1、1,實(shí)用英語寫作基本技能訓(xùn)練2010-9,雅思寫作,課程簡介,授課教師: (),:用戶名： 密碼：nj.english,學(xué)分：2 學(xué)時(shí)：32,3,1. 本課程的地位與作用,2.本課程的教學(xué)目標(biāo),3.本課程的基本要求,課程簡介,一、課程的地位與作用 寫作是英語學(xué)習(xí)中較為重要也有一定難度的技能，它對(duì)閱讀、聽力、口語都有促進(jìn)作用，在日常工作、生活中也有實(shí)用需求。本課程的開設(shè)便是為了更好地貫徹大學(xué)英語新教學(xué)大綱的要求，使學(xué)生在今后工作和社會(huì)交往中能用英語有效地進(jìn)行書面信息交流，提高綜合文化素養(yǎng)，以適應(yīng)我國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和國際交流的需要。該課程以英語基本寫作技巧訓(xùn)練為基礎(chǔ)，結(jié)合日常生活的實(shí)際語言需要，強(qiáng)化學(xué)生

2、應(yīng)用文寫作的能力，以全面提升學(xué)生的語言實(shí)際應(yīng)用能力，并為今后更好地運(yùn)用英語進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)、工作打下良好的基礎(chǔ)。本課程實(shí)用性強(qiáng)，有利于開闊學(xué)生的視野。,本課程分為基礎(chǔ)寫作與應(yīng)用文寫作兩大部分，從基礎(chǔ)訓(xùn)練起步，介紹英語寫作步驟和技巧，如篇章結(jié)構(gòu)、思想組織等，從而教寫段落、全文；在應(yīng)用文部分，通過大量的應(yīng)用文實(shí)例，逐步了解并學(xué)會(huì)寫各類實(shí)用英語，如通知、便條、請(qǐng)柬、證明、申請(qǐng)信函、個(gè)人簡歷、推薦信等，以期在實(shí)際生活中熟練地用英語傳遞信息、交流思想。本課程以提高學(xué)生綜合運(yùn)用能力為目標(biāo)，有利于學(xué)生培養(yǎng)實(shí)際能力，做到學(xué)以致用，因此實(shí)用性強(qiáng)，對(duì)將來考研、就業(yè)、出國的英文應(yīng)用都有很大裨益。,1. 教學(xué)目標(biāo) 本課程以課

3、堂講授、課堂討論及課內(nèi)外操練等為主要教學(xué)手段，同時(shí)利用內(nèi)容新穎、豐富多樣的例段及范文進(jìn)行講解和分析，讓學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)、模仿和參照，加強(qiáng)學(xué)生對(duì)每種文體寫作的理解和應(yīng)用，從而掌握書面表達(dá)的基本方法和手段。實(shí)用英語寫作旨在使學(xué)生了解并學(xué)習(xí)英語寫作的步驟、基本原則和技巧，以及應(yīng)用文的寫作模式及方法。通過該課程的學(xué)習(xí)，學(xué)生不僅可以了解各類實(shí)用英語文書的寫作要求和技巧，而且還可以更好地了解各類英語文書應(yīng)用的工作環(huán)境，掌握有效的溝通技巧，全面提高實(shí)用英語寫作能力。,基本要求 1）了解英語寫作的理論框架及基本知識(shí)； 2）通過基本功的訓(xùn)練，掌握英語寫作的段落、提綱、全文方面最基本的寫作步驟和技巧，寫出主題較為明確、內(nèi)

4、容較為完善、語言較為通順、格式符合要求的的文章； 3）學(xué)會(huì)撰寫個(gè)人簡歷、通知、便條、請(qǐng)柬等應(yīng)用文。,三、學(xué)時(shí)分配,9,寫作基本技能訓(xùn)練,實(shí)力+技巧 掌握豐富的詞匯和 掌握多變的句型 注意中外文化的差異， 注意中外寫作思路的不同,10,選詞 造句 篇章 完整作文,11,Diction,Diction is the choice and the use of words,12,How to make a good diction?,By: Using the Appropriate Word Level of words Using the Exact Word Meaning of words

5、Using Figurative Language Figures of speech,13,Levels of Words,Words are generally classified into four groups according to different levels of usage or formality: Formal Standard or common Colloquial or informal Slang,14,Formal Words,Formal words may also be called learned words, or literary words,

6、 or “big” words. Most of them are of Greek of Latin origin. Formal words are more commonly used on addresses, eulogies頌詞,頌文, articles for scholarly journals, technical reports, legal documents, etc. Formal English avoids contractions縮略詞and colloquial expressions and therefore sounds different from t

7、he way average people speak.,15,Example:,There is nothing new in the recognition, within a given language, of a distinction between common usage and uses of the language for more restricted purposes and often enough, perhaps characteristically, more elevated purposes. The monolithic nature of Englis

8、h is not questioned when literary essayists like Emerson contrast poetry and common speech. The latter is recognized in American to be the proper subject for the investigation of Linguists who, however, now show some incipient開始的,初期的inclination to investigate poetry, too, and other noncasual utteran

9、ces in a given language.,16,Note:,Recognition (formal) knowing (common) seeing (common) characteristically (formal) typically (relatively common) elevated (formal) better (common) higher (common) monolithic (formal) inseparable, unchangeable (relatively common) investigation (formal) research, study

10、 (common),incipient (formal) early (common) beginning (common) noncasual (formal) special (common) serious (common) careful (common) inclination (formal) preference (relatively common) liking (common) utterance (formal) speaking (common),17,Standard or Common Words,Standard or common words are those

11、 used by the widest group of educated speakers and writers. Common words are popular in college writing, and are often employed in newspaper, textbooks, non-fiction, best sellers, etc. Common English is easy to understand, and complies well with the written language.,18,Example:,When I was a kid, an

12、d reading every science fiction book in the local library, I used to wonder exactly how the future would happen. By that I dont mean what the future would be like-science fiction already told me that-but rather how wed actually get there. Science fiction books seemed to agree, for example, that in t

13、he future there would be no money-all transactions可疑的would be made via identity cards and centralized computers. But that seemed dubious to me: how, I wondered, are you going to get everybody to give up money in the first place?,19,Note:,kid (colloquial) child (common) transaction (a little formal)

14、business/trade (common) dubious (a little formal) doubtful/unlikely (common),20,Colloquial or Informal Words,Colloquial or informal words are usually short words of one or two syllables and most of them are of Saxon origin. Colloquial or informal words are often used in spoken language and in writin

15、g aimed for a conversational effect.,21,Example:,You have your tension. Sometimes you come close to having an accident, that upsets you. You just escape maybe by a hair or so. Sometimes maybe you get a disgruntled passenger on there, and starts a big argument. Traffic. You have someone who cuts you

16、off or stops in front of the bus. Theres a lot of tension behind that. You got to watch all the time. Youre watchin the drivers, youre watchin other cars. Most of the time you have to drive for the other drivers, to avoid hitting them. So you take the tension home with you.,22,Note:,by a hair or so

17、:by a little chance on there :There cuts you off :make you suddenly stop Theres :There is got to :Must Youre :You are watchin :watching,23,Slang Words,Slang refers to novel and colorful expressions that reflect a certain groups special experiences and set the group off from others Slang is used by a

18、lmost all groups of people, from musicians and computer scientists to vegetarians and golfers, or uneducated speaker. Slang displays endless inventiveness. It may be vivid and interesting, but is imprecise for effective writing, and is generally inappropriate for college or business writing.,24,Exam

19、ple:,Ill attend to that myself in th mornin. Ill take keer oim. He aint from this country no how. Ill go down there in th mornin and seeim. Lettin you leave your books and gallivant all over th hills. What kind of a school is it nohow! Didnt do that, my son, when Is a little shaver in school.,25,Not

20、e:,th mornin: the morning take keer oim: take care of him seeim: see him Lettin: Let nohow: anyhow Is: I was a little shaver: a little boy,26,Exercise 1,Please explain the underlined words with some more common words. 1. A bizarre experiment in the United States has demonstrated that psychiatrists c

21、an not distinguish effectively between people who are mentally disturbed and those who are sane. 2. At the end of the interview they told me that I would be notified of any vacancies suitable to my experience and qualifications. 3. A very trivial circumstance will serve to exemplify this. 4. The abs

22、ence of variation in the result of our experiments gave us confidence in the scientific law. 5. In a scientific inquiry, a fallacy, great or small, is always of importance and is sure to be, in the long run, productive of mischievous results.,27,1. A bizarre experiment in the United States has demon

23、strated that psychiatrists can not distinguish effectively between people who are mentally disturbed and those who are sane. bizarre (formal) demonstrate (formal) mentally disturbed (formal) strange (common) prove (common); mad (common) odd (common);show (common),28,2. At the end of the interview th

24、ey told me that I would be notified of any vacancies suitable to my experience and qualifications. notify (formal) vacancy (formal) tell (common) job (common),29,3. A very trivial circumstance will serve to exemplify this. trivial (formal) circumstance (formal) common (common) incident (common) smal

25、l (common) thing (common),30,4. The absence of variation in the result of our experiments gave us confidence in the scientific law. absence (formal) variation (formal) lack (common) difference (common),31,5. In a scientific inquiry, a fallacy, great or small, is always of importance and is sure to b

26、e, in the long run, productive of mischievous results. fallacy (formal) be productive of (formal) mischievous (formal) mistake (common) produce (common);harmful (common) cause (common),32,Exercise 2,Identify the level of the following sentences? When his dad died, Pete had to get another job. After

27、his fathers death, Peter had to change his job. On the decease of his father, Mr. Brown was obliged to seek alternative employment. Petes old woman hit the roof when he came home with that doll from the disco. Peters wife was very angry when he came home with the girl from the discotheque.,33,When h

28、is dad died, Pete had to get another job. (collo.) After his fathers death, Peter had to change his job. (com.) On the decease of his father, Mr. Brown was obliged to seek alternative employment. (fml.) Petes old woman hit the roof when he came home with that doll from the disco. (colloquial, impoli

29、te) Peters wife was very angry when he came home with the girl from the discotheque. (common),34,Using the Exact Word,The exact word suits to your purpose, your meaning, and your readers background, interests, and expectations. To choose the exact word, you must be clear about the denotation and con

30、notation of a word, the differences between general and specific words, abstract and concrete words, and have a good mastery of English idioms.,35,The Meaning of Words,Denotation: is the specific, direct, and explicit meaning of a word. The denotative meaning of a word comes directly from its refere

31、nt and is mostly gained from a dictionary Connotation: is the associative or suggestive meaning of a word. The connotative meaning is personal and mostly deduced from ones experience.,36,The Semantic Triangle of “Winter”,Reference/Concept (Connotation): desolate, icy, dead, treeless, bitter, barren,

32、 snow, cold, chill, white,Symbol (word) winter,Referent (thing/denotation): the coldest season of the year, including the months of December, January, and February,e.g. Laughter drives winter from the mind. She is in the winter of her life.,37,Example:,country: an area of land and its population and

33、 government nation: the people of a country state: the government or political organization of a country land: (emotive: motherland, homeland) England is a smaller country than China. The President spoke on radio to the nation. Should industry be controlled by the state? China is my native land.,38,

34、Synonyms,Since the connotations of words may vary along a number of dimensions, it is difficult to find two words that are exactly the same in meaning and use (structure). They may be identical, but they will never be equivalent. Usually, the common dimensions will be from “informal” to “formal”, fr

35、om “weak” to “strong”, from “emotionless” to “emotional”, from “favorable” to “unfavorable” or form different collocations.,39,Example: informal-formal,ask : informal question: ask many questions interrogate: suggesting that the person is being held by force and asked questions which they are unwill

36、ing to answer. He asked about his new job. Two men are being questioned by the police in connection with the robbery. The Japanese officers were interrogated as prisoners of war.,40,Example: informal-formal,time: a period; a period in history age: a particular period in history epoch: long period in

37、 history, marked by important events It will take you a long time to learn French properly. In ancient times, people wore clothes made of fur. He has reached his retirement age. They were living in the Stone Age/Iron Age. The first flight into space marked a new epoch in the history of mankind. The

38、steam-engine was an epoch-making event.,41,Example: informal-formal,rise: go up; get higher mount: formal go up; climb ascend: formal go to a higher level, climb Smoke rose from the factory chimneys. The old lady mounted the stairs with difficulty. He ascended the stairs. Victoria ascended the thron

39、e. (became queen),42,Example: weak-strong,big : big large : unusually big huge : extremely large emphatic (formal) Put the books in the big box. Wuhan is a big/large city in Central China. The team has got a huge man over two meters tall.,43,Example: emotionless-emotional,small: (emotionless) little

40、: (implying a feeling of fondness) They lived in a small town. (describing the area) I can never forget the little town where I spent my happy childhood. (I like it.),44,Example: favorable-unfavorable,modest: not proud (a virtue, laudatory/favorable) humble: having a low opinion of oneself (derogato

41、ry/ unfavorable) Modest and hardworking, he made very quick progress at school. Clearly Gompers was overawed by Wilson. His face took on a servile look; his voice was humble.,45,Example: synonyms,proud: showing proper and reasonable respect for oneself; having too high opinion of oneself arrogant: u

42、npleasantly proud, with an unreasonable strong belief in ones own importance haughty: seeming to consider oneself better or more important than others; arrogant insolent: showing disrespectful rudeness They are poor but too proud to accept money from the state. The arrogant official did not listen t

43、o peoples protest. The haughty look of the young lady made everyone kept a distance from her. The insolent children rushed into the house without greeting the guests.,46,Not Necessarily Synonyms,Do not take the Chinese equivalent of an English word as its exact meaning, or understanding the meaning

44、of an English word from its Chinese equivalent. English words that may be translated into the same Chinese expression are not necessarily synonyms. Because usually an English word has no exact Chinese equivalent and it has to be translated in different ways in different contexts.,47,Example:,Family:

45、 a group of people, including parents, children, grandparents, uncles, aunts, living together home: the place where one lives (denotation) warmth, safety, comfort, love/coldness, burden (connotation) The whole family came to visit us at Christmas. I left my exercise book at home.,48,Example:,except:

46、 leaving out; not including besides: in addition to; as well as We were tired except/besides John. strict: exact rigid: stiff, inflexible, difficult to change We should obey the regulations strictly. We shouldnt obey the regulations rigidly.,49,General and Specific Words,General words name classes o

47、r groups of things. These words are needed in classification and definition Specific words refer to examples of a group. Specific and concrete nouns express meaning more vividly than general or abstract ones.,50,General and specific are relative terms, because there are degrees of generality. e.g. P

48、rofessional Scientists Chemists Building House Log cabin Clothes Swimming suit Bikini general specific,51,Example: house,mansion: a large house, usu. belonging to a wealthy person宅第, 公館; 大廈 The old mansion was built in 1850. 這座古宅建于1850年。 She lives in Guilin Mansion. 她住在桂林大廈。,52,Example: house,villa:

49、 a pleasant country house in its own garden, often used for only part of the year for holidays, esp. in southern Europe別墅, 公館; (城郊)住宅 Magnificent villas are found throughout Italy.在意大利到處可看到豪華的別墅 Chateau: a castle or large country house in France(法國封建時(shí)代的)城堡; (尤指法國的)別墅,莊園 The house was modelled on a F

50、rench chateau. 這房子是模仿一座法國大別墅建造的。,53,Example: house,bungalow: a house which is all on one level 英平房美單層小屋; 多于一層的小屋 cabin: 3. a small roughly built usu. wooden house 美小木屋 They lived in a little log cabin. hut: a small simply-made building小屋, 棚屋 They lived in a mud hut/a wooden hut.,54,Example: house,sh

51、ack: a small roughly built house or hut窩棚, 簡陋的小屋 shanty: a small roughly built usu. wooden or metal house簡陋的小木屋,鐵皮棚屋 shed: a lightly built single-floored building, often wooden, used esp. for storing:棚, 庫 a tool shed/cattle shed/garden shed/an airplane shed barn: a farm building for storing crops an

52、d food for animals, or for keeping animals倉房;牲口棚,55,Example: laugh,beam: to smile brightly and happily:面露喜色 He beamed (a cheerful welcome) as he opened the door. guffaw: to laugh loudly, and perhaps rudely大笑,狂笑 chortle: v.n. (to give) a laugh of pleasure and satisfaction哈哈大笑 He chortled with delight

53、 when I told him my news.,56,Example: laugh,chuckle: to laugh quietly:輕聲地笑 I could hear him chuckling to himself as he read his book. snigger: derog. To laugh quietly and secretly in a disrespectful way:暗笑,竊笑 The children sniggered at the old ladys strange hat.,57,Example: laugh,giggle: to laugh qui

54、etly in a silly childish uncontrolled way:咯咯地笑 Stop giggling, girls; this is a serious matter. grin: to make a wide smile露齒而笑 She grinned with delight. 她高興地咧開嘴笑。 He was grinning proudly, delighted with his achievements. 他為自己的成就感到喜悅, 自豪地咧著嘴笑。,58,Exercise 1,Arrange the following nouns according to deg

55、rees of generality: 1. German shepherd animal creature dog 2. flowers tulips plant creature nature 3. transport vehicle plane Boeing757 man-made device 4. a cold illness trouble thing 5. Aunt Sally a relative people acquaintance 6. novel Pride and Prejudice literature writing 7. scientists professio

56、nals chemists biochemists,59,Idioms,An idiom is a fixed group of words with a special meaning which is different from the meanings of the words that form it. Usually, problems in idiom are caused by collocation, especially the collocation of prepositions and verbs or adjectives,60,Example: phrasal v

57、erbs,put up with : informal to suffer (something annoying or unpleasant) without complaining I cant put up with your rudeness any more; leave the room. That woman has a lot to put up with. (=has many trouble) turn out: 1. To stop the operation of (a light) by turning a switch Turn the light out. 2.

58、(turn somebody out) to force to leave; send away Her father turned her out (of the house) when she became pregnant.,61,Example: phrasal verbs,put up with : informal to suffer (something annoying or unpleasant) without complaining Her father turned her out (of the house) when she became pregnant. 3.

59、to come out or gather (as if) for a meeting, public event, etc. Enormous crowds turn out for the procession. 4. (turn out something )informal to produce; make This factory can turn out 100 cars a day.,62,Example: phrasal verbs,put up with : informal to suffer (something annoying or unpleasant) without complaining 5. (turn out something ) to clear or empty the contents of (a cupboard, drawer, etc.) The policeman told him to turn out his pockets. 6. to happen to