大學化工專業(yè)英語期末考試題及答案PartIVocabulary&Terminology(30points)1.Thephenomenoninwhichaliquidstreambreaksintodropletsduetosurfacetensioniscalled________.A.cavitation?B.atomization?C.flocculation?D.sinteringAnswer:B?解析：atomization指液體因表面張力失穩(wěn)而破碎成液滴，是噴霧干燥、燃燒器設(shè)計中的核心概念；cavitation為空化，flocculation為絮凝，sintering為燒結(jié)，均不符。2.Intheequationk=A·exp(–Ea/RT),thepre-exponentialfactorAisprimarilyrelatedto________.A.activationenergy?B.collisionfrequency?C.heatofreaction?D.equilibriumconstantAnswer:B?解析：A反映有效碰撞頻率，Ea為活化能，R為氣體常數(shù)，T為溫度。3.Theunitofvolumetricmass-transfercoefficientkLais________.A.s-1?B.ms-1?C.kgm-3s-1?D.molm-3Pa-1Answer:A?解析：kLa為體積傳質(zhì)系數(shù)，單位與頻率相同，s-1。4.A“pinchpoint”indistillationcolumndesignreferstothelocationwhere________.A.refluxratioismaximum?B.operatingandequilibriumlinestouch?C.trayefficiencyiszero?D.reboilerdutyisminimumAnswer:B?解析：夾點處操作線與平衡線相交，理論板數(shù)趨于無窮，是節(jié)能瓶頸。5.TheThielemodulusΦcompares________.A.reactionratetodiffusionrate?B.heatgenerationtoconduction?C.viscositytodensity?D.surfacetensiontogravityAnswer:A?解析：Φ=L√(k/Deff)，表征反應(yīng)速率與孔內(nèi)擴散速率之比。6.Whichpolymerizationmechanismgivesthenarrowestmolecular-weightdistribution?A.free-radical?B.step-growth?C.livinganionic?D.coordinationAnswer:C?解析：活性陰離子聚合無鏈終止，分子量分布指數(shù)接近1.0。7.Theterm“foulingfactor”inheat-exchangerdesignquantifies________.A.frictionalloss?B.thermalresistanceofdeposits?C.vibrationamplitude?D.corrosionrateAnswer:B?解析：污垢因子m2KW-1，疊加在總傳熱系數(shù)中。8.InthePeng–Robinsonequation,theacentricfactorωcorrectsfor________.A.polarinteractions?B.non-sphericalmoleculeshape?C.quantumeffects?D.electrolytedissociationAnswer:B?解析：ω表征分子偏心度，提高非球形流體PVT預(yù)測精度。9.The“cloudpoint”ofanon-ionicsurfactantisthetemperatureatwhich________.A.micellesform?B.solutionbecomesturbid?C.criticalmicelleconcentrationisreached?D.phaseinversionoccursAnswer:B?解析：聚氧乙烯鏈脫水，溶解度驟降，溶液渾濁。10.ACSTRbatterybehavesmostlikeaplug-flowreactorwhenthenumberoftanksn→________.A.0?B.1?C.5?D.∞Answer:D?解析：n→∞時，階躍響應(yīng)趨近于平推流。PartIIReadingComprehension(30points)PassageASupercriticalCO2(scCO2)hasemergedasaversatilesolventforheterogeneouscatalytichydrogenations.RecentworkbyLiuetal.(2023)describesthecontinuoushydrogenationofacetophenoneto1-phenylethanolovera3wt%Pd/Al2O3catalystinapacked-bedreactoroperatedat80barand40°C.ThescCO2phaseeliminatesgas–liquidmass-transferresistance,triplingtheobservedratecomparedtoconventionaltoluene.However,theapparentactivationenergyEa,appdroppedfrom38kJmol-1intolueneto18kJmol-1inscCO2.In-situATR-IRspectroscopyrevealedthattheketone’scarbonylgroupishydrogen-bondedtosurfacesilanols,weakeningtheC=Obondandloweringtheintrinsicbarrier.Theauthorsmodeledthesystemwithasingle-phaseplug-flowreactorequation,accountingforexternalmass-transferlimitationsthroughaconstantwallSherwoodnumberSh=3.66.Undertheseconditions,theeffectivenessfactorηwascalculatedtobe0.92,indicatingminorpore-diffusiondisguise.Long-termruns(200h)showednodeactivation,attributedtothelowpolarityofscCO2suppressingcokeprecursorformation.11.Theincreaseinreactionrateisprimarilyascribedto________.A.higherH2solubility?B.eliminationofinterphasetransport?C.thermalconductivityenhancement?D.catalystredispersionAnswer:B?解析：原文“eliminatesgas–liquidmass-transferresistance”。12.ThedropinEa,appsuggeststhatscCO2________.A.stabilizesthetransitionstate?B.increasestheheatofadsorption?C.reducesthepre-exponentialfactor?D.raisestheequilibriumconversionAnswer:A?解析：氫鍵作用削弱C=O，降低能壘，表觀活化能下降。13.Theeffectivenessfactorη≈0.92implies________.A.stronginternaldiffusionlimitation?B.reaction-controlledregime?C.externaldiffusioncontrol?D.catalystpoisoningAnswer:B?解析：η接近1，孔擴散影響小。14.Whichtechniquedirectlyevidencedtheketone–surfaceinteraction?A.XPS?B.ATR-IR?C.XRD?D.TPDAnswer:B?解析：in-situATR-IR觀測氫鍵。15.Theabsenceofdeactivationisbestexplainedby________.A.lowscCO2polarity?B.highPdloading?C.axialdispersion?D.highReynoldsnumberAnswer:A?解析：低極性抑制結(jié)焦前驅(qū)體。PassageBMembrane-basedseparationsaregainingtractionforolefin/paraffinsplits.A2024studyreportsafacilitated-transportmembranecomprisingsilvernanoparticles(AgNPs)embeddedinapoly(ether-block-amide)(PEBA)matrix.Thecarrier-mediatedmechanismfollowsthereactionC2H4+Ag+?[Ag(C2H4)]+,withanequilibriumconstantK=0.82bar-1at298K.ThemembraneshowsanidealC2H4/C2H6selectivityof42,surpassingtheupperboundforpolymericmaterials.However,humiditytriggersAg+reduction,formingmetallicAg0clustersthatblocksegmentalmotionanddropselectivityto8within72h.Theauthorsmitigatethisbycoatingtheupstreamfacewitha200nmgraphene-oxide(GO)layer.Moleculardynamics(MD)simulationsindicatethatGOreduceswaterpermeationby90%whilemaintaining88%oftheoriginalolefinflux.Thewater-contactangleincreasedfrom52°to78°,confirmingsurfacehydrophobization.Economicevaluationshowsthatfora500kty-1ethyleneplant,themembraneunitconsumes35%lessenergythancryogenicdistillation,withapaybackperiodof2.3years.16.Theselectivitydropinhumidairiscausedby________.A.plasticization?B.carrierpoisoning?C.poreblockagebyAg0?D.concentrationpolarizationAnswer:C?解析：Ag0簇堵塞鏈段運動，選擇性驟降。17.TheGOoverlayerprimarilyfunctionsasa________.A.structuralreinforcement?B.humiditybarrier?C.electronicconductor?D.thermalinsulatorAnswer:B?解析：MD顯示水滲透下降90%。18.TheequilibriumconstantK=0.82bar-1indicatesthatthecomplexis________.A.unstable?B.moderatelystable?C.irreversible?D.dissociativeAnswer:B?解析：K>0.5bar-1，中等強度。19.Energysavingsof35%arisemainlyfromavoiding________.A.compressionwork?B.refrigerationduty?C.pressuredrop?D.refluxAnswer:B?解析：低溫精餾制冷能耗高，膜過程常溫。20.Thepaybackperiodcalculationimplicitlyassumesadiscountrateofabout________.A.5%?B.10%?C.15%?D.20%Answer:B?解析：2.3年回收期對應(yīng)~10%折現(xiàn)率，常規(guī)化工經(jīng)濟評估默認值。PartIIITranslation(20points)21.將下列中文段落譯成英文：“在環(huán)管反應(yīng)器中，由于高速循環(huán)泵的作用，聚合物顆粒處于全混狀態(tài)，傳熱系數(shù)高達800Wm-2K-1，有效移除了聚合熱，從而將熱點溫度控制在2°C以內(nèi)?！盇nswer:Intheloopreactor,thehigh-speedcirculationpumpkeepsthepolymerparticlesinafullymixedstate;theheat-transfercoefficientreaches800Wm-2K-1,effectivelyremovingtheheatofpolymerizationandkeepingthehot-spottemperaturewithin2°C.22.將下列英文段落譯成中文：“Theonsetofoscillationsinacatalyticpackedbedcanbetracedtothecouplingbetweenexothermicreactionandheatfeedbackviasolidconduction;atwo-zonemodelpredictsthatthecriticalDamk?hlernumberincreaseslinearlywiththewallBiotnumber.”Answer：催化固定床振蕩的起源于放熱反應(yīng)與通過固體傳導的熱反饋之間的耦合；雙區(qū)模型預(yù)測臨界達姆科勒數(shù)隨壁面畢渥數(shù)線性增加。PartIVCalculations&ShortAnswers(20points)23.Afirst-orderliquid-phasereactionA→Biscarriedoutina0.5m3PFR.Therateconstantis0.12min-1at80°C.Feedflowrateis100Lmin-1withCA0=2.0molL-1.(a)CalculatetheconversionX.(b)IfthesameconversionistobeachievedinasingleCSTR,determinetherequiredvolume.Answer:(a)τ=V/ν0=500L/100Lmin-1=5min.ForPFR:X=1–exp(–kτ)=1–exp(–0.12×5)=0.451(45.1%).(b)ForCSTR:τ=X/[k(1–X)]=0.451/(0.12×0.549)=6.85min.V=τ·ν0=6.85min×100Lmin-1=685L.解析：PFR因濃度梯度推動，體積較??；CSTR需更大體積以維持相同出口濃度。24.Abinarymixturewithrelativevolatilityα=2.5isdistilledattotalreflux.Theoverheadvaporcompositionis0.90molefractionlightcomponent.Findtheliquidcompositiononthethirdtheoreticalstagefromthetop.Answer:Totalreflux:operatingliney=x.Stage1:y1=0.90,x1=y1=0.90.Stage2:y2=x1=0.90,x2=y2/[α–(α–1)y2]=0.90/(2.5–1.5×0.90)=0.782.Stage3:y3=x2=0.782,x3=0.782/(2.5–1.5×0.782)=0.590.解析：逐板計算，平衡關(guān)系y=αx/[1+(α–1)x]。25.Awetsolidcontaining40%moisture(wetbasis)isdriedto5%moisture.If100kgofwetsolidischarged,computethefinaldryproductmass.Answer:Drymassinvariant:100kg×(1–0.40)=60kg.Finalproduct:60kg/(1–0.05)=63.16kg.解析：濕基含水率定義，干基質(zhì)量守恒。26.Agasstreamwith5mol%NH3entersapackedabsorptiontowerat1bar,25°C.Waterflowscounter-currently.If95%ofNH3isremovedandtheexitliquidis0.01molefractionNH3,estimatetheminimumliquid-to-gasratio(L/G)min.Equilibrium:pNH3=1.25xNH3(bar).Answer:Inletgasy1=0.05,outlety2=0.05×0.05=0.0025.AtminimumL/G,exitliquidx1*=y1/1.25=0.04.Materialbalance:(L/G)min=(y1–y2)/(x1*–x2)=(0.05–0.0025)/(0.04–0)=1.19.解析：平衡線斜率1.25bar，最小液氣比對應(yīng)出口液體與入口氣體平衡。27.Aslurrywith0.2kgsolidskg-1waterisfilteredinaplate-and-framepress.Thecakeisincompressiblewithporosityε=0.45andsoliddensityρs=2500kgm-3.Calculatethecakethicknessafterfiltering10m3offiltrateperm2offilterarea.Answer:Masssolidsperm2:0.2kgsolids/kgwater×1000kgwaterm-3×10m3=2000kg.Solidvolume:2000/2500=0.8m3.Cakevolume=Vs/(1–ε)=0.8/(1–0.45)=1.454m3perm2area.ThicknessL=1.454m.解析：濾餅孔隙率校正，體積守恒。PartVEssayQuestion(20points)28.Discusshowprocessintensification(PI)cansimultaneouslyaddressenergyefficiency,carbonfootprint,andsafetyintheproductionofethyleneoxide(EO).ProvideatleastthreePItechnologies,explaintheunderlyingprinciples,andquantifypotentialimpactsusingliteraturedata.Answer:Ethyleneoxidesynthesisishighlyexothermic(ΔH=–132kJmol-1)andtraditionallycarriedoutinlongmultitubularreactorswithdiluteoxygen(<8%)tostayoutsidetheflammableenvelope.Processintensificationoffersmultiplesynergisticroutes:(1)MicrochannelReactorsPrinciple:Channeldiameters0.2–2mmprovidesurface-to-volumeratios>5000m2m-3,enablingisothermaloperation.Theshortdiffusiontime(<10ms)eliminateshotspots,allowingoxygenconcentrationtoriseto12%withoutrunaway.Impact:Pateletal.(2022)demonstrated35%yieldincreaseand28%energysavingduetoreducedrecycle.Thereactorvolumeshrinksbytwoordersofmagnitude,cuttingsteeluseandembodiedCO2by45%.(2)ReactiveDistillationwithCatalyticPackingsPrinciple:EOisimmediatelyseparatedfromthereactionzo