1、A,1,被動(dòng)語態(tài)的翻譯,第三章 筆譯的技巧（中篇）,A,2,英語和漢語都有被動(dòng)語態(tài)，但兩種文字對(duì)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的運(yùn)用卻不盡相同。同一個(gè)意思，英語習(xí)慣用被動(dòng)語態(tài)表達(dá)，漢語卻往往要用主動(dòng)語態(tài)。例如We are kept strong and well by clean air. 空氣清潔能促使我們身體健壯,A,3,漢英對(duì)比，英語的被動(dòng)句顯然多于漢語，那就是：主語+be (.各式形態(tài)變化) + 動(dòng)詞的過去分詞式。 Peter was robbed to pay Paul. 如果說話者要指出施事者來，英語的表達(dá)方式也很簡單，就是在謂語結(jié)構(gòu)后面加一個(gè)由by引導(dǎo)的短語： Peter was robbed by

2、him to pay Paul. 他偷了彼得的錢去還保爾的債。（“拆東墻補(bǔ)西墻”）,A,4,說漢語的人自古以來有一種主體思維方式，認(rèn)為“成事者必在人”，還有什么必要明說呢？這叫做“盡在不言中”。 如： 海水不可斗量（實(shí)際上是“被斗量”） 文章總算寫好了。（實(shí)際上是“被寫好”）,A,5,教學(xué)內(nèi)容,1、英語中常用被動(dòng)語態(tài)的情況 2、漢語中被動(dòng)意義的表現(xiàn)方式 3、英語被動(dòng)語態(tài)的翻譯,A,6,When the crude oil is obtained from the field, it is taken to the refineries to be treated. The commonest

3、form of treatment is heating. When the oil is heated, the first vapors to rise are cooled and become the finest petrol. Petrol has a low boiling point; if a little is poured into the hand, it soon vaporizes. Gas that comes off the oil later is condensed into paraffin. Last of all the lubricating oil

4、s of various grades are produced. What remains is heavy oil that is used as fuel.,A,7,When the crude oil is obtained from the field, it is taken to the refineries to be treated. The commonest form of treatment is heating. When the oil is heated, the first vapors to rise are cooled and become the fin

5、est petrol. Petrol has a low boiling point; if a little is poured into the hand, it soon vaporizes. Gas that comes off the oil later is condensed into paraffin. Last of all the lubricating oils of various grades are produced. What remains is heavy oil that is used as fuel.,A,8,一、被動(dòng)語態(tài)在英語中的運(yùn)用 被動(dòng)語態(tài)的廣泛使

6、用是英語區(qū)別于漢語的一大特點(diǎn)。這一特點(diǎn)在科技英語語體中反映得尤為突出。這不僅是因?yàn)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)比主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)更少主觀色彩，結(jié)構(gòu)更簡單，還因?yàn)橛胁槐亍⒉辉富驘o從說出施動(dòng)者等情況的存在。,A,9,1、不知道或沒有必要說明動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰。例如： Such books are written for children. We havent been told about it. The English evening has been put off till Saturday.,A,10,2、出于禮貌措辭等方面考慮不愿說出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰。例如： You are requested to give a p

7、erformance. It is generally considered not advisable to act that way.,A,11,3、無從說出施動(dòng)者是誰。例如： Youre wanted on the phone. The problem is being studied. Rice is chiefly grown in the south.,A,12,4、為了便于上下銜接。例如： He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience. Jack fought John in the mens

8、singles last night and was beaten.,A,13,5、為了突出談話的中心。例如： The song was composed by a French musician. The program was designed by ourselves.,A,14,二、漢語被動(dòng)意義的表達(dá)方式,用詞匯的手段來表現(xiàn)被動(dòng)意義 例如： 1、“為”字結(jié)構(gòu) “茅屋為秋風(fēng)所破” 2、“被”字式不幸語態(tài) “被捕”， “被剝削”，“被壓迫”，“被殺” 3、“讓”、”給”、”叫”、“挨”、“受”、“遭”、“蒙” 莊稼讓大水沖跑了。 The crops were washed away by

9、the flood.,A,15,4、“是的” 表示靜態(tài)的句子 這些產(chǎn)品是我國制造的。 5、“的是” 推薦我的是一位教授。 6、“加以/予以”組成倒置的賓語結(jié)構(gòu) 這個(gè)問題將在下一章加以討論。,A,16,用詞序手段來表現(xiàn)被動(dòng)意義 1、受事者動(dòng)詞 困難克服了，工作完成了，問題也解決了。 2、受事著施事者動(dòng)詞 我們?cè)谶@里所講的話，人們不會(huì)長久地記住。,A,17,三、翻譯方法,翻譯成漢語的主動(dòng)句 1、 “加以”, “經(jīng)過”, “用來” 2、增補(bǔ)泛指性的詞語(人們,大家等)作主語 3、主語譯成賓語 4、翻譯成漢語的無主句 5、翻譯成帶“是的”的主動(dòng)句 譯成漢語的被動(dòng)句 1、漢語句中有“被”、“受”、“挨”

10、、“遭受”等詞 2、譯成“為所”的結(jié)構(gòu) 譯成“把”、“使”和“由”字句,A,18,翻譯成漢語的主動(dòng)句 “加以”, “經(jīng)過”, “用來” ，“可以用來” Perfumes may be made from the oils of certain flowers. Soaps are made from vegetable and animal oils. 有些花兒產(chǎn)生的油可以用來制造香水。植物油和動(dòng)物油還可以用來制作肥皂。 Nuclear powers danger to health, safety, and even life itself can be summed up in one w

11、ord: radiation.,核能對(duì)健康、安全, 甚至對(duì)生命本身構(gòu)成的危險(xiǎn)可以用一個(gè)詞輻射來概括。,A,19,2.增補(bǔ)泛指性的詞語(人們,大家等)作主語 It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine his character and later personality.,人們普遍認(rèn)為,孩子們的早年經(jīng)歷在很大程度上決定了他們的性格及其未來的人品。,A,20,It could be argued that the radio performs thi

12、s service as well, but on television everything is much more living, much more real.,可能有人會(huì)指出,無線電廣播同樣也能做到這一點(diǎn), 但還是電視屏幕上的節(jié)目要生動(dòng)、真實(shí)得多。,A,21,It is asserted that 有人主張 It is believed that 有人認(rèn)為 It is generally considered that 大家(一般人)認(rèn)為 It is well known that 大家知道(眾所周知) It will be said 有人會(huì)說 It was told that 有人

13、曾經(jīng)說,A,22,3.主語譯成賓語 By the end of the war, 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of 200 Belgian and French lives.,這個(gè)組織拯救了八百人，,大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束時(shí), 但那是以二百多比利時(shí)人和法國人的生命為代價(jià)的（但二百多比利時(shí)人和法國人卻為此付出了生命代價(jià))。,A,23,4.翻譯成漢語的無主句 Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially the dreadful conse

14、quences of taking up the habit of smoking.,應(yīng)該盡最大努力告誡年輕人吸煙的危害, 特別是吸上癮后的可怕后果,A,24,New source of energy must be found, and this will take time.,It is hoped that 希望 It is reported that 據(jù)報(bào)道 It is said that 據(jù)說 It is supposed that 據(jù)推測 It may be said without fear of exaggeration that 可以毫不夸張地說 It must be adm

15、itted that 必須承認(rèn) It must be pointed out that 必須指出 It will be seen from this that 由此可見,A,25,5. 翻譯成帶“是的”的主動(dòng)句 The decision to attack was not taken lightly.,進(jìn)攻的決定不是輕易作出的。,In the old society，women were looked down upon.,在舊社會(huì)，婦女們是受歧視的。,A,26,譯成漢語的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。 “被”, “給”, “遭”, “挨”, “為所”, “使”, “由”, “受到”等表示。 Early fire

16、s on the earth were certainly caused by nature, not by Man. 地球上早期的火肯定是由大自然而不是人類引燃的。,The window pane was broken by the child.,窗玻璃被這小孩打碎了,A,27,I was so impressed by these words that I used them later for a Christmas card.,我為這些話所深深感動(dòng)，后來我就把它們寫在 圣誕卡上了。,A,28,譯成“把”、“使”和“由”字句 The famous hotel had been pract

17、ically destroyed by the big fire.,大火把這家著名的旅館幾乎全部毀壞。,The plan is going to be examined first by the research group。,計(jì)劃將先由研究小組加以研究。,A,29,小結(jié)：被動(dòng)語態(tài)的翻譯,翻譯成漢語的主動(dòng)句 1、 “加以”, “經(jīng)過”, “用來” 2、增補(bǔ)泛指性的詞語(人們,大家等)作主語 3、主語譯成賓語 4、翻譯成漢語的無主句 5、翻譯成帶“是的”的主動(dòng)句 譯成漢語的被動(dòng)句 1、漢語句中有“被”、“受”、“挨”、“遭受”等詞 2、譯成“為所”的結(jié)構(gòu) 譯成“把”、“使”和“由”字句,A,30

18、,練習(xí),課堂練習(xí) 課后練習(xí)：教材第62頁練習(xí)16題的13小題,A,31,When the crude oil is obtained from the field, it is taken to the refineries to be treated. 1The commonest form of treatment is heating. When the oil is heated, the first vapors to rise are cooled and become the finest petrol. Petrol has a low boiling point; if a little is poured into the hand, it soon vaporizes. Gas that comes off the oil later is condensed into paraffin. Last of all the lubricating oils of various grades are produced. What remains is heavy oil that is used