1、第二講,謂語(yǔ)的確定,“漢語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)里特多流水句，一個(gè)小句接一個(gè)小句，很多地方可斷可連。試比較一種舊小說(shuō)的幾種不同的標(biāo)點(diǎn)本，常常有這個(gè)本子用句號(hào)，那個(gè)本子用逗號(hào)，或者這個(gè)本子用逗號(hào)，那個(gè)本子用句號(hào)的情形?！?呂叔湘（1904-1998）出生于江蘇省丹陽(yáng)市。1926年畢業(yè)于國(guó)立東南大學(xué)外國(guó)語(yǔ)文系。1936年赴英國(guó)留學(xué)，先后在牛津大學(xué)人類學(xué)系、倫敦大學(xué)圖書館學(xué)科學(xué)習(xí)。1938年回國(guó)后任云南大學(xué)文史系副教授，后又任華西協(xié)和大學(xué)中國(guó)文化研究所研究員、金陵大學(xué)中國(guó)文化研究所研究員兼中央大學(xué)中文系教授以及開(kāi)明書店編輯等職。解放后，1952年起任中國(guó)科學(xué)院語(yǔ)言研究所研究員、中國(guó)科學(xué)院哲學(xué)社會(huì)科學(xué)學(xué)部委員、語(yǔ)言研究

2、所副所長(zhǎng)、所長(zhǎng)、名譽(yù)所長(zhǎng)。1978年至1985年任中國(guó)語(yǔ)文雜志主編，1980年至1985年任中國(guó)語(yǔ)言學(xué)會(huì)會(huì)長(zhǎng)。1980年起為美國(guó)語(yǔ)言學(xué)會(huì)榮譽(yù)會(huì)員。1987年獲香港中文大學(xué)榮譽(yù)文學(xué)博士學(xué)位。1994年被聘為俄羅斯科學(xué)院外籍院士。呂叔湘先生是我國(guó)語(yǔ)言學(xué)界的一代宗師，70多年以來(lái)一直孜孜不倦地從事語(yǔ)言教學(xué)和語(yǔ)言研究，涉及一般語(yǔ)言學(xué)、漢語(yǔ)研究、文字改革、語(yǔ)文教學(xué)、寫作和文風(fēng)、詞典編纂、古籍整理等廣泛的領(lǐng)域。,確定謂語(yǔ)的依據(jù),I. 基于表意需要 II. 基于構(gòu)句需要,I. 基于表意需要,所謂“表意需要”，是指選擇謂語(yǔ)時(shí)，除考慮該詞本身能否準(zhǔn)確傳達(dá)原文的意義之外，還要關(guān)照它與主語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)義關(guān)聯(lián)（亦即邏輯關(guān)聯(lián)）

3、以及它與賓語(yǔ)（或表語(yǔ)）之間的搭配。,I-1考慮謂語(yǔ)表意需要時(shí)，首先看它能否準(zhǔn)確、貼切地傳達(dá)原意。請(qǐng)比較以下譯文：,Ex1. 中央政府不干預(yù)香港特別行政區(qū)的事務(wù)。 a. The Central Government has refrained from intervening in the affairs of the HKSAR. b. The Central Government has never intervened in the affairs of the HKSAR.,Ex2. 中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)將融入世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的大潮。 a. The economy of China will merge i

4、nto the tide of the world economy. The economy of China will converge with that of the world . Ex3. 這事到了現(xiàn)在，還是時(shí)時(shí)記起。 a. Even now, this remains fresh in my memory. b. Even now, I still often think about this.,I-2. 考慮謂語(yǔ)表意需要時(shí)，還必須關(guān)照它與主語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)義關(guān)聯(lián)以及主謂之間的搭配。請(qǐng)比較以下例句： Ex1. （聽(tīng)說(shuō)你明天開(kāi)張，）也許用得著，特意給你送來(lái)了。 a. (I hear that

5、youre opening tomorrow.) You may have some use for these things, so I took them along. b. (I hear that youre opening tomorrow.) Though these might come in handily, I brought them along.,Ex2. 現(xiàn)在，連我們也欠??！ a. Nowadays even our monthly pay is often in arrears. b. Nowadays even we arent always paid on tim

6、e. Ex3.（現(xiàn)在上海人的傳統(tǒng)形象開(kāi)始起了變化,）他們的言語(yǔ)和行動(dòng)都充滿了信心和自豪。 a. Their words and actions are filled with confidence and pride. b. They are confident and proud in their speeches and actions.,I-3. 考慮謂語(yǔ)表意需要時(shí)，還必須考慮它與賓語(yǔ)的搭配（包括系動(dòng)詞與表語(yǔ)之間的搭配）及搭配后的修辭效果。請(qǐng)比較以下例句：,Ex1. 我又閑了一個(gè)多月啦！ a. Ive been idle for another month now. b. Another

7、 month now, and Ive had no work.,Ex2. （頤和園）1900 年遭八國(guó)聯(lián)軍破壞，（至1903年才得以修復(fù)）。 a. The palace was reduced to ruins by the allied forces of the eight foreign powers. b. The palace suffered ravage in the hands of the allied forces of the eight foreign powers. Ex3. 她們（指“時(shí)裝模特”）逐漸鎮(zhèn)定下來(lái)，有了自信。 a. They gradually cal

8、med down, restored self-confidence. b. Gradually, they calmed down and regained self-confidence.,II. 基于構(gòu)句需要,所謂“構(gòu)句需要”，是指謂語(yǔ)的確定必須符合英語(yǔ)句法的需要，必須遵循主謂一致的原則、符合英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法規(guī)范。,Ex1. 九斤老太早已做過(guò)八十大壽，仍然不平而且健康，六斤的雙丫角，已經(jīng)變成一支大辮子了。 Old Mrs. Ninepounder celebrated her eightieth birthday some time ago and is as full of complaint

9、s, as hale and hearty as ever. Sixpounders twin tufts of hair have changed into a thick braid. Ex2. 他給我的印象是，態(tài)度非常呆板僵硬，仿佛肚子里吞下了一根撥火棒似的。 He had given me the impression of absolute rigidity, as though he had swallowed a poker.,Ex3. 河邊枯柳樹(shù)下的幾株瘦削的一丈紅，該是村女種的罷。 The few sparse hollyhocks beneath the withered

10、willows by the stream must have been planted by the country girls. Ex4. 關(guān)于如何改進(jìn)市民的居住條件問(wèn)題市政府給予了充分重視。 a. Full attention has been paid by the municipal government to the improvement of the housing conditions of the urban inhabitants. b. The municipal government has paid full attention to the improvement

11、 of the housing conditions of the urban inhabitants.,Ex5. 液體的形態(tài)總是隨著容器的變化而變化，因?yàn)橐后w沒(méi)有自己的固定形態(tài)。換言之， 無(wú)論你把它放在什么樣的容器中，它的形狀總是和容器內(nèi)壁的形狀完全一樣。 Since a liquid has no definite shape of its own, it varies in shape from container to container. In other words, in whatever container it is poured, the liquid will take

12、exactly the interior shape of the container.,討論（一）,比較下列譯文的優(yōu)劣： 1. 在零售和烹調(diào)行業(yè)方面，家辦企業(yè)的買賣完全超過(guò)了國(guó)家辦的。 a. In the retail and catering sectors, household operations have completely outmarketed the state. b. In the retail and catering sectors, the business of household operations has surpassed that of the state

13、.,2. 在我們這個(gè)時(shí)代，任何人想要在社會(huì)上起作用，就必須接受必要的教育。 a. In our times, substantial education is indispensable for anyone who wants to play his role in society. b. In our times, anyone who wants to play his role in society must receive substantial education.,3. 中國(guó)觀察問(wèn)題不是看社會(huì)制度。 a. China studies these questions not in the light of social systems. b. China does not regard social systems as a criterion in its approach t