon

theweatherconditions,whichbroughtgreatinconveniencetothecrewmembers.

Therefore,anothermethodwasproposed,thatis,thetimedifferencebetweenthehome

timeandthelocaltimeservedforthemeasurement.Theoretically,knowingthelongitude

positionwasquitesimple,evenforthepeopleinthemiddleoftheseawithnolandin

sight.Thekeyelementforcalculatingthedistancetravelledwastoknow,atthevery

moment,theaccuratehometime.Butthegreatestproblemis:howcanasailorknowthe

hometimeatsea?C.Thesimpleandagainobviousansweristhatonetakesanaccurate

clockwithhim,whichhesetstothehometimebeforeleaving.Acomparisonwiththe

localtime(easilyidentifiedbycheckingthepositionoftheSun)wouldindicatethetime

differencebetweenthehometimeandthelocaltime,andthusthedistancefromhome

wasobtained.Thetruthwasthatnobodyinthe18thcenturyhadevermanagedtocreatea

clockthatcouldenduretheviolentshakingofashipandthefluctuatingtemperature

whilestillmaintainingtheaccuracyoftimefornavigation.D.After1714,asanattempt

tofindasolutiontotheproblem,theBritishgovernmentofferedatremendousamountof

￡20,000,whichweretobemanagedbythemagnificentlynamed'BoardofLongitude'.

Iftimekeeperwastheanswer(andtherecouldbeotherproposedsolutions,sincethe

moneywasn'tonlyofferedfortimekeeper),thentheerroroftherequiredtimekeepingfor

achievingthisgoalneededtobewithin2.8secondsaday,whichwasconsidered

impossibleforanyclockorwatchatsea,evenwhentheywereintheirfinestconditions.

E.Thisaward,worthabout￡2milliontoday,inspiredtheself-taughtYorkshire

carpenterJohnHarrisontoattemptadesignforapracticalmarineclock.Inthelaterstage

ofhisearlycareer,heworkedalongsidehisyoungerbrotherJames.Thefirstbigproject

oftheirswastobuildaturretclockforthestablesatBrockelsbyPark,whichwas

revolutionarybecauseitrequirednolubrication.Harrisondesignedamarineclockin

1730,andhetravelledtoLondoninseekoffinancialaid.Heexplainedhisideasto

EdmondHalley,theAstronomerRoyal,whothenintroducedhimtoGeorgeGraham,

Britain'sfirst-classclockmaker.Grahamprovidedhimwithfinancialaidforhisearly-

stagcworkonseaclocks.IttookHarrisonfiveyearstobuildHarrisonNumberOneor

HLLater,hesoughttheimprovementfromalternatedesignandproducedH4withthe

giantclockappearance.Remarkableasitwas,theBoardofLongitudewouldn'tgramhim

theprizeforsometimeuntilitwasadequatelysatisfied.F.Harrisonhadaprincipal

contestantforthetemptingprizeatthattime,anEnglishmathematiciancalledJohn

Hadley,whodevelopedsextant.Thesextantisthetoolthatpeopleadopttomeasure

angles,suchastheonebetweentheSunandthehorizon,foracalculationofthelocation

ofshipsorplanes.Inaddition,hisinventionissignificantsinceitcanhelpdetermine

longitude.G.MostchronometerforerunnersofthatparticulargenerationwereEnglish,

butthatdoesn'tmeaneveryachievementwasmadebythem.Onewonderfulfigureinthe

historyistheLancastrianThomasEarnshaw,whocreatedtheultimateformof

chronometerescapement-thespringdetentescapement-andmadethefinaldecisionon

formatandproductionssystemfbrthemarinechronometer,whichturnsitintoagenuine

moderncommercialproduct,aswellasasafeandpragmaticwayofnavigationatsea

overthenextcenturyandhalf.Readingpassagehassevenparagraphs,A-G.Which

paragraphcontainsthefollowinginformation?Writethecorrectletter,A-G,inboxeson

youranswersheet.NBYoumayuseanylettermorethanonce.

1adescriptionofHarrison'sbackground

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：E

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：關(guān)于哈里森背景的描述。關(guān)鍵詞Harrison、backgroundo掃讀E段，

該段開(kāi)頭便提到了Harrison這個(gè)人的身份（一個(gè)自學(xué)成才的約克郡木匠）以及為什么

參加這個(gè)發(fā)明比賽（受巨額獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)吸引），對(duì)應(yīng)本題關(guān)鍵詞background。因此，本題的

正確答案為E。

2、problemscausedbypooroceannavigation

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：海洋導(dǎo)航落后導(dǎo)致的問(wèn)題。關(guān)鍵詞pooroceannavigation、problemso

A段第1句提到18世紀(jì)航海定位的落后情況，當(dāng)時(shí)無(wú)法精確定位船艘的海上具體

位置，后果就是這些船面臨失事或用盡糧草的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。其中stillunableioexactly

identifythepositionatsea應(yīng)關(guān)鍵i司pooroceannavigation,riskssuchasthe

shipwreckorrunningoutofsuppliesbeforearrivingatthedestination對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)鍵詞

problemso因此，本題的正確答案為A。

3、thepersonwhogavefinancialsupporttoHarrison

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：E」

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：為哈里森提供經(jīng)濟(jì)資助的人。關(guān)鍵詞Harrison、financialsupporto掃

讀E段的過(guò)程中，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)在介紹了Harrison的個(gè)人背景之后，開(kāi)始介紹他和弟

弟的發(fā)明創(chuàng)造，后為了尋求經(jīng)濟(jì)資助去了倫敦。他把發(fā)明的想法說(shuō)給了當(dāng)時(shí)的皇家

天文學(xué)家EdmondHalley,Halley便將他引薦給了當(dāng)時(shí)英國(guó)一流的鐘表匠George

Grahamo也是Graham在Hairison早期的工作中提供了經(jīng)濟(jì)援助。其中financial

aid對(duì)應(yīng)本題關(guān)鍵詞financialsupporto因此，本題的正確答案為E。

4、ananalysisofthelong-termimportanceofseaclockinvention

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：G

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：發(fā)明航海鐘的長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)意義。關(guān)鍵詞seaclockinvention、long-tenn

importanceoG段的最后1句提到了ThomasEarnshaw發(fā)明了天文鐘擒縱機(jī)構(gòu)的最

終形式——鎖簧式天文鐘擒縱機(jī)構(gòu)，并確定了航海天文鐘的格式和制作系統(tǒng)，使之

真正成為一種現(xiàn)代商業(yè)產(chǎn)品并提供了一種穩(wěn)定且實(shí)用的航海模式。這一點(diǎn)對(duì)應(yīng)本題

的importance,overthenextcenturyandhalf對(duì)應(yīng)long-termo因此，本題的正確答

案為G。

5、thepracticalusageoflongitude

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：經(jīng)度的實(shí)際運(yùn)用。關(guān)鍵詞longilude、practicalusage□B段第1句介紹

了longitude的定義，接下來(lái)介紹了如何實(shí)際測(cè)量longitude,對(duì)應(yīng)本題關(guān)鍵詞

practicalusage,因此，本題的正確答案為B。

DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingpassage?In

boxesonyouranswersheet,writeTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformation

FALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinformationNOTGIVENifthereisno

informationonthis

6、Intheory,sailorscaneasilycalculatetheirlongitudepositionatsea.

A、TRUE

B、FALSE

C、NOTGIVEN

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：理論上講，船員可以很容易地計(jì)算出海上的經(jīng)度位置。題干關(guān)鍵詞為

longitudeposition>sailorso通過(guò)longitudeposition可定位到原文B段的倒數(shù)第3

句：Theoretically,knowingthelongitudepositionwasquitesimple,evenforthepeople

inthemiddleoftheseawithnolandinsight.這句話是說(shuō)，理論上，知道經(jīng)度位置很

簡(jiǎn)單，甚至對(duì)于那些在一望無(wú)際的大海中的人。接下來(lái)的兩句又說(shuō)“計(jì)算航行距離

最關(guān)鍵的地方在于知道當(dāng)卜家鄉(xiāng)的時(shí)間，但海上的船員如何知道家鄉(xiāng)用時(shí)間?''從中

也可以推斷出thepeopleinthemiddleoftheseawithnolandinsight指示就是

sailorso題干描述與原文一致。因此，本題的答案為True。

7、Todeterminelongitude,themeasurementofthedistancefromtheMoontothegiven

starisamust.

A、TRUE

B、FALSE

C、NOTGIVEN

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：為了精確地計(jì)算經(jīng)度，必須測(cè)定月球到某一恒星的距離。題干關(guān)鍵詞

為theMoon、loihegivenslar、lodeierminelongitude。這些詞基本在原文中都原詞

重現(xiàn)了?定位到B段：Todeterminelongitude,navigatorshadnochoicebutto

measuretheanglewiththenavalsextantbetweenMooncentreandaspecificstar-lunar

distance一alongwiththeheightofbothheavenlybodies.本題解題的關(guān)鍵在于對(duì)這句

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：lubricalion

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：John和JamesHarrison的鐘表沒(méi)有什么也能精確地計(jì)時(shí)。題干關(guān)鍵詞

為JohnandJamesHarrison,據(jù)此定位到E段開(kāi)頭,改寫(xiě)為heworkedalongsidehis

youngerbrotherJames?緊接著便提到：Thefirstbigprojectoftheirswastobuilda

turretclockforthestablesatBrockelsbyPark,whichwasrevolutionarybecauseit

requirednolubrication.其中no對(duì)應(yīng)題干without。因此，本題的答案為

lubricationo

12>Harrison'smaincompetitor'sinventionwasknownas.

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：(a/the)sextant

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：Harrison的主要競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手的發(fā)明是什么。做之前的題時(shí)，我們已經(jīng)知

道F段主要講了Harrison當(dāng)時(shí)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手Hadleyo題干的關(guān)鍵詞為main

competitor,在原文中被替換為principalcontestant。這個(gè)人他發(fā)明了sextant,因

此，本題的答案為(a/lhe)sexlanl。

13、Hadley'sinstrumentcanusetomakeacalculationoflocationofshipsor

planes.

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：angles

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：Hadley的丁具用什么來(lái)測(cè)量船只或飛機(jī)的位置°題干關(guān)鍵詞為

orplanes,在F段原詞重現(xiàn)。這一題問(wèn)的就是sextant的功用，即Thesextantisthe

toolthatpeopleadopttomeasureangles,suchastheonebetweentheSunandthe

horizon,foracalculationofthelocationofshipsorplanes.題干use又寸應(yīng)measure,to

makeacalculationof對(duì)應(yīng)foracalculationof。因此，本題的答案為angleso

14、ThemodemversionofHarrison'sinventioniscalled

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：marinechronometer

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：Harrison發(fā)明的現(xiàn)代版本是什么。本題的難點(diǎn)在于怎么看出來(lái)是

“modemversion'',文中最后——段提至Uwhichturnsitintoagenuinemodemcommercial

product,可以體現(xiàn)出“現(xiàn)代版本”這個(gè)概念，往前看說(shuō)確定了一個(gè)叫做marine

chronometer的最終版本和產(chǎn)品的系統(tǒng)(說(shuō)明Harrison最初發(fā)明的航海鐘一直不斷演

變，直至最終版本產(chǎn)生)。因此，本題的答案為marinechronomeler。

TheEvolutionaryMystery:CrocodileSurvivesA.Eventhoughcrocodileshaveexisted

for200millionyears,they'reanythingbutprimitive.Ascrocodiles'ancestors,crocodilia

cametoadapttoanaquaticlifestyle.Whenmostoftheothercontemporaryreptileswent

extinct,crocodileswereabletomakeitbecausetheirbodieschangedandtheyadapted

bettertotheclimate.Theywitnessedtheriseandfallofthedinosaurs,whichonceruled

theplanet,andeventhe65millionyearsofallegedmammaliandominancedidn'twipe

themoff.Nowadays,thecrocodilesandalligatorsarcnotthatdifferentfromtheir

prehistoricancestors,whichprovesthattheywere(andstillare)incrediblyadaptive.B.

Thefirstcrocodile-likeancestorscameintoexistenceapproximately230millionyears

ago,andtheyhadmanyofthefeatureswhichmakecrocodilesnaturalandperfectstealth

hunters:streamlinedbody,longtail,protectivearmourandlongjaws.Theyarebornwith

fourshort,webbedlegs,butthisdoesnotmeanthattheircapacitytomoveontheground

shalleverbeunderestimated.Whentheymove,theyaresofastthatyouwon'tevenhave

anychancetotrymakingthesamemistakeagainbygettingtooclose,especiallywhen

they'rehunting.C.Likeotherreptiles,crocodilesarepoikilothermalanimals(commonly

knownascoldblooded,whosebodytemperaturechangeswiththatofthesurroundings)

andconsequently,requireexposuretosunlightregularlytoraisebodytemperature.When

itistoohot,theywouldratherstayinwaterorshade.Comparedwithmammalsand

birds,crocodileshaveaslowermetabolism,whichmakesthemlessvulnerabletofood

shortage.Inthemostextremecase,acrocodilecanslowitsmetabolismdowneven

further,tothepointthatitwouldsurvivewithoutfoodibrawholeyear,enablingthemto

outlivemammalsinrelativelyvolatileenvironments.D.Crocodileshaveahighly

elficientwaytopreycatching.Thepreyrarelyrealisestheremightbeacrocodileunder

thewaterbecausethecrocodilemakesamovewithoutanynoiseorgreatvibrationwhen

spottingitsprey.Itonlykeepsitseyesabovethewaterlevel.Assoonasitfeelsclose

enoughtothevictim,itjerksoutofthewaterwithitswideopenjaws.Crocodilesare

successfulbecausetheyarecapableofswitchingfeedingmethods.Itchasesafterfishand

snatchesbirdsatthewatersurface,hidesinthewatersidebushesinanticipationofa

gazelle,andwhenthechancetoambushpresentsitself,thecrocodiledashesforward,

knockstheanimaloutwithitspowerfultailandthendragsthepreyintothewaterto

drown.E.Inmanycrocodilianhabitats,thehotseasonbringsdroughtthatdriesuptheir

huntinggrounds,leavingitharderforthemtoregulatebodytemperatures.Thisactually

allowedreptilestorule.Forinstance,manycrocodilescanprotectthemselvesbydigging

holesandcoveringthemselvesinmud,waitingformonthswithoutconsuminganyfood

orwateruntiltherainsfinallyreturn.Theytransformintoaquiescentstatecalled

aestivation.F.Themajorityofcrocodilianisconsideredtogointoaestivationduringthe

dryseason.Inasix-yearstudybyKennettandChristian,theKingCrocodiles,aspecies

ofAustralianfreshwatercrocodiles,spentnearlyfourmonthsayearundergroundwithout

accesstowaterresources.Doublylabelledwaterwasappliedtodetectfieldmetabolic

ratesandwaterflux,andduringsomeyears,plasmafluidsamplesweretakenoncea

monthtokeeptrackoftheeffectsofaestivationregardingtheaccumulationof

nitrogenouswastesandelectrolyteconcentrations.G.Thestudydiscoveredthatthe

crocodiles'metabolicenginesfunctionslowly,creatingwasteandexhaustingwaterand

fatreserves.Wasteisstoredintheurine,becomingmoreandmoreconcentrated.

Nevertheless,theconcentrationofwasteproductsinblooddoesn'tfluctuatemuch,

allowingthecrocodilestocarryontheirnormalfunctions.Besides,eventhoughthe

crocodileslostwaterreservesandbodyweightwhenunderground,thelosseswere

proportional;uponemerging,theaestivatinganimalshadnodehydrationanddisplayed

nootherharmfuleffectssuchasaslowed-downgrowthrate.Thetworesearchersreckon

thatthiscapacityofcroccdilcstogetthemselvesthroughtheharshtimesandthelong

starvationperiodsissuretobetheanswertothecrocodilianline'ssurvivalthroughout

history.ReadingPassagehassevenparagraphs,A-G.Choosethecorrectheadingforeach

paragraphfromthelistofheadingsbelow.Writethecorrectnumber,i-xi,inboxeson

youranswersheet.ListofHeadingsi.Thefavourablefeatureintheimpactofadrought

ii.Auniquefindingthatwasrecentlyachievediii.Slov/metabolismwhichmakes

crocodileauniquereptileiv.Theperfectlydesignedbodyforagreatlandroamerv.

Shiftingeatinghabitsandfoodintakevi.Aprojectonaspecialmechanismvii.

Regulatingbodytemperaturebythesurroundingenvironmentviii.Underwateraidin

bodystructureofferedtoasuccessfulpredatorix.Ahistoricalstoryforthesupreme

survivorsx.Whatmakesthecrocodilethefastestrunninganimalonlandxi.The

competitionbetweenthecrocodilesandotheranimals

15、ParagraphA

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：ix

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：A段開(kāi)頭便提到鱷魚(yú)存在了兩億多年，但它們并不原始。根據(jù)上下文

判斷，原因有二。第一，還有比鱷魚(yú)更原始的動(dòng)物，比如恐龍。相比恐龍，它談不

上原始。第二，鱷魚(yú)能夠通過(guò)自身的調(diào)整來(lái)適應(yīng)環(huán)境的劇變，這一點(diǎn)特征很高級(jí)。

同時(shí)代的動(dòng)物早就滅亡了，唯獨(dú)鱷魚(yú)存活至今，而且與最初的鱷魚(yú)祖先差別不大，

足以說(shuō)明其強(qiáng)大的適應(yīng)能力。縱觀所有的選項(xiàng)，只有ixAhistoricalsioryfor[he

supremesurvivors中有談到歷史相關(guān)，而supremesurvivors這種卓越的幸存者自然

指的是鱷魚(yú)。因此，本題的答案為ix。

16、ParagraphB

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：iv

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：B段的第1句話就是本段的核心主旨句，主要陳述了鱷魚(yú)的

features,很多生理特征讓它成為完美的獵手，包括streamlinedbody,longtail,

protectivearmourandlongjaws<>在所有的選項(xiàng)中，能概括本段的只有ivThe

perfectlydesignedbodyfnragreatlandroamer?其中perfectlydesignedbody就是指

本段提到的featureso注意,本題不能選Whatmakesthecrocodilethefastestrunning

animalonland,因?yàn)槎沃袥](méi)有說(shuō)鱷魚(yú)是在陸地上移動(dòng)最快的生物。因此，本題的答

案為iv。

17、ParagraphC

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：iii

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：C段開(kāi)頭第1句話介紹了鱷魚(yú)是poikilothermalanimals（變溫動(dòng)物），這

種動(dòng)物共有的特點(diǎn)便是體溫會(huì)隨外界環(huán)境的變化而變化。接下來(lái)提到鱷魚(yú)相比哺乳

動(dòng)物和鳥(niǎo)類，新陳代謝速度更慢，在惡劣條件下會(huì)進(jìn)一步減緩新陳代謝的速度，達(dá)

到一年可以不進(jìn)食的程度，這也使得它比哺乳動(dòng)物活得更久。這也說(shuō)明，新陳代謝

慢正是鱷魚(yú)區(qū)別于其他動(dòng)物的地方。選項(xiàng)vii,即環(huán)境調(diào)節(jié)體溫這是變溫動(dòng)物的基

本特征，不足以概括整段大意。選項(xiàng)iiiSlowmetabolismwhichmakescrocodilea

uniquerepiile（新陳代謝慢讓鱷魚(yú)們很獨(dú)特）正好呼應(yīng)了本段的核心觀點(diǎn)。因此，本

題的答案為iii。

18、ParagraphD

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：v

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：D段的第1句話是本段的核心主旨句，提出鱷魚(yú)有非常高效的捕獵方

式。接卜.來(lái)就是之所以高效的原因。首先說(shuō)了鱷魚(yú)經(jīng)常突然襲擊獵物，因此成功率

頗高。在中后段，又說(shuō)鱷魚(yú)很成功是因?yàn)樗鼈兡軌蚋淖冞M(jìn)食方式或捕食策略，會(huì)在

水面追擊魚(yú)類或捕食鳥(niǎo)類，也會(huì)潛伏在水邊的灌木叢中等待瞪羚。其中switching

feedingmethods替換選項(xiàng)shiftingeatinghabitso因此,本題的答案為v。

19、ParagraphE

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：i

知識(shí)之解析：E段第1句話說(shuō)太過(guò)炎熱會(huì)導(dǎo)致干旱，但是鱷魚(yú)有種方法保護(hù)自己，

比如aestivation（夏眠）。在i選項(xiàng)中，Thefavorablefeatureintheimpactofa

drought（鱷魚(yú)抵抗干旱的有利特征），這里的有利特征就是指“夏眠”。因此，本題的

答案為i。

20、ParagraphF

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：vi

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：卜段中，講述了一個(gè)由：Kennett和Christian所領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的進(jìn)行了6年的

研究，主要是追蹤鱷魚(yú)夏眠時(shí)的生理特點(diǎn)。選項(xiàng)viAprojectonaspecialmechanism

中，mechanism意為”機(jī)制,行為方式”,指的就是鱷魚(yú)的“夏眠”行為。因此，本題

的答案為vi。

21、ParagraphG

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：ii

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：G段緊接著F段的研究?jī)?nèi)容，開(kāi)始描述研究結(jié)果。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)鱷魚(yú)在夏

眠的時(shí)候消耗少，而且7員失的營(yíng)養(yǎng)對(duì)其本身沒(méi)有負(fù)面影響。在選項(xiàng)中，iiAunique

findingthatwasrecentlyachieved最為合適因此，木題的答案為iL

Completethesummarybelow.ChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthe

passagefbreachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxesonyouranswersheet.Aestivation

Inmanyplacesinhabitedbycrocodilians,mosttypesofcrocodileshaveevolveda

successfulschemetosurviveinthedroughtbroughtbya[RI].Accordingto

KennettandChristian'ssix-yearstudyofAustralianfreshwatercrocodiles'aestivation,

theyfoundaestivatingcrocodilesspentaround[R2]oftheyearandhadno

accessto[R31.Theamountofwaterinthebodydeclinedproportionately

with[R4];thusthereisnosignof[R5]andotherhealth-

damagingimpactonthecrocodilesevenafteranaestivationperiod.Thissupercapacity

helpscrocodilesendurethetoughdroughtwithoutslowingtheirspeedof[R6]

22、[Ri]

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：hotseason/dryseason

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：在鱷魚(yú)棲息的許多地方，大多數(shù)種類的鱷魚(yú)進(jìn)化出一種成功的機(jī)制，

可以在什么引起的干旱下存活下來(lái)?？瞻滋幮枰顚?xiě)的是單數(shù)名詞或名詞短語(yǔ)。通

過(guò)做之前的題目，我們已經(jīng)知道這種成功的機(jī)制說(shuō)的就是aestivation,通過(guò)關(guān)鍵詞

droughtnf定位至E段第1句，inmanycrocodilianhabitats對(duì)應(yīng)題干inmanyplaces

inhabitedbycrocodilians,從而確定干旱是由hotseason引起的。另夕卜，在

aestivation第二次出現(xiàn)時(shí)，F(xiàn)段開(kāi)頭再次強(qiáng)調(diào)了鱷魚(yú)會(huì)在dryseason進(jìn)入夏眠。因

此，本題的答案為hotseason/dryseason。

23、[R2]

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：fourmonths

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：本題通過(guò)人名KennettandChristian定位到F段第2句，這一句提到

了一年中近4個(gè)月不接觸水源。其中nearly同義替換題干around,year原詞重現(xiàn),

withoutaccessto同義替換題干hadnoaccessto。因此，本題的答案為fourmonths

24、[R3]

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：waterresources

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：通過(guò)定位可知本題的答案為waterresourceso

25、[R4]

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案；bodyweight

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：體內(nèi)的水含量與什么成比例減少。原文G段開(kāi)頭提及了鱷魚(yú)會(huì)消耗

自身的水分(walerreserves)和脂肪，繼續(xù)往后掃讀，第4句再次提到水分，

proportional替換了題干proportionately,與水分一詞并列的名詞成分應(yīng)為答案°因

此，本題的答案為bodyweight。

26、[R5]

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：dehydration

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：因此，甚至在夏眠時(shí)期，沒(méi)有什么和其他損害鱷魚(yú)健康的跡象出現(xiàn)。

空白處是與otherhealth-damagingimpact并列的一種跡象。文中olherharmful

effects替換了題干otherhealth-damagingimpact,往前尋找與其并列的成分。因

此，本題的答案為dehydration。

27、[R6]

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：growth

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：這一超強(qiáng)的能力幫助鱷魚(yú)忍受惡劣的干旱天氣，卻不放緩它們什么的

速度。緊接上一題，答案便出現(xiàn)。原文rale為題干speed的同義替換，slowing原

文改寫(xiě)為slowed-down。因此，本題的答案為growtho

CompanyInnovationA.InashabbyofficeindowntownManhattan,agroupof30AI

(artificialintelligence)programmersfromUmagicareattemptingtomimicthebrainsofa

famoussexologist,acelebrateddietitian,apopularfitnesscoachandabunchofother

specialists.UmagicSystemsisanup-and-comingfirm,whichsetsupwebsitesthat

enabletheirclientstoseekadvicefromthevirtualversionsofthosefigures.Theusersput

inalltheinformationregardingthemselvesandtheirobjectives;thenit'sUmagic'sjobto

giveadvicethatastarexpertwouldgive.EventhoughtheneurosesofAmerican

consumershavealwaysbeenamarketingfocus,thefutureofUmagicisdifficultto

predict(whoknowswhatit'llbelikeintenyears?Askingacomputeraboutyoursexlife

mightbeeithernormalorcrazy).However,companiessuchasUmagicarcstartingto

intimidatemajorAmericanfirms,becausetheseyoungcompaniesregardthehalf-crazy

'creative*ideasastheportaltotheirtriumphinthefuture.B.Innovationhasestablished

itselfasthecatchwordofAmericanbusinessmanagement.Enterpriseshaverealisedthat

theyarerunningoutofthingsthatcanbeoutsourcedorre-engineered(worryingly,by

theircompetitorstoo).Winnersoftoday'sAmericanbusinesstendtobecompaniesv/ith

innovativepowerssuchasDell,AmazonandWal-Mart,whichhavecomeupwith

conceptsorgoodsthathavereshapedtheirindustries.C.Accordingtoanewbookbytwo

consultantsfromArthurD.Little,duringthelast15years,thetop20%offirmsin

Fortunemagazine'sannualinnovationsurveyhaveattainedtwiceasmuchthe

shareholderreturnsastheirpeers.Thedesperatesearchfornewideasisthehormonefor

alargepartoftoday*smergerboom.Thesamegoesforthemoneyspentonlicensingand

purchasingothers'intellectualproperty.BasedonthestatisticsfromPasadena-based

Patent&LicenceExchange,tradevolumeinintangibleassetsinAmericahasgoneup

from$15billionin1990to$100billionin1998,withsmallfirmsandindividualstaking

upanincreasingshareoftherewards.D.Andthatterrifiesbigcompanies:itappearsthat

innovationworksincompatiblewiththem.Somemajorfamouscompaniesthatare

alwaysknownfor'innovativeideas',suchas3M,Procter&GambleandRubbermaid,

haverecentlyhaddryspells.PeterChernin,whorunstheFoxTVandfilmempirefor

NewsCorporation,pointsoutthatTnthemanagementofcreativity,sizeisyourenemy*

It'simpossibleforsomeonewho'smanaging20moviestobeasinvolvedassomeone

doing5.Therefore,hehastriedtodividethestudiointosmallerparts,disregardingthe

riskofhigherexpenses.E.Nowadays,ideasarcmorelikelytoprosperoutsidebig

companies.Intheolddays,whenabrilliantscientistcameupwithanideaandwantedto

makemoneyoutofit,hewouldtakeittoabigcompanyfirst.Butnow,withallthese

cheapventurecapitalsaround,hewouldprobablywanttocommercialiseitbyhimself.

Sofar,Umagichasalreadyraised$5mandisonitswaytoanother$25m.Eveninthe

caseofcapital-intensivebusinesseslikepharmaceuticals,entrepreneurshavetheoption

toconductearly-stageresearchandsellouttothebigfirmswhenthey'refacedwith

costly,riskyclinicaltrials.Approximately1/3ofdrugfirms'totalrevenueisnowfrom

liccnscd-intechnology.F.SomeofthemajorenterprisessuchasGeneralElectricand

Ciscohavebeenimpressivelytriumphantwhenitcomestosnatchingandincorporating

smallcompanies*scores.However,othergiantsareconcernedaboutthemoneytheyhave

tospendandthewaytokeepthosegeniuseswhogeneratedtheideas.Itisthedreamof

everyonetodevelopmoreideaswithintheirorganisations.Procter&Gambleiscurrently

switchingtheirentirebusinessfocusfromcountriestoproducts;oneofthegoalsistoget

thewholecompanytoaccepttheinnovations.Inotherplaces,thecravingforinnovation

hascausedafrenzyfor'intrapreneurship*—transferringpowerandestablishinginternal

idea-workshopsandtrackinginventorysothatthetalentswillstay.G.Somepeopledon't

believethatthiskindofrestructuringissufficient.ClaytonChris-tensenarguesinanew

bookthatbigfirms'manyadvantages,suchastakingcareoftheirexistingcustomers,can

getinthewayofinnovativebehaviourthatisnecessaryforhandlingdisruptive

technologies.That'swhythere'sbeenthetrendofcannibalisation,whichbringsabout

businessesthatwillconfrontandjeopardisetheexistingones.Forexample,BankOne

hassetupWingspan,whichisanonlinebankthatinfactcompetewithitsactual

branches.H.There'snodenyingthatinnovationisabigdeal.However,domajorfirms

havetobethispessimistic?Accordingtoarecentsurveyofthetop50innovationsin

AmericabyIndustryWeek,ideasareequallylikelytocomefrombothbigandsmall

companies.Bigcompaniescanadoptnewideaswhentheyarematureenoughandthe

risksandrewardshavebecomemorequantifiable.I.Canallthecreativedestruction,

cannibalisationandculturetweakingrenderthebigfirmsmoreinnovative?DavidPost,

thefounderofUmagic,castdoubtonthisissue,'Theonlysuccessfulintrapreneursare

oneswholeaveandbecomeentrepreneurs.'Healsorecallswithgleethelookof

incomprehensionwhenhetriedtoconvincetheidealabofabigcorporationsuchasIBM

ofhisvirtualexperts'ideathreeyearsago—though,hedelightfullyadds,ofcourse,they

couldhavebeenright.Innovation,unlikesex,parenting,orfitness,isoneareawherea

computercannottellpeoplewhattodo.'ReadingPassagehasnineparagraphs,A-I.

Whichparagraphcontainsthefollowinginformation?Writethecorrectletter,A-I,in

boxesonyouranswersheet.NBYoumayuseanylettermorethanonce.

28、anapproachtoretainthebestemployees

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：F

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：留住最佳員工的方法。關(guān)鍵詞bestemployees、retainoF段提到了

GeneralElectric和Cisco等一些大企業(yè)在搶占和合并小企業(yè)的獲得的業(yè)績(jī)時(shí)，取得

了巨大的成功。但是，其他一些商業(yè)巨頭擔(dān)心他們必須花大價(jià)錢才能收購(gòu)，也不知

道以什么方式管理這些那有創(chuàng)新觀點(diǎn)的天才。其中keepthosegeniuses對(duì)應(yīng)本題題

干retainthebestemployees,甚至該段的最后一句也再一次強(qiáng)調(diào)了留住人才的辦

法。因此，本題的正確答案為F。

29>safeguardingexpensesoninnovativeideas

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：保護(hù)創(chuàng)新觀點(diǎn)所花的費(fèi)用。關(guān)鍵詞expenses、

safeguarding...innovativeideas□C段第1句提到在過(guò)去的15年里，《財(cái)富》雜志評(píng)

選出的年度創(chuàng)新企業(yè)的前20%,其股東回報(bào)率是同行的兩倍之多。由此可以看

出，這段主要闡述了創(chuàng)新與經(jīng)濟(jì)利益之間的關(guān)系。接下來(lái)的內(nèi)容提到，在授權(quán)及購(gòu)

買他人的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)上所花費(fèi)的錢也是為了尋求創(chuàng)新點(diǎn)。原文moneyspenton

licensingandpurchasingothers*intellectualproperty對(duì)應(yīng)本題題干safeguarding

expensesoninnovativeideaso因此，本題的正確答案為Co

30、acertaincountcr-cffcctproducedbyintegratingoutsidefirms

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：G

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：整合外部公司所產(chǎn)生的反作用。關(guān)鍵詞integratingoutsidefinns、

coumer-effculoG段笫1句提到，些人認(rèn)為，這些調(diào)整還不夠。第3句提到，“同

類業(yè)務(wù)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)''還會(huì)危及現(xiàn)有企業(yè)，由此可推斷，合并之后的新企業(yè)會(huì)與現(xiàn)有企業(yè)形

成沖突，這違背了當(dāng)時(shí)的初衷，也就形成了30題題干中的counter-effect。而文中

的cannibalisation替換了本題題干integratingoutsidefirmso因此，本題的正確答案

為G。

31、anexampleofthreefamousAmericancompanies,innovation

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：以三家著名的美國(guó)公司的創(chuàng)新為例。關(guān)鍵詞threefamousAmerican

companieso該題的題干樨到三家著名的美國(guó)公司。文章中出現(xiàn)的公司名字比較

多，但三家公司都是美國(guó)的，比較容易定位到B段的最后1句。顯然，這三家公

司指的就是Dell、AmazonWal-Mart,這三家美國(guó)企業(yè)已經(jīng)提出或生產(chǎn)了重塑其

產(chǎn)業(yè)的概念和產(chǎn)品。因此，本題的正確答案為B。

32、anexampleofonecompanychangingitsfocus

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：F

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：以一家公司轉(zhuǎn)變業(yè)務(wù)焦點(diǎn)為例。關(guān)鍵詞changingitsfocus。接著往后

掃讀，發(fā)現(xiàn)列舉了Procier&Gamble公司將其業(yè)務(wù)中心從拓展跨國(guó)業(yè)務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)移到研發(fā)

產(chǎn)品上，其中本題題干關(guān)鍵詞focus重現(xiàn)，switching替換了題干changing。因此，

本題的正確答案同樣為F。

33、anexampleofacompanyresolvingfinancialdifficultiesitself

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：E

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：以一家公司自己解決財(cái)務(wù)困難為例。關(guān)鍵詞financialdifficulties。E

段的第1句為核心主旨句，提到如今，創(chuàng)新思想在大公司之外更容易茁壯成長(zhǎng)。隨

后提到，現(xiàn)在，在小規(guī)模資本盛行的背景下，創(chuàng)新者可能會(huì)通過(guò)自己的力量使創(chuàng)新

觀點(diǎn)變成商機(jī)。隨后列舉了Umagic籌集資金的例子，并指出即使像醫(yī)藥品這樣資

本密集型企業(yè)，企業(yè)家也可以進(jìn)行早期研究，并在面臨昂貴和危險(xiǎn)的臨床試驗(yàn)時(shí)將

其出售給大企業(yè)。由此可推斷，小公司在遇到高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的、昂貴的試驗(yàn)時(shí)，就會(huì)把風(fēng)

險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)嫁給大公司。這也是一種解決財(cái)務(wù)危機(jī)的方法，與本題題干意思一致。因此，

本題的正確答案為E。

DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage?In

boxesonyouranswersheet,writeTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformation

FALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinformationNOTGIVENifthereisno

informationonthis

34、Umagicisthemostsuccessfulinnovativecomp