語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)題突破專(zhuān)題十二簡(jiǎn)單句

句子的分類(lèi)1.

句子的分類(lèi)英語(yǔ)句子按照用途可以分為陳述句、疑問(wèn)句、祈使句和感嘆句；

按其結(jié)構(gòu)可以分為簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句。2.

簡(jiǎn)單句的基本句型簡(jiǎn)單句主要是由主語(yǔ)（S）、謂語(yǔ)（V）、賓語(yǔ)（O）、表語(yǔ)

（P）、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)（OC）等成分組成的。按照這些成分的組合方

式，簡(jiǎn)單句可分為下列幾種基本句型：形式例句主語(yǔ)＋不及物動(dòng)詞（S＋V）Mike’s

grandfather

died.主語(yǔ)＋系動(dòng)詞＋表語(yǔ)（S＋V＋P）She

is

beautiful.主語(yǔ)＋及物動(dòng)詞＋賓語(yǔ)（S＋V＋O）I

teach

English.形式例句主語(yǔ)＋及物動(dòng)詞＋間接賓語(yǔ)＋直接賓語(yǔ)（S＋V＋I(xiàn)O＋DO）Maria

sent

me

a

present.主語(yǔ)＋及物動(dòng)詞＋賓語(yǔ)＋賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)（S＋V＋O＋OC）The

news

made

us

happy.There

be句型（存現(xiàn)句）There

is

a

tree

behind

the

house.【拓展】“主語(yǔ)＋及物動(dòng)詞＋間接賓語(yǔ)＋直接賓語(yǔ)”＝“主語(yǔ)＋及物動(dòng)詞

＋直接賓語(yǔ)＋介詞to/for＋間接賓語(yǔ)”。（1）與to搭配的動(dòng)詞有g(shù)ive，send，pass，take，bring，show，

lend，sell等。如：She

gave

me

a

book.＝She

gave

a

book

to

me.她給了我一本書(shū)。（2）與for搭配的動(dòng)詞有buy，make，build，mend，cook等。如：My

father

bought

me

a

bike.＝My

father

bought

a

bike

for

me.我爸

爸給我買(mǎi)了一輛自行車(chē)。

疑問(wèn)句1.

疑問(wèn)句的分類(lèi)句型結(jié)構(gòu)回答一般

疑問(wèn)句Be＋主語(yǔ)＋其他？用yes或no情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋主語(yǔ)＋動(dòng)詞原形＋其他？助動(dòng)詞＋主語(yǔ)＋動(dòng)詞原形＋其他？助動(dòng)詞＋主語(yǔ)＋過(guò)去分詞＋其他？句型結(jié)構(gòu)回答特殊疑問(wèn)句特殊疑問(wèn)詞＋一般疑問(wèn)句？不能用yes或no，問(wèn)

什么答什么選擇疑問(wèn)句一般疑問(wèn)句，…＋or＋另一備選對(duì)象？不能用yes或no，要用一個(gè)完整的句子或其省略形式特殊疑問(wèn)句，…＋or＋另一備選對(duì)象？反意

疑問(wèn)句陳述句/祈使句＋附加問(wèn)句用yes或no

2.特殊疑問(wèn)詞（組）類(lèi)別疑問(wèn)詞用法疑問(wèn)代詞what詢(xún)問(wèn)職業(yè)、日期、天氣等what

size詢(xún)問(wèn)尺寸what

time詢(xún)問(wèn)時(shí)間what

color詢(xún)問(wèn)顏色which詢(xún)問(wèn)特定的人或物who詢(xún)問(wèn)身份whose詢(xún)問(wèn)物主類(lèi)別疑問(wèn)詞用法疑問(wèn)副詞how詢(xún)問(wèn)感受、方式、天氣等how

old詢(xún)問(wèn)年齡how

many詢(xún)問(wèn)可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量how

much詢(xún)問(wèn)價(jià)錢(qián)、不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量how

long詢(xún)問(wèn)物體的長(zhǎng)度、時(shí)間段how

far詢(xún)問(wèn)距離類(lèi)別疑問(wèn)詞用法疑問(wèn)副詞how

soon詢(xún)問(wèn)某個(gè)動(dòng)作要多久發(fā)生或結(jié)束how

often詢(xún)問(wèn)頻率when詢(xún)問(wèn)時(shí)間where詢(xún)問(wèn)位置、地點(diǎn)why詢(xún)問(wèn)原因

祈使句祈使句一般用來(lái)表示請(qǐng)求、命令、勸說(shuō)、號(hào)召、警告等，通常省

略第二人稱(chēng)主語(yǔ)you。如：Have

a

good

holiday?。ㄗＤ悖┘偃沼淇?！Be

careful

when

you

cross

the

road.當(dāng)你過(guò)馬路時(shí)請(qǐng)當(dāng)心。Let’s

have

a

rest.讓我們休息一會(huì)兒吧。Don’t

forget

me！別忘了我！No

photos！禁止拍照！Let

them

not

play

with

fire.＝Don’t

let

them

play

with

fire.別讓他們

玩火。Never

answer

the

phone

while

driving.開(kāi)車(chē)時(shí)決不要接電話(huà)。【拓展】以L(fǎng)et開(kāi)頭的祈使句，常用于第一、三人稱(chēng)，表示建議、邀請(qǐng)和勸

說(shuō)等。

感嘆句感嘆句是表示說(shuō)話(huà)人喜怒哀樂(lè)、驚訝、贊美等強(qiáng)烈感情的句子。

感嘆句可以是一個(gè)單詞或短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立句，也可以是由what或how

引導(dǎo)的句子。讀降調(diào)，句末多用感嘆號(hào)。其常用結(jié)構(gòu)有：如：What

a

beautiful

flower

（it

is）！（這是）一朵多么漂亮

的花?。hat

good

news

（it

is）?。ㄟ@是）多好的消息啊！How

clever

a

girl

（she

is）！（她是）多么聰明的一個(gè)女孩呀！How

fast

Jim

runs！吉姆跑得多么快??！How

time

flies！時(shí)間過(guò)得真快呀/時(shí)光飛逝！【拓展】用what還是how的判斷方法1.

形容詞直接加名詞的，多用what。2.

只有形容詞或副詞的，多用how。

There

be句型（存現(xiàn)句）和主謂一致1.

There

be句型（存現(xiàn)句）（1）There

be句型的構(gòu)成及用法There

be句型的構(gòu)成形式一般為“There

is/are＋某物/某人＋某地/

某時(shí)”，表示“某地或某時(shí)有某物或某人”。其中be的單復(fù)數(shù)形式由

最靠近它的主語(yǔ)決定，即遵循“就近原則”。如：There

is

a

desk

and

two

chairs

in

the

room.房間里有一張書(shū)桌和兩把

椅子。There

are

two

chairs

and

a

desk

in

the

room.房間里有兩把椅子和一

張書(shū)桌。（2）There

be句型的時(shí)態(tài)及其結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)態(tài)構(gòu)成一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)There

is/are…一般過(guò)去時(shí)There

was/were…一般將來(lái)時(shí)There

will

be…/There

is/are

going

to

be…現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)There

have/has

been…含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞There＋情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋be…

（3）There

be句型與have的區(qū)別There

be句型表示“存在”，強(qiáng)調(diào)“某地或某時(shí)有某物或某人”，

不表示所屬關(guān)系。have表示所屬關(guān)系，強(qiáng)調(diào)“某人或某物擁

有……”。如：There

is

a

pen

on

my

desk.我的書(shū)桌上有一支鋼筆。（鋼筆在我書(shū)

桌上，但不一定是我的）I

have

a

pen.我有一支鋼筆。（鋼筆不管在哪兒，它都是我的）2.

主謂一致主謂一致即謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在人稱(chēng)和數(shù)上要和主語(yǔ)保持一致。主謂一致

包括語(yǔ)法一致、意義一致和就近一致原則。（1）語(yǔ)法一致原則語(yǔ)法一致原則即謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在單復(fù)數(shù)形式上要和主語(yǔ)在語(yǔ)法上保持

一致。①謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)的情況：如：He

exercises

every

day.他每天鍛煉。To

be

a

pilot

is

his

dream.當(dāng)一名飛行員是他的夢(mèng)想。Neither

answer

is

correct.兩個(gè)答案都不對(duì)。Someone

is

waiting

for

you.有人在等你。The

number

of

the

cups

is

ten.杯子的數(shù)量是10。One

of

the

boys

is

interested

in

the

story.其中一個(gè)男孩子對(duì)這個(gè)故

事感興趣。②謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)的情況：如：They

exercise

every

day.他們每天鍛煉。Jerry

and

his

sister

are

students.杰瑞和他的姐姐都是學(xué)生。The

football

is

under

the

bed.足球在床下。A

number

of

birds

are

on

the

island.島上有大量的鳥(niǎo)。③特殊情況：如：Three

fifths

of

the

forest

was

destroyed.五分之三的森林

被毀壞了。70％

of

the

students

are

natives.70％的學(xué)生是本地人。A

pair

of

shoes

is

under

the

bed.床下面有一雙鞋。Fifteen

pairs

of

gloves

are

made

by

them

each

day.他們每天制作十五

雙手套。Susan

with

her

family

works

on

the

farm.蘇珊和她的家人在農(nóng)場(chǎng)里

干活。The

boys

who

are

playing

basketball

are

students.打籃球的那些男孩

都是學(xué)生。（2）意義一致原則意義一致又叫概念一致，即謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式還是復(fù)數(shù)形式要

看主語(yǔ)所表達(dá)的概念。①謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)的情況：如：The

writer

and

singer

was

invited

to

the

party.那位作家兼歌手

應(yīng)邀參加派對(duì)。Two

years

is

a

long

time.兩年是一段很長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間。

The

United

States

is

a

developed

country.美國(guó)是一個(gè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家。②謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)的情況：如：The

police

are

running

after

a

thief.警察們正在追趕一個(gè)小偷。The

Greens

enjoy

traveling

around

the

world.格林夫婦喜歡環(huán)

游世界。The

old

think

the

young

are

happier

than

them.老人們認(rèn)為年輕人比

他們幸福。We

each

have

our

own

car.我們每個(gè)人都有自己的汽車(chē)。③特殊情況：如：His

family

is

going

to

move.他家要搬走了。（強(qiáng)調(diào)整體）My

family

all

like

watching

TV.

我們?nèi)叶枷矚g看電視。

（強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體）（3）就近一致原則就近一致原則即謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與離它最近的主語(yǔ)部分保持一致。遵循

就近一致原則的結(jié)構(gòu)有：如：There

is

a

river

and

two

big

trees

there.那邊有一條河和

兩棵大樹(shù)。Either

you

or

he

has

to

stay

at

home

this

afternoon.今天下午要么你

要么他得待在家里。Not

only

you

but

also

your

mother

is

going

there.不僅你，而且你媽

媽也要去那兒。

一、根據(jù)句意填單詞（盲填）1.

（2025北京改編）—Steve，

did

you

begin

to

learn

how

to

play

chess？—About

two

years

ago.2.

（2025龍東地區(qū)改編）

is

no

yogurt

and

no

tomatoes

on

the

shopping

list.We

need

to

add

them

to

the

salad.3.

（2024白銀改編）

beautiful

the

dragon

boats

are！when

There

How

4.

（2024牡丹江改編）Having

good

manners

necessary

when

you

visit

a

foreign

country.5.

（2024宿遷改編）—

fine

weather！It’s

a

good

match

for

going

on

a

picnic.—Exactly.I

simply

can’t

wait！is

What

二、短文填空人與自我：有趣的化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)As

an

exchange

student，I

studied

in

France

for

two

years.1.

.

I

took

a

class

in

the

chemistry

lab

for

the

first

time，I

found

students

were

fully

“armed”！2.

surprised

I

was！There

3.

（be）

many

students

wearing

glasses

and

gloves.Then

I

knew

that

safety

4.

.

（come）

first

for

the

science

lab

class.When/As

How

were

comes

“5.

（be）

quiet

and

read

my

instructions

carefully，”

my

chemistry

teacher

Mrs.Louise

said.During

the

class，she

divided

us

into

groups

of

two

to

do

the

experiment.A

moment

later，Mrs.Louise