CreditReportingbyMicroLendingInstitutionsinSouthAfrica

南非小額貸款機構的征信制度

AcasestudybyPresentedbyFrankLenisaTel:+27218832332Email:frank@compuscan.co.zaAgenda

briefbackgroundtoCompuScan

CompuScan的背景簡介anoverviewofMCI’sinSouthAfrica

南非小額貸款機構概覽

thecreditinformationthatweprovide

我們提供的信用信息MCIreportingrequirements

小額貸款機構的征信要求registryconsultationpricing

征信局咨詢定價theinformationsystem

信息系統(tǒng)supportandtrainingneedsofMCI’s

小額貸款機構需要支持和培訓thebenefittoborrowers

對借款者的好處andthefutureoutlook.

未來展望BackgroundonCompuScan

背景簡介CompuScanisacreditreportingandriskinformationcompanyforMicroCreditInstitutions(MCI’s)

CompuScan是針對小額貸款機構征信和風險信息管理的公司W(wǎng)eprovideMCI’swithcreditinformation,systems,methodologiesandtrainingtomanagesustainablecreditoperations,andshareborrowerinformationinordertoavoidborrowerover-indebtednessandrecklesscreditgranting

我們向小額貸款機構提供信用信息、系統(tǒng)、方法及訓練來維持信貸業(yè)務，與借款者分享信息以避免借款者過度借債以及不計后果的授信。CompuScanwasformallyestablishedin1995andhasbecometheleaderinitsfield,

CompuScan于1995年正式成立，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)成為征信領域的佼佼者了。Operatingthroughout

業(yè)務遍及南非、納米比亞、博茨瓦納Wedevelop,hostandmanageinformationtechnology(IT)requirementsin-house.In1999,Compuscanwasawardedthe“SunandOracle”partneroftheyearaward

我們在公司內部開發(fā)并管理信息技術

1999年，公司被授予“太陽神靈”稱號SouthAfricaNamibiaBotswanaMCI’sinSouthAfrica

南非的小額貸款機構MCI’sareconsumerfinancecompaniesthatprovideunsecuredsmallcashloansnotexceedingR10000(US$1515.15)toborrowerswithingovernmentcontrolledregulationsR10000(US$1515.15)

小額貸款機構是消費者金融公司，它們在政府控制的法規(guī)范圍內向借款者提供無擔保的小額現(xiàn)金貸款，其額度不超過10000蘭特(1515.15美元)Themicrocreditindustryestimatedannualturnoverbetween20and30billionRand(3.03and4.55billionUS$)估計每年的小額信貸總額為200到300億蘭特(30.3

到45.5億美元）MCI’sthatprovidemicrocredit:提供小額貸款的機構MCInstitutionType類型MCEntitiesMCBranchesBanks銀行92387PublicCompanies*公營企業(yè)415PrivateCompanies私營企業(yè)13524803#mainlysmallcompanies主要是小公司NGO/Non-Profits**非政府組織/非盈利性機構1754Cooperatives/Creditunions合伙人組織/信用聯(lián)盟242Total總計14097301*Pty’s/CC’s/Trustshavebeengroupedtogether.**

NGO/Non-Profitsprovidessmallloanstosmall/microbusinesses.BanksandprivateMCIarefor-profitandupthebiggestmarketshareofthemicrocreditindustry

銀行和私營小額貸款機構是贏利性的，占據(jù)了小額貸款市場的最大份額TheNGO’s/Non-Profitsprovidessmallloanstomicro/smallbusinessesandonlymakesupasmallpercentage(approximately1-2%)ofthemarket

非政府組織或非盈利性機構也向小型企業(yè)提供小額貸款，但只占據(jù)市場的一小部分，約為1－2％Themicrocreditindustryhasa5-8%marketshareofthetotalconsumercreditindustryinSouthAfrica

小額貸款占據(jù)了南非總的消費者貸款的5－8％MCI’sinSouthAfrica

南非的小額貸款機構CompuscanMainconsumerCRTransunionITC主要消費者征信局環(huán)聯(lián)ITCMainconsumerCRExperian主要消費者征信局益百利Managed/synchronised

Banks/NBFIs銀行/非銀行金融機構Socio-Demo.Data&PublicRegistriesE.g.courts,liensUtilities

公用事業(yè)CreditinformationprovidedtoMCI’s

向小額貸款機構提供的信用信息MCI&ConsumerdataMerchants商業(yè)企業(yè)Banks/LargerMCI’s銀行/較大的小額貸款機構

3000MCIsubscribers+_50%ofMCImarket3000個小額貸款機構用戶，占小額貸款市場的50％

CompuscanMCIdatabasePrivate私人數(shù)據(jù)庫NLRMCIdatabasePublic公共數(shù)據(jù)庫MCI&Consumerdata小額貸款機構和消費者數(shù)據(jù)MCIdata小額貸款機構數(shù)據(jù)Banks/LargerMCI’s銀行/較大的小額貸款機構MCI&Consumerdata小額貸款機構和消費者數(shù)據(jù)CompuscanCRNLROtherdatasourcedfrommainCR來自主要征信局的其它數(shù)據(jù)MCIrepaymentdata小額貸款機構還款數(shù)據(jù)MCI&consumerrepaymentdata小額貸款機構和消費者還款數(shù)據(jù)Consumercollectiondata回收消費者貸款的數(shù)據(jù)MCIcollectiondata小額貸款機構回收貸款的數(shù)據(jù)Contact-abilitydataCivilcourtjudgments

民法判定Contact-abilitydata與客戶的聯(lián)系能力Previousenquires與客戶的聯(lián)系能力Scores,verifications,alerts評分、核實、警告Alerts,verifications警告和核實Defaults違約Previousenquires事前問詢Datausage

數(shù)據(jù)使用70%ofsubscribersconsultandreportonCompuscanandtheNLR,20%arebeingrecruited.10%areprohibitedfromusingtheNLR(notregisteredwithRegulator).Ofthe70%,12%usevalueadddatafrommainCR.70％的用戶向Compuscan和NLR咨詢和報告信息；20％正在登記；10％被禁止使用NLR（沒有向監(jiān)管者登記）在70%的用戶中,12%使用了來自主要征信局的增值數(shù)據(jù)

Pricing

定價Data數(shù)據(jù)StandardPrice標準價格CompuScanCreditcheckR433.20(US$65.64)p/m(includes100freeconsultationspermonth)NLR+summaryconsumerdataNLR加上總的消費者數(shù)據(jù)R2.51(US$0.38)eachconsultationNLR+detailconsumerdataNLR加上詳細的消費者數(shù)據(jù)R5.13(US$0.70)eachValueadddatafrommainCR.來自主要征信局的增值數(shù)據(jù)R5.13(US$0.70)–R11.90(US$1.80)Dependingonchoiceofdata依賴于數(shù)據(jù)選擇Pricebandofmajoritysubscribers.AverageMCIexpenditureisapproximatelyR690.00(US$104.55)p/m.

VolumediscountsareprovidedtothebiggerMCI’s較大的小額貸款機構可以使用貸款額度折扣Includesaccesstothefullsystemfunctionality,enablingtheMCItoconsult,report,andcomplywithregulatoryrequirements

包括整個征信體系功能的實現(xiàn)，使得小額貸款機構能夠咨詢、報告以及滿足監(jiān)管要求ThedataiscompleteandsufficienttoenabletheMCItotesttheabilitytorepayandmeasurecreditrisk,aswellasmonitorthedebtportfolio

數(shù)據(jù)必須完整和充足，使小額貸款機構能夠衡量信用風險并對債務組合進行監(jiān)管MCI’sdatareportingrequirements

小額貸款機構的征信要求MCI’sarerequiredtoreportonallloansgranted,payments,re-advancementsandclosuresofaccounts

要求小額貸款機構對其授信、支付、再授信及帳戶取消等信息進行報告MCI’sarerequiredtoreportallloansgrantedwithin48hourstotheNLR,andallaccountsthatareclosedforwhateverreasonwithin48hours.

要求小額貸款機構在48小時內向NLR報告所有貸款以及不管什么原因取消的帳戶PaymentProfiledata(accountrepaymentdata)mustbesubmittedonamonthlybasis:

支付數(shù)據(jù)（帳戶償還數(shù)據(jù)）必須按月遞交MCI’sthatprovideshorttermloans(shorttermlenders)submitinformatA

提供短期小額貸款的機構以格式A的形式遞交MCI’sthatprovidetermloans(termlenders)submitinformatB

提供分期小額貸款的機構以格式B的形式遞交FormatAislessonerousthanB,butitspreferredthatshorttermlenderssubmitinformatB

雖然格式A比格式B簡練，但是建議短期貸款者使用格式BCompuScaninformationsystem信息系統(tǒng)CompuScanprovidescreditinformationtoitsMCIsubscribersthroughleading-edgeonlineservices

公司通過一流的網(wǎng)絡服務向它的客戶提供信用信息Systemhandles500000consultationspermonth系統(tǒng)每月都要處理500，000的問詢Systemmakesuseof:web-basedplatformtelephoneandfax(complementary)CPU-to-CPU(integrationintodebtormanagementsystems)系統(tǒng)由以下部分組成：網(wǎng)絡平臺電話和傳真（補充作用）中央處理器對中央處理器（融合到債務人管理系統(tǒng)中）Consultationreportsinstantlyavailable(singleand/orbatch)viaweb/CPU-to-CPU

通過網(wǎng)絡或中央處理器馬上就可獲得問詢報告Systemprovides‘tools’forcreditapplicationprocessingandaccountmonitoring

系統(tǒng)提供信用申請?zhí)幚砗蛶舯O(jiān)測的工具MCIReporting(i.e.accountcreation/closures/payments)performedviaweb/CPU-to-CPU(singleand/orbatch)instantaneouslyorovernight

小額貸款機構通過網(wǎng)絡或中央處理器立刻或隔夜進行報告Paymentprofilesautomaticallycompiled&submittedtomainCRonbehalfofMCImonthly

支付款項自動按月遞交給主要征信機構MCIsupport/training

對小額貸款機構的支持和培訓

Thetrainingandsupportarekeytosuccess-MCI’srelyheavilyonourtrainingandsupportservice.培訓和支持是成功的關鍵－－小額貸款機構嚴重依賴于培訓和支持Supportandtrainingprovided:已提供的支持和培訓On-siteatMCI’s

網(wǎng)上服務Callcentre(inbound&outbound)–6daysaweek

電話中心（內部和外部）－－每周6天ContactwithMCI’severy6-8weeks

每周跟小額貸款機構聯(lián)系6－8次Inaddition,skillstraininganddevelopmentprogramsincreditmanagementprovidedviaCompuScan’strainingdivision

另外，對信用管理的技術培訓和發(fā)展規(guī)劃在CompuScan的培訓部展開OutcomesaretoimprovedMCIstandards/professionalismandpromotebestpractice

結果是要得到更完善的標準和專業(yè)素質，來推動最好的實踐BankingsectortrainingauthorityrecentlyfundedaskillstraininganddevelopmentprojecttoMCI’stothevalueofR78million(US$12million)銀行部門的培訓主管最近為小額貸款機構的技術培訓和發(fā)展計劃籌集了一筆價值7800萬蘭特（1200萬美元）的資金B(yǎng)enefittoborrowers(1)

對借款者的好處MCI’smusttestaborrower’sabilitytorepaypriortoenteringintoaloanagreement

(affordability)小額貸款機構必須在達成貸款合同之前檢測借款者的償付能力DatausedtotestabilitytorepayfromMCI/consumerdata來自小額貸款機構或消費者的用于檢測償付能力的數(shù)據(jù)TodayMCI’saremakingmoreinformedlendingdecisionsduetomorecomprehensiveMCI/consumerdata,attributedtotheNLR

如今，由于提供了更加詳實的貸款機構或消費者數(shù)據(jù)，小額貸款機構制定貸款決策的信息就更加豐富AfricanBank,SouthAfrica’slargestMCI,reportedintheir2004interimresultsthattheirnon-performingloansweredecreasing

非洲銀行及南非最大的小額貸款機構的2004年中期報告就表明它們的不良貸款正在減少

Thiscanbetakenasanindicatorthatlevelsofborrowerover-indebtednessaredeclining,leadingtoatrendoffewerjudgmentsandsummonsesfordebts

借款者過度借債水平正在下降這一點可以被看作一個指標，表明了法律糾紛不斷減少的趨勢Graphsshowamarkeddeclineinthepercentageofjudgmentsandsummonsesfordebtsinthelast12monthperiod.

下圖顯示在過去了12個月中債務糾紛是顯著減少的Benefittoborrowers(2)對借款者的好處Benefittoborrowers(3)對借款者的好處Interestratedeclinetrendhasbeennoticedinthelast18monthperiodbythelargerMCI’sthatprovideshorttermloans,

由較大的小額貸款機構在過去的18個月里提供的短期貸款表明，利率呈下降趨勢Thiscanbeattributedtoincreasedcompetitiveforcesintheshorttermloansmarket,mainlybythebiggerMCI’sthatprovideshorttermloans,

這一點歸功于短期借貸市場的激烈競爭，這種競爭主要是由提供短期貸款的較大型機構引起的ButanassumptioncanalsobemadethatduetotheMCIabilitytomakemoreinformeddecisionsviaCRdataresultsinincreasedMCIefficiency.Thusthesavingsderivedfromgreaterefficiencies,passontoconsumerbymeansoflowerinterestrates.

但是我們仍然可以作出這樣的判斷，即由于征信局提供了數(shù)據(jù)，小額貸款機構就有能力作出更細致的決策，從而增加了小額貸款機構的效率。所以，更高效率帶來的成本節(jié)約通過更低的利率轉移到了消費者Anothernoticeabletrendisthattheloansize(capitalamount)hasstartedtoincreaseslightlyinthelast12months,

另外一個趨勢是在過去的12個月里，貸款規(guī)模開始輕微地增加了ThiscouldbeattributedtotheMCIabilitytomakemoreinformeddecisionsviaCRdata,

這一點也是由于小額貸款機構可以獲得更多信息而能作出更加周密的決策了Butalsotothefactthattheborrowers’debtrepaymentsareslightlylower,duetobetterinterestrates.

但同時也是由于更有利的利率使得借款者的償付成本降低了WheretoforCompuScan

未來發(fā)展方向Inthelocalmarket,thefocusisonproductdevelopment:

在當?shù)厥袌?，主要是產(chǎn)品開發(fā)ApplicationandbureauscoresforMCI’s