1、grammar,虛擬語氣,動詞的語氣,英語中的語氣一般指動詞的語氣,分為: 陳述語氣、祈使語氣、虛擬語氣三類。 陳述語氣：表示動作或狀態(tài)是現(xiàn)實的、確定的或符合事實的，用于陳述句、疑問句和某些感嘆句。(過去時，現(xiàn)在時，將來時）如： There are two sides to every question. Were you busy all day yesterday? Will you go home this week? (2)祈使語氣： Dont be late again.,(3)虛擬語氣subjunctive mood,表示動作或狀態(tài)不是客觀存在的事實，而是說話人的主觀愿望、假設或推

2、測等。 If I were a bird, I could fly in the air. I wish I could pass the examination.,虛擬語氣分三種情況來掌握：,1.虛擬條件句,2.名詞性從句的虛擬語氣,3. 虛擬語氣的其他用法。,一、if虛擬條件句： 條件狀語從句是非真實情況時，要用虛擬語氣。,sb did/were,sb would(或could, should, might) do,sb had done,sb would(或could, should, might) have done,sb did(were) /should do /were to d

3、o,sb would(或could, should, might) do,1）If I were you, I would study hard. 2）If it rained, I would not be here now.,1）If the doctor had come last night, the boy would have saved. 2）If I had not studied hard, I would have failed in the exam last term.,1) If it should rain tomorrow, we would stay at ho

4、me. 2) If I were to go to the moon one day, I could see it with my own eyes. 3)If you missed the film tonight, you would feel sorry.,注意問題： 1、If從句中絕對不可出現(xiàn)“would”。 2、根據(jù)句中的時間狀語，有時可能出現(xiàn)“混合虛擬”的情況，即主句可能是現(xiàn)在的情況，條件句也許是發(fā)生在過去的情況，但都是遵守上述句型，反之亦然。,eg: If you had worked hard, you would be very tired now. If she didn

5、t love driving, she wouldnt have become a taxi driver.,現(xiàn)在,過去,現(xiàn)在,過去,3、在條件句中如果出現(xiàn)were, had, should可省去if，將主語與這些詞倒裝，即（Were/Had/Should+主語）例如：,Had the doctor come last night, the boy would have saved.,Were I to go to the moon one day, I would see it with my own eyes.,Should it rain tomorrow, we would stay

6、at home.,1) If the doctor had come last night, the boy would have saved.,2) If I were to go to the moon one day, I would see it with my own eyes.,3) If it should rain tomorrow, we would stay at home.,If he _ drunk, he wouldnt have lost control of the car. A. wasnt B. werent C. hasnt been D. hadnt be

7、en,2) I would have gone to the concert, if I _ time. A. had had B. have had C. had D. would have had,3) _ to tell us everything, we could try to solve his problem. A. If he is B. Were he C. Had he D. Be he,4) _ I known it, I would have told you. A. Have B. If C. Had D. Having,5) _ to the doctor righ

8、t away, he might have been alive. A. If he went B. Were he gone C. Should he have gone D. Had he gone,6) If we _ here ten minutes earlier, we _the bus. arrived; would catch arrived; would have caught C. had arrived; had caught D. had arrived; would have caught,7) If I _ more time, I would have gone

9、with him. had B. had had C. have had D. would have,9*)_, I would take an umbrella with me. Had I been you B. I were you C. Were I you D. I had been you,10) If you were older, I _ you to go there yesterday. A. will allow B. should allow C. would have allowed D. had allowed,含蓄條件句：,without(如果沒有), but f

10、or(要是沒有), but(但是), otherwise/or(否則)，引起的短語或句子常暗含著含蓄條件。這時主句用虛擬。 1) Without air, there would be no living things. =If there were no air, 2)But for your cooperation, we wouldnt have done the work so well. =If it hadnt been for your cooperation, 要不是你的合作，我們不可能把工作做得這么出色。,4) I would be most glad to help you

11、, but I am busy now. 5) I would have come to the party yesterday, but I was working. 6) I am busy now, otherwise /or I would help you 7. 表示祝愿時, 用May +主語 + 動詞原形, 如: 1) May you succeed in your work! 2) May you be happy!,主句虛擬，but從句不虛擬,主句不虛擬，otherwise/or從句虛擬,二. 虛擬語氣在狀語從句中的運用,語法指南P189 1）as if / as though

12、引導的方式狀語從句 2) in case (that)以防,so that, in order that ,for fear that (以防,生怕)+ sb. (should) do e.g. She closed the windows for fear that/ in case that she (should) catch cold.,1. as if（though）引導的從句,1) She loves the children as if they were hers. 2) Alan talked about Rome as if he had been there.,3)It

13、seems as if it is going to rain.,對現(xiàn)在的虛擬： as if sb. did / were 對過去的虛擬： as if sb. had done sth.,三、虛擬語氣在一些特殊詞中的使用：,1. wish后的賓語從句： 1)與現(xiàn)在愿望不一致:sb did； 2)與過去愿望不一致:sb had done； 3)與將來愿望不一致:sb would(could,might) do,eg: 1) I wish (that) I were you. 2) I wish I had visited the White House when I was in the Sta

14、tes. 3) I wish I could meet you tomorrow at the party.,2. If only(“要是就好了”)引起的感嘆句If only +從句= How I wish +從句,1) If only he could come! 2) If only I had known the answer! 3) If only I knew the answer!,將來,過去,現(xiàn)在,1)與現(xiàn)在愿望不一致:主語did； 2)與過去愿望不一致:主語had done； 3)與將來愿望不一致: 主語+would(could,might)+do,4. would rathe

15、r+ (過去） (現(xiàn)在,將來）,sb. had done sb. did,1) Id rather you _(post) the letter right away. 2) Id rather you _(return) the book yesterday. 3) Id rather you _(paint) the wall green next time.,posted,had returned,painted,5. Its (high/about) time sb should do sb did,1) Its time that you went to school. 2) Its

16、 time that you should go to school.,1*)The boy acted _ he had never lived in Canada before. A. as though B. even if C. as D. since,2*) I wish I _ able to tell him all about it last night. A. was B. were C. had been D. should be,3*) He was very busy yesterday, otherwise he _ to the meeting. would com

17、e B. came C. would have come D. had come,4) Without electricity human life _ quite different today. A. is B. will be C. would have been D. would be 5) But for the party, he _ of hunger 30 years ago. A. would have died B. would die C. must have died D. must die,7) I was busy yesterday, otherwise I _

18、your birthday party. A. attended B. had attended C. would attend D. would have attended,8) You talk as if you _ there. A. were really B. has really been C. had really been D. would really be,6) Its high time that we _ to school. A. would to B. went C. go D. will go,9) Id rather you _ right away. A.

19、leave B. left C. will leave D. to leave 10) Without your help, our team _ the last match. A. wont win B. will lose C. wouldnt have won D. cant win,12)He felt as if he _ more time to study for the test. A. needs B. were needed C. needed D. need,11) It is high time we _ off. A. are B. were C. be D. wi

20、ll be,13)I cant stand him. He always talks as though he _ everything. A. knew B. knows C. has known D. had known,四、名詞性從句中的虛擬語氣：,名詞性從句： 主語從句 賓語從句 表語從句 同位語從句,1. 在表示命令、建議、要求、驚嘆時的名詞性從句中需用虛擬語氣，基本句型： 主語(should）動詞原形,Suggest/suggestion/suggested等詞后的名詞性從句中的謂語動詞用(should)+do, 這類動詞的頭字母記憶口訣為: I drop caps.,insist

21、, demand, desire(希求), request, require, recommend(推薦), order, propose(建議), command(命令), ask(要求), advise, prefer(寧愿), suggest,記憶方法2: 常見的動詞有: 1個堅持insist; 2個命令order, command ; 3條建議suggest , advise, propose; 4項要求demand, request, require, ask; 另外有:prefer 注意: suggest表 暗示表明 時 insist表堅持認為時不用虛擬語氣,主語從句中的虛擬語氣P

22、184 (1)Its + + that-clause: sb (should) do sth (2)Its + + that-clause: sb (should) do sth,important impossible necessary natural advisible,a pity a shame no wonder,(3)Its + + that-clause: sb (should) do sth.,suggested ordered demanded required,.,帶Suggest的名詞性從句* 1). We suggested that the meeting shou

23、ld be held. 2) The suggestion that the meeting should be held was rejected. 3) It was suggested that the meeting should be held. 4) The suggestion is that the meeting should be held. 5) It was required that the crops should be harvested at once. 6) That is their demand that their wages be increased,

24、注意:,I insisted that John _(do) it.(我認為瓊做了那件事） I insisted that John_ (do) it.（我覺得他該做）,eg: Her expression suggested that she _ angry.,insist,1) 表示堅持認為,2）表示堅持要求某人該,真實語氣,虛擬語氣,2) I insisted that the earth _(move) round the sun.,Suggest 表示“暗示,表明”時,用真實語氣,He suggested that we _go to school at once.,had done,（should) do,moves,was,(should) go,1) The secretary suggested that they _ the men in at