1、Chapter 2Incoterms - International Commercial Terms ICC 2000,Why Incoterms,Incoterms define risk, cost and responsibility for both the seller and the buyer during the transportation of the cargo from the exporter to the importer Incoterms are universal and can be recognised and understood internatio

2、nally.,The International Commercial Terms were drawn up by the ICC in 1936 These rules for international trade are used internationally to settle trade disputes between sellers and buyers,Incoterms are Legally binding,Incoterms are legally binding and the following must be given consideration: Which

3、 party will pay the costs to move the goods from the seller to the buyer? Which documents will be required and at whose expense? At what point will the risk, to which the goods may be subjected to, transfer from the seller to the buyer? Which party, the exporter or importer, will be responsible for

4、the creation of the contract of carriage?,Named port or place,There are 13 Incoterms and they range from the least amount of risk, cost and responsibility for the seller, to the most. In keeping with this an Incoterm must always be followed by a named port or place. This must be quoted on the quotat

5、ion, defining the port or place of receipt and or final destination.,Example: FCA OR TAMBO SOUTH AFRICA USD 150 000.,13 Incoterms,E Term EXW -EX WORKS,F Terms FAS - FREE ALONGSIDE SHIP FOB - FREE ON BOARD FCA - FREE CARRIER AT.,C Terms CFR - COST AND FREIGHT CPT - CARRIAGE PAID TO CIF - COST, INSURA

6、NCE & FREIGHT CIP - CARRIAGE, INSURANCE PAID TO,D Terms DAF - DELIVERED AT FRONTIER DES - DELIVERED EX SHIP DEQ - DELIVERED EX QUAY DDU - DELIVERED DUTY UNPAID DDP - DELIVERED DUTY PAID,INCOTERMS 2000（International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms)2000年國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則,1.EXW Ex Works (named pla

7、ce) 2.FAS Free Alongside Ship(named port of shipment) 3.FOB Free On Board(named port of shipment) 4.CIF Cost Insurance and Freight(named port of destination) 5.CFR Cost and Freight(named port of destination) 6.FCA Free Carrier （named place） 7.CPT Carriage Paid to (named place of destination) 8.CIP C

8、arriage and Insurance Paid to(named place of destination) 9.DES Delivered Ex Ship (named port of destination) 10.DEQ Delivered Ex Quay(.named port of destination) 11.DAF Delivered At Frontier(.named place) 12.DDP Delivered Duty Paid(.named place of destination) 13.DDU Delivered Duty Unpaid(named pla

9、ce of destination),In relation to transportation,Only certain Incoterms should be used when dispatching goods: By sea: FOB, FAS, CFR, CIF, DES, DEQ Multimodal transport: EXW, FCA, CPT, CIP, DDU & DDP Overland: DAF,Fundamental obligations for both the seller and the buyer:,The seller must: Supply the

10、 correct quantity, quality and value of goods in accordance to the buyers order. Deliver the goods on or before the dispatch date or within an agreed time period. Pack and label the goods to ensure their safe delivery. Provide the buyer with the necessary documentation such as a commercial invoice,

11、packing list, transport document, certificate of origin etc.,The buyers obligations,Accept all the risk, when this risk is passed onto the importer. Pay all additional costs, which may arise from his/her failure to accept delivery of the goods at the place or port of receipt. Provide the seller with

12、 appropriate proof that he/she has taken receipt of the goods. Both the buyer and the seller must recognise the importance of communication. The seller must always keep the importer informed of the movement of the goods, when the responsibility for accepting the costs and risks will pass on to impor

13、ter.,Incoterms and Price,Price is one of the key variables in international trade An offer consists of a proposal to supply products or services: In the RIGHT QUANTITY At the right level of QUALITY At the right TIME And at the right PRICE or COST Incoterms are a central factor in the costing process

14、 and that is why they must be understood and clearly indicated on any quotation.,Price,EX WORKS US$10 000 IN LAND FREIGHT 800 CUSTOMS 150 DOCUMENTATION 100 FCA PORT OR PLACE OF LOADING US$11 050 MAIN CARRIAGE OF FREIGHT 1 500 CPT PLACE/PORT OFRECEIPT US$12 550 INSURANCE 100 CIP PLACE/PORT OF RECEIPT

15、 US$12 650,EXW - Ex Works,The seller makes the goods available, packed and ready for collection at the place of receipt (factory. The buyer must bear all the risks and charges in taking the goods to the required destination. This term carries the minimum obligation for the seller.,FCA - Free Carrier

16、 at,The seller is responsible for delivering the goods into the custody of the transport carrier at the named point, having cleared the goods through Customs in the country of export. The responsibility for, and the risks of damage to or loss to the goods is transferred from the seller to the buyer

17、at this point. It is based on the same principle as FOB except that the seller fulfils his obligations when s/he delivers the goods into the custody of the carrier at the named point.,FAS - Free Alongside Ship,Under this term, it is the sellers responsibility to deliver the goods alongside the ship

18、on the quay in the port of loading, having cleared the goods through Customs in the country of export. The buyer must bear all the costs and risks from that point onwards,FOB - Free on Board,Under this term, the seller is responsible for delivering the goods on board the ship at the named port of lo

19、ading. The responsibility for, and risk of damage to or loss of, the goods pass from the seller to the buyer when the goods pass a ships rail.,Variants of FOB,裝船費(fèi)用的負(fù)擔(dān)問題 Loading, trimming, stowing charges為了說明裝船費(fèi)用的負(fù)擔(dān)問題,往往在FOB術(shù)語后加列附加條件,形成了FOB的變形,它們主要有： 1、FOB Liner Terms（班輪條件）。是指裝船費(fèi)用按照班輪的做法來辦，由船方或買方承擔(dān)，即

20、賣方不負(fù)擔(dān)裝船的有關(guān)費(fèi)用。 2、FOB Under Tackle（吊鉤下交貨）。指賣方將貨物交到買方指定船只的吊鉤所及之處(to have placed the goods under the tackle)，即吊裝入艙以及其它各項(xiàng)費(fèi)用概由買方負(fù)擔(dān)。,Variants of FOB,3、FOB Stowed（理艙費(fèi)在內(nèi)）。指賣方負(fù)責(zé)將貨物裝入船艙并承擔(dān)包括理艙費(fèi)在內(nèi)的裝船費(fèi)用(The seller is to bear the cost of stowing as well as loading) 。理艙費(fèi)是指貨物入艙后進(jìn)行安置和整理的費(fèi)用。 4、FOB Trimmed（平艙費(fèi)在內(nèi)）。指賣方負(fù)

21、責(zé)將貨物裝入船艙并承擔(dān)包括平艙費(fèi)在內(nèi)的裝船費(fèi)用(The seller is to bear the cost of trimming as well as loading) ，平艙費(fèi)是指對裝入大艙的散裝貨物進(jìn)行平整所需要的費(fèi)用。,Variants of FOB,5、FOB Stowed and Trimmed, FOBST, 表明賣方承擔(dān)包括理艙費(fèi)和平艙費(fèi)在內(nèi)的各項(xiàng)裝船費(fèi)用。 FOB的上述變形只是為了表明裝船費(fèi)用由誰負(fù)擔(dān)問題而產(chǎn)生的，它們并不改變FOB的交貨地點(diǎn)以及風(fēng)險(xiǎn)劃分的界限。,CFR - Cost and Freight,The seller is responsible for pay

22、ing the costs and freight to bring the goods to the named port of destination. The risk of loss or damage to the goods is transferred from the seller to the buyer when the goods pass the ships rail at the port of loading.,CPT - Carriage Paid to.,The seller is responsible for arranging the carriage a

23、nd paying the freight to the named destination, but the risk of loss of, and damage to, the goods, passes from the seller to the buyer when the goods have been delivered into the charge of the carrier in the country of export.,CIF - Cost, Insurance & Freight,This term is the same as CFR, except the

24、seller has to procure, and pay for, marine insurance for the goods during their carriage.,Variants of FOB,Variants of CIF,針對卸貨費(fèi)用負(fù)擔(dān)問題 (Unloading charges) 可分為: 1、CIF Liner Terms（班輪條件）。 2、CIF Landed（卸至岸上）。 3、CIF Ex Tackle (吊鉤下交接) 4、CIF Ex Ships Hold（艙底交接） CIF的變形也只是為了說明卸貨費(fèi)用的負(fù)擔(dān)問題，并不改變CIF的交貨地點(diǎn)和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)劃分的界限。,CI

25、P - Carriage & Insurance Paid,This term is the same as CPT but the seller also has to procure, and pay for, marine insurance for the goods. Similar to CIF, CIP is suitable for multimodal transportation.,DES - Delivered Ex Ship,The seller is responsible for making the goods available to the buyer on

26、board the ship not customs cleared at the port of destination, as well as bearing the costs and risk in brining the goods there. This is both a multimodal and seafreight Incoterm, the last leg of the journey must be a sea leg.,DEQ- Delivered Ex-ship,The seller is responsible for making the goods ava

27、ilable to the buyer on the quay at the port of destination not cleared through customs, bearing all costs and risks in bringing goods there. This is both a multimodal and seafreight Incoterm, the last leg of the journey must be a sea leg.,DDU - Delivered Duty Unpaid,The seller is responsible for delivering the goods to the named place of receipt. However, the seller is not required to pay duties, taxe