1、Global 8D全球8D系統(tǒng),Welcome歡迎來(lái)到,Course Content,Section Overview of the 8D process dont jump to conclusions 僅包含事實(shí)，不要馬上下結(jié)論 Look for close cousinsobjects similar in shape, composition, form, function, etc. 察看在外形、成分、形態(tài)、功用等方面類似的物品是否能正常使用。 Create at least one Is Not for each Is 為每一是信息填寫(xiě)至少一項(xiàng)不是 Include as much

2、information as you can from the information at hand 包含盡可能多的你能從手中的信息中獲得的信息。,Review nature of the problem檢查故障的特性,Is the problem change induced? 會(huì)導(dǎo)致故障變化？ Is G8D the best process to use? 使用G8D是最好的處理方法？ Does to problem description accurately describe what the customers and/or affected parties are experie

3、ncing? 故障詳述是否準(zhǔn)確的描述了顧客及/或者受影響團(tuán)體所遇到的故障？,D2 Practice - 811F Gas Struts D2 實(shí)踐- 811F Gas Struts,Instructions: 說(shuō)明 This practice activity will help you develop a problem statement and fill out the Is/Is Not portion of the Problem Solving Worksheet. 這個(gè)練習(xí)能幫助你完成故障概述并填寫(xiě)是/不是工作表。 Read each page of the case study

4、. Then complete the Is/Is Not problem solving worksheet. 請(qǐng)閱讀每頁(yè)的案例研究。然后完成是/不是工作表。,D2 Assessing Questions/Checklist D2 評(píng)估/檢查清單,To ensure consistency in application of the process, the questions in your handbook have been developed to assist the team in achieving the objectives of this discipline 為確保此程

5、序運(yùn)用的一致性，手冊(cè)中已有的故障會(huì)幫助達(dá)到這個(gè)目標(biāo)。,D2 Global 8D Software at D2,D2 Quiz,D2 Summary : Describe the Problem D2 概要：描述故障,In this section you learned how to: 在這個(gè)部分，你將學(xué)會(huì)： Explain the process for describing a problem. 說(shuō)明描述故障的步驟 Develop a problem statement. 完成故障概述 Develop a problem description. 完成故障詳述,D3,D3 “Develop

6、 an Interim Containment Action (ICA)” D3 “制定臨時(shí)解決方案”,D3 provides the opportunity to develop Interim Containment Actions until Permanent Corrective Actions are implemented. D3提供臨時(shí)解決方案直到執(zhí)行持久糾正方案為止。 The ICAs isolate the effects of the problem from any internal/external customer. Also at D3, ICAs must be

7、 validated. ICAs不受任何內(nèi)部和外部顧客的影響。在D3上，ICAs必須生效。,D3 Section Objectives D3 部分目標(biāo),Define and explain the features of an Interim Containment Action (ICA) 定義并說(shuō)明臨時(shí)解決方案的特征 Distinguish between verification and validation 核實(shí)與確認(rèn)的區(qū)別 Explain how to verify an ICA 說(shuō)明如何核實(shí)ICA Explain how to validate an ICA 說(shuō)明如何確認(rèn)ICA,W

8、hy Develop an Interim Containment Action (ICA)? 為什么制定臨時(shí)解決方案,When you develop an ICA, you: 你何時(shí)制定ICA Buy time so that your G8D team can find the root cause of the problem 爭(zhēng)取時(shí)間你們的G8D小組可以找到引起故障的根源 Protect the customer from the effects of the problem 保護(hù)顧客不受故障的影響 Contain the problem from a cost, quality,

9、and timing perspective 包含的故障有成本、質(zhì)量和時(shí)間觀點(diǎn),Why Develop an Interim Containment Action (ICA)? 為什么制定臨時(shí)解決方案,There are four steps to developing an ICA: 這里有擬定臨時(shí)解決方案的四個(gè)步驟： Select the ICA. 選擇ICA 2. Verify the ICA. 核實(shí)ICA Implement the ICA. 執(zhí)行ICA Validate the ICA. 確認(rèn)ICA,What Is an ICA? ICA是什么,Attacks the symptom

10、 of the problem 解決故障的征兆 Is verified for effectiveness before it is implemented 實(shí)施前驗(yàn)證其有效性 Is monitored while it is in use 使用過(guò)程中的監(jiān)控 Is documented 證明文件 Is replaced by a Permanent Corrective Action 用永久性的糾正措施替代 Adds cost to the process/operations 在過(guò)程及操作中增加成本,D3 Step 1: Select an ICA D3步驟1：選擇一個(gè)ICA,If an I

11、CA is required, you need to select the best ICA for your situation. 如果ICA是必需的，你需要在你的實(shí)際情況中選擇最佳的ICA。 To select an ICA: 選擇一個(gè)ICA Establish selection criteria. 建立選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn) Analyse benefits of implementing the ICA 分析實(shí)施ICA的好處 Analyse risks of implementing the ICA 分析實(shí)施ICA的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性 Choose the ICA with the best balance

12、 of benefits and risks 找出ICA好處與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性間的最佳點(diǎn)選定ICA,D3 PracticeD3 實(shí)踐,Instructions: 指南 Read the case and then determine what you think the problem is. 閱讀案例，然后確定你所思考的故障是什么。,D3 Step 2: Verify an ICA D3步驟2：驗(yàn)證ICA,When you verify an ICA, you: 當(dāng)你驗(yàn)證ICA時(shí)，你：,Prove, before implementation, that it will prevent the cus

13、tomer from experiencing the problem 實(shí)施前，檢驗(yàn)預(yù)防顧客從經(jīng)驗(yàn)中所產(chǎn)生的故障 Provide a before-and-after comparison 提供前后的比較 Prove that the ICA will not introduce any new problems 證明ICA不會(huì)產(chǎn)生任何新的故障,D3 Step 2: Verify an ICA D3步驟2：驗(yàn)證ICA,Methods of verification may include: 驗(yàn)證方法包括： Tests 試驗(yàn) Demonstrations 示范 Comparisons betwe

14、en the ICA and similar proven actions ICA與類似的檢驗(yàn)措施間的比較 Reviews of pre-release design documents 先期發(fā)布的設(shè)計(jì)文件的評(píng)審,D3 Step 3: Implement an ICA D3 步驟 3： 實(shí)現(xiàn) ICA,To implement an ICA:實(shí)現(xiàn)ICA Follow the management cycle 按照管理步驟圖 Create an action plan 制定行動(dòng)計(jì)劃 The management cycle is a process for making and effective

15、ly implementing decisions or actions. 管理步驟圖是一個(gè)制定有效決定和行動(dòng)的流程,D3 Step 3: Implement an ICA D3 步驟3：實(shí)現(xiàn)ICA,The steps in the management cycle are:管理步驟圖過(guò)程如下 1. Plan Determine which actions must be accomplished to reach your objectives by your target completion date. 計(jì)劃-在完成目標(biāo)的期限前必須決定那些事情必須給完成 2. Do Implement

16、the plan. 實(shí)現(xiàn)-執(zhí)行計(jì)劃 3. Study (monitor) Record the results of the implementation. 學(xué)習(xí)（監(jiān)督）-記錄所完成的結(jié)果 4. Act Evaluate the results. 實(shí)踐-評(píng)估結(jié)果,D3 Step 3: Implement an ICA D3 步驟 3：實(shí)現(xiàn)ICA,An action plan describes:行動(dòng)計(jì)劃描述 What actions are necessary to reach an objective 為實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)什么行動(dòng)是必需的 Who is responsible for completi

17、ng specific actions 誰(shuí)能完成具體的行動(dòng) When the actions must be completed 什么時(shí)候目標(biāo)必須被完成,D3 Step 4: Validate an ICA D3 步驟4：驗(yàn)證ICA,Validation should always follow successful verification.目標(biāo)的驗(yàn)證必須根據(jù)檢定標(biāo)準(zhǔn) Validation can take two forms:驗(yàn)證的兩種形式 Pre-customer validation 售前的驗(yàn)證 Customer validation 顧客驗(yàn)證,D3 Practice Validate

18、 ICA D3 實(shí)踐-驗(yàn)證ICA,Review the chart to the below. Can you validate the ICA based on this information? 觀察下列圖表，你能根據(jù)下列信息驗(yàn)證ICA嗎？,D3 Practice ICA D3 實(shí)踐-ICA,Instructions: 說(shuō)明 Read the case study and write your answers. 閱讀案例并寫(xiě)出答案,D3 Assessing Questions/Checklist D3 故障評(píng)估/故障表列,To ensure consistency in applicati

19、on of the process, the list of questions in your handbook has been developed to assist the team in achieving the objectives of this discipline為了確保過(guò)程應(yīng)用的連貫性，手冊(cè)中的故障清單被發(fā)展成幫助團(tuán)隊(duì)實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)的練習(xí),Global 8D Software at D3,D3 Quiz,D3 Summary : Develop an Interim Containment Action D3 總結(jié)采取暫時(shí)的措施,In this section you lear

20、ned how to: 在這個(gè)部分你可以學(xué)會(huì) Define and explain the features of an ICA 定義和解釋ICA的特征 Distinguish between verification and validation 區(qū)別檢驗(yàn)和驗(yàn)證 Explain how to verify an ICA 解釋如何驗(yàn)證ICA Explain how to validate an ICA 解釋如何檢驗(yàn)ICA,D4,D4 “Define and Verify the Root Cause and Escape Point” D4-定義和驗(yàn)證根本起因和遺漏點(diǎn),D4 provides

21、the opportunity to test each root cause theory against the problem description by isolating and verifying the root cause. D4 提供了機(jī)會(huì)去驗(yàn)證根本起因而不是根據(jù)孤立的故障描述去驗(yàn)證根本起因 Also at D4, users isolate and verify the place in the process where the effect of the root cause could have been detected and contained. 在D4項(xiàng)，用

22、戶即可根據(jù)過(guò)程描述找到根本起因在故障中的表現(xiàn),D4 Section Objectives D4 部分的目標(biāo),Use the problem solving process and worksheet to identify the root cause of a problem 使用故障解決流程和工作單去鑒別根本起因 Identify the escape point of a problem 鑒別故障的遺漏點(diǎn) Verify the root cause and escape point of a problem驗(yàn)證根本起因和疏漏的地方,Why Define and Verify the Ro

23、ot Cause? 為什么要定義和驗(yàn)證根本起因,Identifying the root cause may seem time-consuming, but it is actually more time-efficient in the long run because:鑒別根本起因也許會(huì)消耗時(shí)間，但它實(shí)際上在長(zhǎng)期運(yùn)作中更有效，因?yàn)椋?You dont have to come up with one “quick fix” after another 你不需要處理另一個(gè)一樣的故障 You dont waste time and effort on damage control 你不必浪

24、費(fèi)時(shí)間在失效控制上 You dont have to constantly rebuild customer satisfaction 你不需要定期的去重建顧客滿意度 You solve the problem once and for all 你可以一勞永逸,What Is the Root Cause? 什么是根本起因,Possible cause any cause, frequently identified on a Cause and Effect Diagram.可能的起因-任何起因，經(jīng)常被鑒定在起因和作用表上 Most likely cause a theory, based

25、on available data, that best explains the problem description. 疑似起因-按推測(cè)建立在有效的數(shù)據(jù)上，它可以很好地解釋故障 Root cause a verified cause that accounts for the problem. 根本起因-一個(gè)被驗(yàn)證的起因能揭示故障,Identifying the Most Likely Cause? 區(qū)別最可能的起因,To identify the most likely cause:區(qū)別最可能的起因 Review the problem description (Is/Is Not A

26、nalysis)察看故障描述（是/不是分析） Complete a comparative analysis for change-induced situations (identify differences and changes)改變環(huán)境參數(shù)完成比較分析（區(qū)別差異和變化） Develop root cause theories完善根本起因 Test theories against the problem description檢驗(yàn)推測(cè)和故障描述,Identify the Root Cause 區(qū)別根本起因,The Problem Solving Worksheet 故障解決工作單 T

27、here are four pages to the Problem Solving Worksheet故障堅(jiān)決工作單包括4頁(yè) Page 1: Problem Description 故障描述 Page 2: Comparative Analysis 比較分析 Page 3: Root Cause Theories 根本起因 Page 4: Trial Run of Root Cause Theories審核根本起因,Review the Problem Description回顧故障描述,To identify the root cause, first review the problem

28、 description (the Is/Is Not Worksheet). Keep in mind: 為了鑒別根本起因，第一回顧故障描述（是/不是工作單）必須牢記 Described in terms of what, where, when, and how big. 描述按照什么，何地，何時(shí)，程度來(lái)描述 All answers to the Is/Is Not questions must be facts.根據(jù)事實(shí)所有問(wèn)答按照是/不是 All contrasting information should be similar in category, shape, form, fu

29、nction, and composition. 所有相似信息因按目錄分類如形狀，形成，功能，成份 All information must be gathered before identifying the root cause can begin. 所有信息將在開(kāi)始區(qū)別根本起因前采集,Complete a Comparative Analysis 完成比較分析,To complete a comparative analysis, compare each Is with its corresponding or contrasting Is Not. 在完成比較分析前，比較每一個(gè)和它相

30、對(duì)應(yīng)的是還是不是 Ask yourself: “What is unique, peculiar, different, distinctive, or unusual about the Is?” 問(wèn)自己“什么是獨(dú)特的，特有的，不同的，有區(qū)別的，或者通常是什么？” Consider features such as people, methods, materials, machines, and the environment. 考慮特征因素如人，方法，材料，機(jī)器和環(huán)境 List all facts without prejudice as to the possible cause. 在

31、理性情況下列舉事實(shí)導(dǎo)致可能的因素,List all of the differences in the Differences column of the Comparative Analysis section of the Problem Solving Worksheet. 在故障解決單上的比較分析部分中的差別欄，羅列差異 Keep in mind that the differences:差異需要牢記 Are facts 事實(shí) Are unique to the Is 特殊性 Have not already been stated in the Is column 在差異欄還沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)

32、,Complete a Comparative Analysis 完成比較分析,Ask: “What has changed in, on, around, or about this difference?” 提出疑問(wèn)“什么差異已經(jīng)改變” Keep in mind that each difference may not have a corresponding change. 也許差異沒(méi)有相應(yīng)的改變 List the changes in the Changes column of the Problem Solving Worksheet. 羅列變化在故障解決單的改變欄里 Look at

33、 the dates each change occurred. 查看每個(gè)改變的時(shí)間 Consider categories of people, machines, materials, methods, measurements, or the environment. 考慮人，機(jī)器，材料，方法，測(cè)量手段或者環(huán)境因素,Complete a Comparative Analysis 完成比較分析,Practice - Leaking Gas Struts 實(shí)踐-漏氣桿,Instructions: 說(shuō)明 Using the data given so far on the strut prob

34、lem complete the Is/Is Not Problem solving worksheet.完成是/不是故障解決工作單,Develop Root Cause Theories完善根本起因的資料庫(kù),To develop your theories:完善自己的推測(cè) Use brainstorming 使用大腦風(fēng)暴 Ask: “How could this change have caused the problem?” 提問(wèn)“這些改變?nèi)绾螌?dǎo)致這個(gè)故障？” List at least one theory for each change至少在一個(gè)改變列舉出一個(gè)推測(cè) List each

35、theory individually on the worksheet獨(dú)個(gè)在工作單上列舉出推測(cè) List every possibility列舉出各種可能性 Start with the simplest single change/single variable從最簡(jiǎn)單的單個(gè)改變/或者單一變化著手 Be specific使具體化,Practice - Leaking Gas Struts實(shí)踐漏氣桿,Instructions: 說(shuō)明 Read the case study and write your answers to the four questions.閱讀案例分析并寫(xiě)出4個(gè)故障的答

36、案,Test the Theories檢測(cè)推測(cè),At Step 4, you and your team apply critical thinking to rule out theories and settle on a most likely cause. To apply critical thinking, you and your team will put each theory through a trial run. 在第4步，你和你的團(tuán)隊(duì)使用尖銳的思考去衡量推測(cè)和采用最可能的起因。使用這樣思考方法，你和你的團(tuán)隊(duì)將可把你們的推測(cè)進(jìn)行過(guò)程審核 The trial run is

37、 an attempt to test if each theory can explain what did happen to cause the problem. Itis not an explanation of what might happen in the future.過(guò)程審核可以去檢測(cè)是否推測(cè)能夠再現(xiàn)故障的起因。他不是也許在未來(lái)會(huì)發(fā)生的事情的解釋。,Test the Theories檢測(cè)推測(cè),Practice - Leaking Gas Struts 實(shí)踐-漏氣桿,Instructions: 說(shuō)明 Read the case and write your answers.

38、閱讀案例并寫(xiě)出答案,Verify the Root Cause驗(yàn)證根本起因,Verification is done passively and actively:主動(dòng)，被動(dòng)驗(yàn)證 Passive verification is done by observation. 被動(dòng)驗(yàn)證可以通過(guò)觀察來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn) Active verification is done by manipulating the root cause variable. 主動(dòng)驗(yàn)證可以通過(guò)再現(xiàn)根本起因的變化來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn) There can be more than one verified root cause. 這有更多的方法來(lái)驗(yàn)證根本起

39、因,Determine and Verify the Escape Point 決定和驗(yàn)證遺漏,An escape point is the point closest to the root cause at which the problem could have been detected but was not. 遺漏往往被疏忽但是它與根本起因往往相關(guān) A control system is a system deployed to monitor the product/process and ensure compliance to quality requirements. 監(jiān)控

40、系統(tǒng)會(huì)監(jiān)管產(chǎn)品/過(guò)程和確保產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的一致性,Determine and Verify the Escape Point 決定和驗(yàn)證遺漏,To understand how the problem escaped to the customer and identify the escape point: 學(xué)會(huì)理解如何故障在客戶那兒被遺漏和鑒別遺漏 Review the process flow focusing on the location in the process where the root cause occurred. 在根本起因發(fā)生的地點(diǎn)回顧過(guò)程流 Determine if a

41、 control system exists to detect the problem. 測(cè)定是否控制系統(tǒng)能檢測(cè)到故障,D4 Assessing Questions/Checklist D4 故障評(píng)估/故障清單,To ensure consistency in application of the process, the list of questions in your handbook has been developed to assist the team in achieving the objectives of this discipline為了確保過(guò)程應(yīng)用的連貫性，手冊(cè)中的

42、故障清單被發(fā)展成幫助團(tuán)隊(duì)實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)的練習(xí),Global 8D Software at D4,The G8D software at D4 helps you to document the following information:G8D 軟件在D4項(xiàng)可以使下面的的信息成文化 A concise description of the root cause 根本起因的簡(jiǎn)單描述 Details about the root cause verification 驗(yàn)證根本起因的細(xì)節(jié) Associated escape points 相關(guān)的遺漏故障 There are several parts to

43、 each section of the software at D4. 在這個(gè)軟件D4項(xiàng)有每個(gè)部分的多個(gè)分枝,Global 8D Software at D4,Global 8D Software at D4,D4 Quiz/測(cè)驗(yàn),D4 Summary/總結(jié),In this section you learned how to: /在該部分已經(jīng)學(xué)到怎樣： Use the problem solving process and worksheet to identify the most likely root cause of a problem. /用解決故障的過(guò)程和工作表來(lái)確定故障的最可

44、能起因。 Identify the escape point of a problem. /確定故障的逃出點(diǎn) Verify the root cause and escape point of a problem./驗(yàn)證故障的根本起因和工作表,D5,D5 “Choose and Verify Permanent Corrective Actions (PCAs) for Root Cause and Escape Point”/選擇和驗(yàn)證適合于根本起因和逃出點(diǎn)本的永久措施,D5 provides the opportunity to select the best Permanent Corr

45、ective Actions to remove the root cause. /D5提供了選擇去除根本起因的最佳的永久措施的機(jī)會(huì)。,D5 Section Objectives/D5部分的目標(biāo),Define Permanent Corrective Action (PCA) /定義永久措施 Choose a PCA using the seven-step decision-making process /使用七步?jīng)Q策過(guò)程來(lái)選取永久措施 Use a Decision Making Worksheet /使用決策工作表 Explain how to verify a PCA/解釋怎樣驗(yàn)證永久措

46、施,Why Choose and Verify a Permanent Corrective Action? /為什么要選擇和驗(yàn)證永久措施,D5 focuses on decision making and verification. /D5集中在決策和驗(yàn)證上 By focusing on these two steps, you can:/通過(guò)集中在這兩步，可以： Make the best decisions based on benefits and risks /基于好處和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)做出最好的決定 Verify that the chosen solution will work /8 驗(yàn)證

47、選取的決定會(huì)起作用,What Is a Permanent Corrective Action? 什么是永久措施,A Permanent Corrective Action (PCA), on the other hand, is the best action or actions that eliminate the root cause of a problem./永久措施是消除故障的根本起因的最好措施,Although ERAs and ICAs protect customers from the effects of a problem, they generally do not

48、 eliminate the root cause. /盡管應(yīng)急措施和臨時(shí)措施保護(hù)顧客不受故障后果的影響，但他們通常不會(huì)消除故障的起因,Choose a PCA/選擇永久措施,Any PCA you choose should:/選擇的任何永久措施應(yīng)該： Fix the problem at the root cause level /從根本起因的層次上解決故障 Generate no additional problems /不會(huì)產(chǎn)生另外的故障 Be verified to work /被驗(yàn)證能夠起作用,Choose a PCA/選擇永久措施,The decision-making proc

49、ess has seven steps: /決策過(guò)程有七步： Step 1: Describe the end result. /描述最終結(jié)果 Step 2: List decision criteria (givens and wants). /列出決策標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（強(qiáng)制和想要） Step 3: Determine the relative importance of wants./決定想要滿足的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的相對(duì)重要性 Step 4: Identify choices. /確定選擇 Step 5: Compare choices to decision criteria. /比較選擇和決策標(biāo)準(zhǔn) Step

50、6: Analyse risks. /分析風(fēng)險(xiǎn) Step 7: Make the best choice. /做出最佳選擇,Choose a PCA/選擇永久措施,Step 1: Describe the End Result/第一步：描述最終結(jié)果,You and your team need to identify the end result to:/你和團(tuán)隊(duì)需要確定最終結(jié)果以便： Define the scope of the decision /定義決策的范圍 Provide a focus for your thinking /為思考提供中心,D5 Example Step 1 /D

51、5 實(shí)例 第一步,Heres an example of describing the end result:/這里是一個(gè)描述最終結(jié)果的實(shí)例： Bobs wife Nancy has a birthday coming up soon. Every year, Bob and the kids wait until the last minute and then end up buying a gift that Nancy hates. /鮑勃的妻子南希的生日就要到了。往年，鮑勃和孩子們一直等到最后一分鐘，結(jié)果買(mǎi)了南希討厭的禮物,D5 Example Step 1 /第一步：描述最終結(jié)果,

52、The first step in the decision-making process is to list the end result. Bob and the kids state the end result as: /決策的第一步是描述最終結(jié)果。鮑勃和孩子們將最終結(jié)果描述為： Buy a birthday gift that Mum (Nancy) will like.買(mǎi)母親（南希）喜歡的生日禮物,Step 2: List Decision Criteria /第二步：列出決策標(biāo)準(zhǔn),Decision criteria set your parameters for making

53、a decision and describe the benefits of the end result. 決策標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為作決定設(shè)置參數(shù)并描述最終結(jié)果的好處,Step 2: List Decision Criteria / 第二步：列出決策標(biāo)準(zhǔn),There are two types of decision criteriagivens and wants./有兩類決策標(biāo)準(zhǔn)-強(qiáng)制滿足標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和想要滿足的標(biāo)準(zhǔn) Givens: /強(qiáng)制滿足的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)： Are objectively measurable /是客觀可測(cè)量的 Are non-negotiable /是不可商量的 Are realistic f

54、eatures of the decision /是決策的現(xiàn)實(shí)特征 Often involve money, deadlines, company procedures, or legislation /通常涉及金錢(qián)、期限、公司程序或法規(guī),Step 2: List Decision Criteria / 第二步：列出決策標(biāo)準(zhǔn),Wants:/想要滿足的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)： Are measurable (objectively and subjectively) /是主觀和客觀可測(cè)的 Are the desirable (rather than essential) features of the decis

55、ion /是決策的令人想要（而不是基本的）的特征 Allow you to determine which of the remaining choices are preferable /用來(lái)決定剩下的選擇那一個(gè)更好 Generate the criteria that are required for an ideal choice in terms of resources that can be used /根據(jù)可用資源產(chǎn)生的對(duì)一個(gè)理想選擇必需的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),Example Step 2 / 實(shí)例 第二步,Step 3: Determine the Relative Importance of

56、 Wants/第三步：確定希望滿足標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的相對(duì)重要性,To determine the relative importance of each want:/為了確定每一個(gè)希望滿足標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的相對(duì)重要性： Assign the most important want a rating of 10 on a scale of 1 to 10 (with 10 being the highest). /以1到10為尺度（10為最高）， 將最重要的希望滿足標(biāo)準(zhǔn)定為10。 Compare each remaining want to the most important want. If another wan

57、t is only half as valued, rate it a 5. If another want is almost as valuable, rate it an 8 or 9. /將剩下的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)同最重要的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)比較，如果剩下的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、只有一半價(jià)值，評(píng)分為5。 如果具有差不多的價(jià)值，評(píng)分為8或9。,Example Step 3/實(shí)例 第三步,Step 4: Identify Choices /第四步 確定選擇,Generate a list of alternatives that would solve the problem at the root cause/列出可以從根本起因上

58、解決故障的可選項(xiàng) You can make a higher quality decision when you have a range of options from which to choose /當(dāng)擁有大范圍的選項(xiàng)供選擇時(shí)，更能夠做出高質(zhì)量的決定,Example Step 4/實(shí)例 第四步,Bob and the kids, after a lot of consideration and one night of looking through store fliers and sale ads, have created the following list of choices

59、 for Nancys birthday gift: /經(jīng)過(guò)大量考慮和看了一晚上的商店傳單和銷售廣告后，鮑勃和孩子們列出了下面的選擇作為南希的備選生日禮物。,Two tickets to a new opera ($90)/兩張新劇劇票($90）,One bread maker ($91.95)/面包機(jī)($91.95),One exercise bicycle ($69.99)/健身自行車($69.99）,Example Step 4/ 實(shí)例 第四步,Step 5: Compare Choices to Decision Criteria/第五步：比較選擇和決策標(biāo)準(zhǔn),To compare choices to decision criteria: Compare each choice against each given. If the choice meets a given criteria, mark it “yes.” If any choice does not satisfy the given, mark it “no” and eliminate it from further consideration. /，針對(duì)每一個(gè)強(qiáng)制滿足標(biāo)準(zhǔn)比較每一個(gè)選擇。