1、第五講 篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題,專題一 閱讀理解,命題分析 考試大綱明確要求考生“理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)”。高考對(duì)文章結(jié)構(gòu)的考查主要涉及兩個(gè)層次：一是按段落的組織方法理解文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，二是按寫(xiě)作方法(論證方法)理解文章的結(jié)構(gòu)。把握文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)有利于理解文章的主題。篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題屬于較高層次的考查，重在考查對(duì)整個(gè)文章內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系的理解，對(duì)文章結(jié)構(gòu)的清晰認(rèn)識(shí)及對(duì)文中舉例的目的等，看考生對(duì)整篇文章的整體理解如何。因此，把握全篇的文脈，即句與句、段與段之間的邏輯關(guān)系對(duì)理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)會(huì)有很大幫助。,專題一 閱讀理解,按段落的組織方法理解文章的結(jié)構(gòu),文章的體裁有記敘文、說(shuō)明文和議論文等，不同體裁的文章的組織方法是不同的。

2、文章結(jié)構(gòu)題主要考查考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)文章所描述的事件的發(fā)展順序、所說(shuō)明事物的結(jié)構(gòu)層次或在論述觀點(diǎn)過(guò)程中使用的論證方法進(jìn)行推測(cè)、歸納和總結(jié)的能力。主要設(shè)題形式： Which of the following shows the organization/structure of the passage? How is the passage organized? Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?,(2015高考北京卷) Technological change is everywhere and

3、affects every aspect of life，mostly for the better.However，social changes that are brought about by new technology are often mistaken for a change in attitudes. An example at hand is the involvement of parents in the lives of their children who are attending college.Surveys (調(diào)查) on this topic sugges

4、t that parents today continue to be “very” or “somewhat” overlyprotective even after their children move into college dormitories.The same surveys also indicate that the rate of parental involvement is greater today than it was a generation ago.This is usually interpreted as a sign that,todays paren

5、ts are trying to manage their childrens lives past the point where this behavior is appropriate. However，greater parental involvement does not necessarily indicate that parents are failing to let go of their “adult” children. In the context (背景) of this discussion，it seems valuable to first find out

6、 the cause of change in the case of parents involvement with their grown children.If parents of earlier generations had wanted to be in touch with their collegeage children frequently，would this have been possible？Probably not.On the other hand，does the possibility of frequent,communication today me

7、an that the urge to do so wasnt present a generation ago？Many studies show that older parentstodays grandparentswould have called their children more often if the means and cost of doing so had not been a barrier. Furthermore，studies show that finances are the most frequent subject of communication

8、between parents and their college children.The fact that college students are financially dependent on their parents is nothing new；nor are requests for more money to be sent from home.This phenomenon is neither good nor bad；it is a fact of college life，today and in the past.,Thanks to the advanced

9、technology，we live in an age of bettered communication.This has many implications well beyond the role that parents seem to play in the lives of their children who have left for college.But it is useful to bear in mind that all such changes come from the technology and not some imagined desire by pa

10、rents to keep their children under their wings.,Which of the following shows the development of ideas in this passage?_ I：Introduction P：Point Sp：Subpoint(次要點(diǎn)) C：Conclusion,B,【解析】 文章結(jié)構(gòu)題。文章第一段是introduction，介紹了“新科技帶來(lái)的一些改變常被誤認(rèn)為是態(tài)度的改變”的現(xiàn)象。第二段提出了第一個(gè)論點(diǎn)“父母在子女生活中參與度提高的現(xiàn)象通常被誤認(rèn)為是在試圖安排孩子的生活”。第三段提出了第二個(gè)論點(diǎn) “父母更多的

11、參與不一定表明父母對(duì)子女不放手”。第四段針對(duì)第二個(gè)論點(diǎn)提出了分論點(diǎn)一“是科技的進(jìn)步導(dǎo)致了父母對(duì)子女生活更多地參與”。第五段針對(duì)第二個(gè)論點(diǎn)提出了分論點(diǎn)二(關(guān)鍵詞Furthermore)“是子女經(jīng)濟(jì)不獨(dú)立導(dǎo)致父母對(duì)子女生活的過(guò)多參與”。最后一段得出結(jié)論“多虧了高科技，我們能更好地交流，父母與孩子更多的溝通交流并不是想庇護(hù)孩子”。,名師點(diǎn)津 一般說(shuō)來(lái)，一篇文章只有一個(gè)中心要點(diǎn)，全文的各個(gè)段落都要圍繞這個(gè)中心要點(diǎn)展開(kāi)。而情節(jié)發(fā)展的線索通常會(huì)含有一個(gè)或幾個(gè)要點(diǎn)，每個(gè)要點(diǎn)又會(huì)根據(jù)表達(dá)的需要分出一個(gè)或幾個(gè)次要點(diǎn)。在這些要點(diǎn)和次要點(diǎn)的支撐下，文章會(huì)在最后得出一個(gè)結(jié)論，這就是文章的大致框架。了解文章的大致框架是

12、突破文章結(jié)構(gòu)題的關(guān)鍵。在解答此類試題時(shí)，考生應(yīng)做到：一讀，就是通讀全文；二想，就是想一想每個(gè)自然段的,主要內(nèi)容；三歸，就是把一些內(nèi)容相同或關(guān)系密切的自然段并在一起，成為一個(gè)大段；四查，就是再把各段段意連起來(lái)，看是否能構(gòu)成一個(gè)連貫的整體；五選，就是選出符合文章結(jié)構(gòu)的正確答案。因此考生在閱讀文章時(shí)要發(fā)揮自己的邏輯思維能力，把握作者的寫(xiě)作思路，這樣才能準(zhǔn)確答題。此類試題從段落組織方式上看有三種類型：總分總；總分；分總。,作者可采用不同的方法來(lái)組織文章，如：1.時(shí)間順序，按時(shí)間先后順序說(shuō)明某一事物的發(fā)展，或某一研究由過(guò)去至現(xiàn)在的發(fā)展情況。2.空間順序，按照事物的空間結(jié)構(gòu)順序(從左到右，從內(nèi)到外，從整體

13、到局部等)進(jìn)行描寫(xiě)或說(shuō)明。3.舉例論證，用所列舉的事物來(lái)論證觀點(diǎn)，通常列舉一些數(shù)據(jù)、事例等。4.對(duì)比或類比，通常以對(duì)比各事物之間的共同點(diǎn)或差異為主。主要設(shè)題形式：,按寫(xiě)作方法理解文章的結(jié)構(gòu),The passage is mainly developed by_ The second paragraph is developed by_ The author develops the passage mainly by_ How does the writer support the underlined statement in Paragraph 2?,(2015高考重慶卷) There a

14、re many places to go on safari (觀賞野生動(dòng)物) in Africa，but riding a horse through the flooded waters of Botswanas Okavango Delta must rank as one of the worlds most exciting wildlife journeys. Several safari camps operate as the base for this adventure，providing unique rides twice a day to explore deep i

15、nto the delta.The camps have excellent horses，professional guides and lots of support workers.They have a reputation for providing a great riding experience.,The morning ride，when the guides take you to beautiful，shallow lakes full of water lilies，tends to be more active.It is unlike any other ridin

16、g experience.With rainbows forming in the splashing water around you and the sound of huge drops of water bouncing off your body and face，it is truly exciting.You are very likely to come across large wild animals，too.On horseback it is possible to get quite close to elephants，giraffes and many other

17、 animals.The sense of excitement and tension levels rise suddenly though，as does your heart rate，as you move closer to them.,In the evening，rides are usually at a more relaxed and unhurried pace，with golden light streaming across the grassy delta and the animals coming out to eat and drink.Sedate th

18、ough they are，rides at this time of day are still very impressive.As the suns rays pass through the dust kicked up by the horses，the romance of Africa comes to life. Back at the camp you can kick off your boots and enjoy excellent food and wine.Looking back on your day，you will find it hard to deny that a horseback safa