1、Copyright 2008 Allyn preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.,Copyright 2008 Allyn does not diminish spontaneity or sensations; once in place, woman only needs to check that it remains in place Dis

2、advantages include: Insertion can be painful; side effects include excessive menstrual cramping, irregular bleeding, and heavier than usual menstrual bleeding; may increase the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease and ectopic pregnancies,Copyright 2008 Allyn absence of side effects Disadvantages incl

3、ude: High failure rate; loss of spontaneity; potential for infections due to irritation,Copyright 2008 Allyn wide availability; modest cost Disadvantages include: High failure rate; may cause vaginal or penile irritation, no STI protection The Contraceptive Sponge May be reintroduced in the U.S. Pro

4、vides a spermicidal barrier; no fitting is required,Copyright 2008 Allyn may become dislodged; may increase infections,Copyright 2008 Allyn do not affect production of hormones, ova, or sperm; relatively free of side effects; offer protection against sexually transmitted infections Disadvantages inc

5、lude: Decreases spontaneity; may lessen sensations,Applying a Condom,Copyright 2008 Allyn no side effects; most are inexpensive; fully reversible Disadvantages include: Long period of abstention; low reliability; unsuitable for women with irregular cycles; records must be kept months before its use;

6、 do not offer any protection against sexually transmitted infections (STIs),Copyright 2008 Allyn & Bacon,27,Methods of Contraception,Sterilization Surgical procedures that render people incapable of reproduction without affecting sexual activity Most common method of birth control among couples in c

7、ommitted relationships age 30 and above Male sterilization Vasectomy Completed in 15-20 minutes under local anethesia Sperm are prevented from reaching the urethra by cutting each vas deferens and tying it back or cauterizing it Is relatively free of side effects and is nearly 100% effective Reversa

8、l (vasovasotomy) is not always successful,Copyright 2008 Allyn & Bacon,28,Methods of Contraception,Vasectomy,Copyright 2008 Allyn & Bacon,29,Methods of Contraception,Female sterilization Tubal sterilization (tubal ligation) Done under general anesthesia Most common method, in which fallopian tubes a

9、re surgically blocked to prevent sperm meeting ova Minilaparotomy: Small incision in the abdomen provides access to fallopian tubes, which are cut fallopian tubes are cauterized, cut, or clamped Culpotomy: Fallopian tubes are reached through an incision in the back wall of the vagina These methods d

10、o not disrupt sex drive or sexual response or induce premature menopause.,Copyright 2008 Allyn & Bacon,30,Methods of Contraception,Laparoscopy,Copyright 2008 Allyn & Bacon,31,Methods of Contraception,Hysterectomy Surgical removal of the uterus Not appropriate as a method of sterilization Highly effe

11、ctive form of contraception, but less effective than male sterilization (failure rate is about 0.4%) Should be considered irreversible Some women experience medical difficulties Advantages and disadvantages of sterilization Advantages are effectiveness and permanence Disadvantages are permanence, po

12、ssible health risks for women, and no protection against STIs,Copyright 2008 Allyn & Bacon,32,Abortion,Induced abortion Purposeful termination of a pregnancy before the embryo or fetus is capable of sustaining independent life The great majority occur during the first trimester, when it is safest an

13、d least costly About 43% of women in the U.S. have an abortion at some time Most are single Half are already mothers 75% are younger than 30,Copyright 2008 Allyn & Bacon,33,Abortion,Reasons for abortion Psychological factors External circumstances (e.g., rape) Desire to reduce disadvantage for self

14、and child Physical Economic Social,Copyright 2008 Allyn & Bacon,34,Abortion,When Does Human Life Begin? Science offers no absolute answer Brain activity? Potential for life?,Copyright 2008 Allyn & Bacon,35,Abortion,Historical and Legal Perspectives on Abortion Abortion legal in U.S. from 1607 to 182

15、8 Became illegal in 1900 due, in part, to a national desire to increase the population In 1973, the U.S. Supreme Court legalized abortion nationwide in the Roe v. Wade decision States have own laws regarding parental consent, etc. Attitudes toward legalized abortion A majority of people in the U.S.

16、support the legalization of abortion. However, the circumstances surrounding the abortion affect some peoples attitude toward it being legal.,Copyright 2008 Allyn & Bacon,36,Abortion,Methods of Abortion Vacuum aspiration (suction curettage) Removal of the uterine contents via suction Used early in p

17、regnancy Safest and most common method (over 90% of abortions) Complications are rare Dilation and curettage (D&C) An operation in which the cervix is dilated and uterine contents are then gently scraped away Performed between 8 and 20 weeks Risks include hemorrhaging, infection, & perforation,Copyr

18、ight 2008 Allyn & Bacon,37,Abortion,INSERT FIGURE 12.10 HERE,Copyright 2008 Allyn & Bacon,38,Abortion,Dilation and evacuation (D&E) Combines suction and the D&C procedure Used most commonly in the second trimester Complications similar to those of D&C Inducing labor by intra-amniotic infusion Substa

19、nce is injected into amniotic sac to induce premature labor and delivery Used in the second trimester when fetal development is so progressed that other methods cannot be used Accounts for only a small number of abortions,Copyright 2008 Allyn & Bacon,39,Abortion,Hysterotomy Fetus is removed by cesarean section Performed in the late second trimester Performed very rarely Abortion drugs RU-486 (mifepristone) Induces early abortion by blocking effects of progesterone Can only be used