LocationStrategy生產(chǎn)與服務(wù)設(shè)施選址OperationsManagementNeedforLocationDecisionsMarketingStrategyGrowthDepletionofResourcesCostofDoingBusinessNatureofLocationDecisionsImportanceLongtermcommitment/costsServiceandNumberofFacilitiesNumberofFacilitiesResponseTimeLogisticsandFacilityCostsResponseTimeNumberofFacilitiesTotalLogisticsCostsCustomerDCWhereinventoryneedstobeforaoneweekorderresponsetime-typicalresults-->1DCCustomerDCWhereinventoryneedstobefora5dayorderresponsetime-typicalresults-->2DCsCustomerDCWhereinventoryneedstobefora3dayorderresponsetime-typicalresults-->5DCsCustomerDCWhereinventoryneedstobeforanextdayorderresponsetime-typicalresults-->13DCsCustomerDCWhereinventoryneedstobeforasameday/nextdayorderresponsetime-typicalresults-->26DCsPercentServiceLevelWithinPromisedTimeTransportationCostBuild-upasafunctionoffacilitiesCostofOperationsNumberofFacilitiesInventoryFacilitiesTotalCostsLaborNatureofLocationDecisionsImportanceLongtermcommitment/costsObjectivesProfitpotential潛在利潤OptionsExpandexistingfacilitiesAddnewfacilitiesMoveAFrameworkforGlobalSiteLocationPHASEISupplyChainStrategyPHASEIIRegionalFacilityConfigurationPHASEIIIDesirableSitesPHASEIVLocationChoicesCompetitiveSTRATEGYINTERNALCONSTRAINTSPRODUCTIONTECHNOLOGIESCOMPETITIVEENVIRONMENTPRODUCTIONMETHODSFACTORCOSTSGLOBALCOMPETITIONTARIFFSANDTAXINCENTIVESREGIONALDEMANDPOLITICAL,EXCHANGERATEANDDEMANDRISKAVAILABLEINFRASTRUCTURELOGISTICSCOSTSLocationDecisionSequenceCountry?1995CorelCorp.Region/Community?1995CorelCorp.Site?1995CorelCorp.一、設(shè)施選址的基本問題設(shè)施選址包括兩個(gè)方面的問題：第一、選位，即選擇什么地區(qū)（區(qū)域）設(shè)置設(shè)施。第二、定址。地區(qū)選定后，具體選擇在該地區(qū)的什么位置。具體決策時(shí)，實(shí)際要考慮的是四種選擇：擴(kuò)展現(xiàn)有的工廠、增加新地點(diǎn)、放棄現(xiàn)有地點(diǎn)、保持原有狀態(tài)。LocationDecisionFactorsRegionalFactorsSite-relatedFactorsMultiplePlantStrategiesCommunityConsiderationsInfluencingFactorsStrategicTechnologicalMacroeconomicPoliticalInfrastructure基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施CompetitiveLogisticsandfacilitycosts二、影響選址的因素（一）選擇建廠地區(qū)的基本要求

1、接近市場

2、接近原材料產(chǎn)地

3、水、電、氣等基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施完備

4、氣候條件能滿足生產(chǎn)技術(shù)要求（二）選擇建廠城鎮(zhèn)的基本要求

1、當(dāng)?shù)爻擎?zhèn)建設(shè)規(guī)劃允許

2、勞動力市場：勞動力的成本和可得性

3、當(dāng)?shù)厣顥l件較好

4、當(dāng)?shù)毓べY水平較低（三）選擇建廠用地的基本要求

1、地質(zhì)條件適于建廠

2、有可靠的水源保證

3、有足夠的用地面積和擴(kuò)展余地

4、靠近水陸交通要道

5、有利于三廢（水、電、氣）處理三、單設(shè)施選址的方法１、生產(chǎn)成本比較分析法（成本、利潤、產(chǎn)量定址分析）假設(shè)：（1）當(dāng)產(chǎn)出在一定范圍內(nèi)，固定成本不變。（2）可變成本與一定范圍內(nèi)的產(chǎn)出成正比。（3）所需的產(chǎn)出水平可以近似估計(jì)。（4）一般只包括一種產(chǎn)品。EvaluatingLocationsCost-volumeAnalysisDeterminefixedandvariablecostsPlottotalcostsDeterminelowesttotalcostsExample1:Cost-VolumeAnalysisFixedandvariablecostsfor

fourpotentiallocationsExample1:SolutionExample1:Solution800700600500400300200100 0AnnualOutput(000)8101214166420$(000)ABCBSuperiorCSuperiorASuperiorD

２、分級加權(quán)評分法步驟：把所有影響選址因素列出清單，并按各影響因素的重要程度確定權(quán)數(shù)。對每個(gè)候選地址在每個(gè)因素下評級打分。把各方案所得分?jǐn)?shù)與權(quán)數(shù)相乘再加總，得到各方案的總分。此種方法中，得分最高的方案較優(yōu)。

３、重心法CenterofGravityMethodDecisionbasedonminimumdistributioncostsCenterofGravityMethod

重心法Findslocationof

singledistributioncenterservingseveraldestinationsUsedprimarilyforservicesConsidersLocationofexistingdestinations

Example:Markets,retailersetc.VolumetobeshippedShippingdistance(orcost)Shippingcost/unit/mileisconstant

CenterofGravityMethodSteps

重心法的步驟PlaceexistinglocationsonacoordinategridGridhasarbitraryorigin&scaleMaintainsrelativedistances

CalculateX&Ycoordinatesfor‘centerofgravity’GiveslocationofdistributioncenterMinimizestransportationcostCenterofGravityMethodEquationsdix =xcoordinateoflocationiWi = Volumeofgoodsmovedtoorfromlocationidiy =ycoordinateoflocationiXCoordinateYCoordinateCenterofGravityExample四、多設(shè)施選址的方法MultipleCenter-of-GravityApproachMixed-IntegerLinearProgramming

混合整數(shù)規(guī)劃SimulationMethods

仿真方法HeuristicMethods啟發(fā)式方法

MultifacilityLocation

AllocatingDemandtoFacilitiesP1P2W1W2C1C2C30542345212(50000)(100000)(50000)DemandCapacity=60000Capacity=140000Objective：MIN=0

P11+5

P12+4

P21+2

P22+3

W11+4

W12+5

W13+2

W21+1

W22+2

W23;DemandConstraints：

W11+W21=50000;W12+W22=100000;W13+W23=50000;SupplyConstraints:P11+P12=140000;P21+P22=60000;LogisticsBalance：

P11+P21-W11-W12-W13=0;P11…P22>=0;

P12+P22-W21-W22-W23=0;W11…W23>=0.

在計(jì)算機(jī)上用優(yōu)化軟件運(yùn)算