1、Chapter 2 Contrastive Studies of English and Chinese,Lecturer：溫彬 TelE-mail：,1、Synthetic & Analytic,1）A synthetic language is characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships. 2）An analytic language is characterized by frequent use of f

2、unction words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express synthetic relations. English: synthetic-analytic language (old English was synthetic + modern English is analytic) Chinese: a typical analytic language,1.1 Inflectional the endings er, -est are non-inflectional suffixes.,1、 Synthet

3、ic & Analytic,The use of inflected forms could express: Parts of speech （詞性） Gender（性） Number（數(shù)） Case（主格/賓格） Person（人稱） Tense（時(shí)態(tài)） Aspect（體） Voice（語態(tài)） Mood（情態(tài)） Non-finite verbs（非限定動(dòng)詞）,1、 Synthetic & Analytic,1.2 Word Order: flexible & inflexible 1.3 English and Chinese use different function words,1、

4、 Synthetic & Analytic,English function words: Article（冠詞） Preposition（介詞） Auxiliary verb（助動(dòng)詞） Coordinator（并列連接詞） Subordinator（從屬連接詞）,1、 Synthetic & Analytic,Coordinator（并列連接詞）,Subordinator（從屬連接詞）,1、 Synthetic & Analytic,Chinese function words:,Particle（助詞） aspect particle（動(dòng)態(tài)助詞）：著，了，過 structural part

5、icle（結(jié)構(gòu)助詞）：的、地、得 emotional particle（語氣助詞）：?jiǎn)?，呢，?Connective（連接詞）,English sentences can be reduced to five basic patterns. English subject-predicate structure appears rigid. Chinese subject-predicate structure is usually varied, flexible, and supple.,2、Rigid & Supple,Hypotaxis（形合法）：P47 Parataxis（意合法）：

6、 P47,3、Hypotactic & Paratactic,English resorts to overt cohesion（顯性接應(yīng)）,3、Hypotactic & Paratactic,Chinese relies on covert coherence（隱性連貫）,4、Complex & Simplex,English sentences are complex. Subordination (從屬結(jié)構(gòu))：subordinate clauses and phrases Chinese sentences are simple. Coordination (并列結(jié)構(gòu)) Loose or

7、 minor sentences (松散句) Contracted sentences (緊縮句) Elliptical sentences (省略句) Run-on sentences (流水句) Composite sentences (并列形式的復(fù)句),Formal written English is in an impersonal style, featured by passives, sentences beginning with introductory it, and abstract nouns as subjects. Chinese perfers to use a

8、 personal style, featured by more actives, actives in form but passives in sense, personal (animate)subjects, or subjectless and subject-omitted sentences.,5、Impersonal & Personal,translation methods: English impersonal subjects 變?yōu)?Chinese personal subjects English passives 變?yōu)?Chinese actives,5、Impe

9、rsonal & Personal,English prefers to use passives, and why? The agent of an action is self-evident or unkown, or it is unnecessary or impossible to mention the agent. Syntactic factors: for cohesion, balance, end focus, end weight Rhetorical factors: for variations Stylistic factors: more passives i

10、n information writing,6、Passive & Active,Chinese prefers to use actives, including those active in form but passive in sense.,6、Passive & Active,7、Static & Dynamic,English is featured by nominalization (名詞化). Chinese is more dynamic, employing verbs, adverbs, verbal phrases, repetition and reduplica

11、tion of verbs.,translation methods: the English nominal style 變?yōu)?the Chinese verbal style 1) English nouns 變?yōu)镃hinese verbs 2) English adjectives 變?yōu)镃hinese adverbs 3) English prepositions 變?yōu)镃hinese verbs,7、Static & Dynamic,In English, nominalization often results in abstraction. Chinese prefers to us

12、e concrete or specific words and employs rhetorical devices, expressing abstract ideas by metaphors, similes, allegories and so on. translation methods: English abstract words 變?yōu)?Chinese concrete words, figurative expressions or verbs,8、Abstract & Concrete,translation methods: English abstract words

13、 變?yōu)?Chinese concrete words, figurative expressions or verbs,8、Abstract & Concrete,English is indirect. Euphemism Understatement Litotes Indirect negation Tactful implication Periphrasis Chinese prefers to be direct and straightforward.,9、Indirect & Direct,To avoid repetition, English often resorts to substitution, ellipsis, variation and so on. Substitution: English often uses pro-forms or substitutes Ellipsis (zero- substitution): English usually leaves out the same words from a sentence. Variation: English often uses synonyms or near-syno