1、時態(tài)和語態(tài),Contents,1。 一般現(xiàn)在時的用法,1） 經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動作，常與表示頻腮度的時間狀語連用。時間狀語： every, sometimes,at, on Sunday。例如： I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 2） 客觀真理，客觀存在，科學(xué)事實。例如： The earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China. 3） 表示格言或警句。例如： Pride goes before a fall.驕者必敗。 _ it or not, his discov

2、ery had created a stir in scientific circles.A) Believe B) Believing C) To believe D) Believed 注意：此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時，從句謂語也要用一般現(xiàn)在時。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round.,4） 現(xiàn)在時刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個性。例如： Ann writes good English but does not speak well. Once environmental damage _, it takes many years f

3、or the system to recover.A) has doneB) is to doC) doesD) is done,2 一般過去時的用法,1）在確定的過去時間里所發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。例如：時間狀語有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如： Where did you go just now? 剛才你上哪兒去了？ 2）表示在過去一段時間內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動作。例如： When I was a child, I often played football in the street. When

4、ever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.,I decided to go to the library as soon as I _.A) finish what I didB) finished what I didC) would finish what I was doingD) finished what I was doing,句型 ：It is time that sb. did sth. “時間已遲了” “早該了” ， 例如It is time you went to bed.

5、 would （had） rather sb. did sth.表示寧愿某人做某事。例如： Id rather you came tomorrow.,4） wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過去時，作試探性的詢問、請求、建議等，而一般過去時表示的動作或狀態(tài)都已成為過去，現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在。 Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含義：達(dá)比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。） Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含義：現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去）,注意： 用過去

6、時表示現(xiàn)在，表示委婉語氣。,1）動詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如： Did you want anything else? I wondered if you could help me. 2）情態(tài)動詞 could, would。例如： Could you lend me your bike?,used to / be/get used to,used to + do：過去常常表示過去習(xí)慣性的動作或狀態(tài)，但如今已不存在。例如： Mother used not to be so forgetful be used to + doing： 對已感到習(xí)

7、慣，或習(xí)慣于，to是介詞，后需加名詞或動名詞。例如： He is used to a vegetarian diet. Scarf is used to taking a walk.,3.一般將來時,1)shall/will Which paragraph shall I read first？ Will you be at home at seven this evening? 2) be going to +不定式，表示將來。 a. 主語的意圖，即將做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? b. 計劃，安排要發(fā)生的事。例如：The play is

8、going to be produced next month。,3）be +不定式表將來，按計劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。例如： We are to discuss the report next Saturday. 注意：be to 表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事，be going to 表示主觀的打算或計劃。例如： I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.明天下午我去踢球。（客觀安排） Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。（主觀安排） 4） be about to +不定式，

9、意為馬上做某事 He is about to leave for Beijing.,一般現(xiàn)在時表將來,下列動詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現(xiàn)在時可以表示將來，主要用來表示在時間上已確定或安排好的事情。例如： The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 以here, there等開始的倒裝句，表示動作正在進行。例如： Here comes the bus. There goes the bell.,用現(xiàn)在進行時表示將來,下列動詞come, go, arrive, leave, start,

10、 begin, return等現(xiàn)在進行時可以表示將來。例如： Im leaving tomorrow. Are you staying here till next week?,4. 現(xiàn)在完成時；have （has） +過去分詞。,一般過去時的時間狀語：yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October, just now等，皆為具體的時間狀語。 現(xiàn)在完成時的時間狀語：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不確定的

11、時間狀語。 I saw this film yesterday. （強調(diào)看的動作發(fā)生過了） Great as Newton was, many of his ideas _ today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.A) are to challenge C) have been challengedB) may be challenged D) are challenging,用于現(xiàn)在完成時的句型,1）It is the first / second time. that結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時

12、。 It is the first time that I have visited the city. 注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late. 2）This is +形容詞最高級+that結(jié)構(gòu)，that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時。例如： This is the best film that Ive （ever） seen.,5. 過去完成時,When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to

13、 make a living by himself. The students _ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she _ in the office. A. had written, left B，were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left,Until then, his family _ from him for six months.A) didnt hear C) hasnt heard B) hasnt been hearin

14、g D) hadnt heard,6. 將來完成時：will have done,a. 狀態(tài)完成：表示某事繼續(xù)到將來某一時為止一直有的狀態(tài)。例如： They will have been married for 20 years by then. b. 動作完成：表示將來某一時或另一個將來的動作之前，已經(jīng)完成的動作或獲得的經(jīng)驗。例如： You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.,All the machines _ by the end of the following week. a. were repaired b. woul

15、d be repaired c. will have been repaired d. were being repair By the time the course ends,_ a lot about Britain. a. well learnt b. we are learning c. we have learnt d. well have learnt,It is reported that by the end of this month the output of cement in the factory _ by about 10%.A) will have risen

16、B) has risen C) will be rising D) has been rising,7. 現(xiàn)在進行時,a. 表示現(xiàn)在（指說話人說話時）正在發(fā)生的事情。例如： We are waiting for you. b. 習(xí)慣進行：表示長期的或重復(fù)性的動作，說話時動作未必正在進行。例如： Mr. Green is writing another novel.（說話時并未在寫，只處于寫作的狀態(tài)。） c. 表示漸變，這樣的動詞有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如： The leaves are turning red. 葉子在變紅。 It

17、s getting warmer and warmer.,d. 與always, constantly, forever 等詞連用，表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài)，往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩。例如： You are always changing your mind. 你老是改變主意。 典型例題 My dictionary _, I have looked for it everywhere but still_ it. has lost, dont findB. is missing, dont find C. has lost, havent found D. is missing, h

18、avent found.,The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, _ and perfected now.A) developed B) have developed C) are being developedD) will have been developed,8. 過去進行時：表示過去某時正在進行的狀態(tài)或動作。,過去進行時的主要用法是描述一件事發(fā)生的背景；一個長動作延續(xù)的時候，另一個短動作發(fā)生。 My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hu

19、rt himself. It was raining when they left the station. Mary _ a dress when she cut her finger. A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes As she _ the newspaper, Granny _ asleep. A. read；was falling B. was reading； fell C. was reading； was fallingD. read；fell,9. 將來進行時,概念：表示將來某時進行的狀態(tài)或動作，或按預(yù)測將來會發(fā)生的事情

20、。例如： Shell be coming soon. 她會很快來的。 Ill be meeting him sometime in the future. By this time tomorrow, Ill be lying on the beach. 明天此時，我正躺在海灘上呢。,10. 現(xiàn)在完成進行時,She has been waiting foe a letter all the afternoon. How long has it been raning?,11.過去完成進行時,They had been waiting for the bus for an hour before

21、 the bus came. The old man tols me that he had been living here all his life.,12.過去將來時,The father was certain that his son would succeed.,被動語態(tài),被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成：be+過去分詞 Abuildingwasdamagedbythestorm.暴風(fēng)雨毀壞了一座建筑物。 OurplatewasmadeinChina.我們的盤子是中國生產(chǎn)的。 Everybody needs to love and to be loved in this world.,1、被動語態(tài)的

22、時態(tài)較常見的幾種，現(xiàn)以動詞clean為例 說明：,一般現(xiàn)在時 is /am /are +cleaned 一般過去時 was/were +cleaned 一般將來時 will/shall be cleaned 過去完成時 had+been +cleaned 現(xiàn)在完成時 has/have been cleaned 過去進行時 was/were being cleaned 現(xiàn)在進行時 is/am /are being cleaned,歷年英語考試中出現(xiàn)的被動語態(tài),英語考試中的被動語態(tài)主要考查了一般現(xiàn)在時、現(xiàn)在進行時、現(xiàn)在完成時、含有情態(tài)動詞等的被動語態(tài)。 例1：Once environmental

23、damage _, it takes many years for the system to recover.(CET-4,1997/6)A) has done B) is to do C) does D) is done,The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, _ and perfected now.（CET-4，1996/1）A) developed B) have developed C) are being developed D) will have been developed,例3：Great

24、as Newton was, many of his ideas _ today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.（CET-4，1997/1）A) are to challenge B) may be challenged C) have been challenged D) are challenging,例4：As teachers we should concern ourselves with what is said, not what we think _.（CET-4，1997/6）A) o

25、ught to be said B) must say C) have to be said D) need to say The glass _ . It _ by little Tom this morning. A. broke, is broken B. is broken, was broken C. was broken, broke D. has been broken, broken,08年,The small village is said _ in a battle during WWII. A. to have been destroyed B. to be destro

26、yed C. to destroy D. to have destroyed,He _ some pieces of advice, but he _ to them. A. gave, didnt listen B. was given, wasnt listened C. give, wasnt listened D. was given, didnt listen We cant use the bridge now, because it_ . A. has been repaired B. is repairing C. is repaired D. is being repaired,When water_ , it will be changed into vapour. A. is heated B. heating C. has heated D. heats We cant enter the room because its door_ . A. locked B. locks C. is locked D