1、英語構(gòu)詞法,英語構(gòu)詞法主要有三種： 轉(zhuǎn)化、合成與派生。,英語構(gòu)詞法種類,另外還有截短、縮合等。,1. 轉(zhuǎn)化 : 是指有一種詞類轉(zhuǎn)化為另一種詞類。,water n. 水 - water vt. 澆水,常見的轉(zhuǎn)化形式兩種： 動(dòng)詞 - 名詞 名詞 - 動(dòng)詞,動(dòng)詞-名詞 stop vt. 停止 - n.車站 love vt. 愛 - n. 愛 Watch vt. 觀看 - n. 手表 record vt. 錄音 - n. 紀(jì)錄 comb vt. 梳理(頭發(fā)) - n. 梳子 abuse vt. 辱罵 - n. 辱罵,名詞 - 動(dòng)詞 hand n. 手 - vt. 上交 seat n. 座位 - vt.

2、 坐 nurse n. 護(hù)士 - vt. 護(hù)理 oil n. 油 - vt. 上油 time n. 時(shí)間 - vt. 定時(shí)，測時(shí) shoulder n. 肩膀 - vt. 肩負(fù),mine n. 礦山 - vt. 開礦 barbecue n. 燒烤-vt. 在烤架上烤 ship n. 船 - vt. 用船裝運(yùn) finance n. 金融- vt. 為提供資金 stain n. 污點(diǎn),污跡 - vt. 玷污，污染 draft n. 草稿 - vt. 起草 head n. 頭 - v. 前進(jìn) transport n. 運(yùn)輸 - vt. 運(yùn)輸,副詞 - 動(dòng)詞 down adv. 向下 - v. 放下

3、副詞 - 名詞 nowhere adv. 任何地方都不 - n. 無處，無名的地方,形容詞 - 名詞 freezing adj. 冰凍的 - n. 冰點(diǎn) solid adj. 固體的,堅(jiān)實(shí)的- n. 固體,數(shù)詞 - 動(dòng)詞 second num. 第二 - v. 贊成 - n. 秒,2. 合成 : 有兩個(gè)或更多的詞合成一個(gè)詞。 class 班級 + room 房間 = classroom 教室,warm + heart + ed = warmhearted 熱心腸的 good + looking = good-looking 相貌好看的,hard + working = hard-working

4、 勤勞的 peace-loving state-owned well-known ready-mades ightseeing bloodthirsty,3. 派生 : 是通過在詞根上加前綴或者后綴構(gòu)成一個(gè)新詞。,happy - unhappy develop - development,前綴一般只引起意思上的變化而不造成詞類的變化，只有少數(shù)能引起詞類的變化。,mis- 錯(cuò)誤的 + understand v. 理解 - misunderstand v. 誤解,en + large adj. 大的 - enlarge v. 擴(kuò)大,后綴一般只引起詞性上的變化而不造成意思的變化。,care v. 照

5、料 - careful adj. 細(xì)心的 work v. 工作 - worker n. 工人,常見的前綴,(A)表示否定或逆轉(zhuǎn)的前綴： de- defrost decentralize un-unfair, unhappy, unlock non-nonsmoker (常用在n. adj. adv. 前) in-inactive, inhuman, indirect (常用在adj.后) dis-disagree,disappear m-impolite,impossible (用在b,p,m 開頭的詞前) il-illegal illogical ir-irreal, irregular,

6、irrelevant,(B).表示錯(cuò)誤或失當(dāng)?shù)那熬Y: mis-misjudge, misdirect(誤導(dǎo)) (C).表示向背的前綴: pro-(親，支持) pro-Chinese, pro-American anti-（阻止，抗） antiwar, anti-Japanese war,(D).表示程度、大小的前綴 super- superstar,supermarket, superman, superpower over- overeat, overuse out- outnumber, outdo macro-macroeconomics micro- microeconomics mi

7、croscope mini- minibus, miniskirt, mini-car under- underestimate, under-develop,(E).表示時(shí)間的前綴 ex- ex-president, ex-wife pre- prewar, precaution post-postwar fore-(前，預(yù)先)foretell, forecast, foresee, weather forecast,(F).表示方位的前綴： ex- export, exclude extra- extranuclear, extraordinary in- inland, invade i

8、ntra- intranuclear, intrastate,sub- subway, submarine inter- international, intercity, interclass trans-(橫過，通過，超越，進(jìn)入) trans, cultural transatlantic,G 表示數(shù)量,semi-(半，部分) semicircle, semiskilled, semi-steel uni- unicycle, unilateral mono- monorail bi- bicycle tri- triangle, tricycle poly- polysyllable m

9、ulti multifunctional, multinational,H 表示 方式或態(tài)度,auto- autobiography, automobile co- cooperate coexistence con- connection concentrate col- colleague, collect com- combine common companion compress contra- contradiction counter- counterattack , countermeasure,I 變換詞類的前綴,be- befriend belittle (輕視) en- i

10、nable, endanger em- embitter, empower,J 其它,bio- biochemistry, biology mal- malnutrition, maltreat pseudo- pseudoscience therm(o)- thermometer,常見的后綴,1.動(dòng)詞變名詞： -ation satisfaction, education, realization -ment development, movement, disappointment,-al arrival, refusal -ee trainee, employee -er teacher,

11、 worker -or visitor, sailor,2.形容詞變名詞 -ness happiness, meanness, carelessness -ity ability, possibility -ism Marxism, criticism,3.名詞變形容詞： -y windy, rainy, sandy -ish foolish, feverish -some handsome, troublesome -ous dangerous, humorous -ful helpful, careful, peaceful,3. 名詞、形容詞變動(dòng)詞： -ify beautify, sim

12、plify -ize realize -en quicken, widen, sharpen,但也有一些帶后綴的派生詞僅僅改變詞義： Kingdom: “職位、狀態(tài)” freedom Boyhood: “身份，資格” childhood Friendship:情態(tài)狀態(tài)性質(zhì)身份職業(yè)技巧技 能” leadership, hardship Spoonful：構(gòu)成名詞mouthful(滿口,一口), handful(一把),4. 截短 : 是指用截頭取尾的方法構(gòu)成新詞。 telephone - phone influenza - flu. 流行性感冒,5. 縮合 : 是指把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的詞各取一部分

13、合在一起構(gòu)成一個(gè)新單詞。,smoke and fog - smog 煙霧 Test of English as a foreign language TOEFL 托福 International English language test system - IELTS 雅思,1. The headmaster hurried to the concert hall only _ the speaker _ .A. to find； left B. to find； goneC. finding； left D. finding； gone,1.The peasant died, leaving

14、 his wife and his three children in the world 2. He woke up the next morning, only to find himself in the hospital.,find +賓語+賓補(bǔ),find the door open (adj.) find him sitting by the window(-ing) find the wall painted (P.P) find himself in the hospital(prep.phrase),2.I failed again. I wish I _ harder. Bu

15、t you _.A. had worked； hadnt B. worked； dontC. had worked； didnt D. worked； didnt,wish,I wish you success. I wish you to help me. Give my best wishes to I wish I were a bird. I wish I could help you. I wish I had attended the ball yesterday.,3.Why not go out for a walk before breakfast?Oh，yes. _ is

16、my favorite time of day.A. In the early morningB. Early morningC. The early of morningD. The early morning that,It was early morning when I got home. It was in the early morning that I got home. Was it in the early morning that you got home? When was it that you got home?,4. It was not until liberat

17、ion that _ to his hometown.A. did he return B. was he returnedC. he did return D. he returned,It is I who/ that am going to be sent there to help them,當(dāng)被強(qiáng)調(diào)的是not.until句型時(shí),應(yīng)將not置于until之前,主句由否定句改為肯定句。,It was not until 1920 that regular radio broadcast began.,It was her that told me about it. It was she

18、 that told me about it. It is I who the teacher has punished It is me whom the teacher has punished.,強(qiáng)調(diào)句,It is/was+that It is he that/who wants to go instead of you. It was 2:00 when they left. It was at 2:00 that they left. It was because he was late that he was scolded. It was in the street that h

19、e was knocked down.,5.Id like a pen which _ well. Will this one _?A. writes； do B. writes； workC. is written； do D. is written； work,6.Can you finish the writing on time? _.A. Never mind B. With pleasureC. No problem D. All right,7.When _ we meet again? _ it any time you like.A. will； Do B. will； Ma

20、keC. shall； Do D. shall； Make,8. Look! There are lots of _ birds flying over the trees.A. funny red little B. funny little redC. little funny red D. little red funny,好美小高狀其新， 顏色國料特別親。,good/beautiful/small(little)/tall/round (interesting)/new red/nationality/wood/,9. They couldnt eat in a restaurant

21、because _ of them had _ money on them.A. all； no B. any； noC. none； any D. no one； any,10.Shall we meet right now? Sorry. Im too busy to _ for the moment.A. get through B. get awayC. get off D. get together,get away（1) 逃脫 (2) 開始，出發(fā)；離開；出去旅行或休假 (3) 使離去；移走；送走,Get off (1) 下去，下來；下（公共汽車、火車、飛機(jī)等），下（馬等）(2) 出

22、發(fā)，離去；起飛；起跑(3) 寄出；發(fā)出(4) 脫掉；除去，擺脫(5) 免受傷害、災(zāi)禍或損失(6) 學(xué)會(huì)，記熟,Get together(1) 收集，積聚 (2) 聚集在一處，會(huì)集；召集，集攏,Get through(1) 通過；使通過 (2) 打通（尤指電話）,11. _ is known to all，good friends _ happiness and value to life. A. It； add B. As； addC. It； add up D. As； add to,add up 總計(jì)，總共 add to 增加 add to 加到,That will only add to our difficulties. 那只會(huì)增加我們的困難。 Add up 6,7 and 8 and youll get 21. 把六、七、八相加，總數(shù)是二十一。,12. Mr. Green left _ suddenly _ he came.A. so； that B. so； asC.