1、漢英篇章銜接手段和連貫手段的對比,A contrastive study of cohesive devices and coherent devices in English and Chinese texts,篇章,篇章是表達整體概念的語義單位。它在一定的情景中產(chǎn)生，提供作者想傳達的信息，各成分之間有語言手段將其銜接在一起，成為語義連貫的整體，為交際的受者所接受。 銜接性和連貫性是篇章最重要的特征。,cohere, Lat. co- + haere (cling), to stick or held together, and to have internal elements or pa

2、rts logically connected so that aesthetic consistency results.,Cohesion 動詞性替代（verbal substitution）：指的是用動詞替代詞通常是do的一定形式去替代動詞或動詞短語； 分句性替代（clausal substitution）：指用替代詞主要有so和not去取代分句。,省略 Ellipsis,Ellipsis involves the omission of an item. It is the “substitution by zero”. In other words, in ellipsis, an

3、item is replaced by nothing. 省略指篇章中句子或小句中一些基本結(jié)構(gòu)成分的缺省。 省略包括名詞型省略(Nominal substitution)、動詞型省略(Verbal ellipsis)和小句型省略(Clausal ellipsis)。,連接 Conjunction,Conjunction is a relationship indicating how the subsequent sentence or clause should be linked to the preceding or the following sentence or part of a

4、 sentence. Conjunction involves the use of formal markers, that is, conjunctions, to relate sentences, clauses to each other. 連接指用連詞、副詞、或詞組（短語）把兩個命題聯(lián)系起來的手段。,詞匯銜接 Lexical cohesion,Lexical cohesion deals with connections based on the words used. It is achieved by selection of vocabulary, using semanti

5、cally close items. There are two types of lexical cohesion: reiteration and collocation. 詞匯銜接指篇章中的詞匯之間存在著的語義聯(lián)系，通過原詞的重復(fù)、同義、近義、反義、上下義和整體與部分等關(guān)系來實現(xiàn)，可歸納為詞的反復(fù)和搭配兩大類。,Any differences in terms of cohesive devices used in Chinese and English texts？,漢語沒有定冠詞,而英語可用定冠詞;英語代詞用得多，漢語代詞用得少;英語人稱代詞以及相應(yīng)的限定詞的使用率也大大高于漢語。漢

6、譯英時，要在適當?shù)牡胤皆黾佣ü谠~和代詞，特別是物主代詞、人稱代詞。 漢語往往可以不用連接詞語了表示句間或句內(nèi)語義關(guān)系，依靠句子之間或句內(nèi)各部分之間的內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系達到連結(jié)目的，漢語中短語與小句(單句)之間，(復(fù)句的)小句與句子之間，句子與更大的單位句群之間，界限也不是截然分明的，而英語中，連接詞是使用最頻繁的銜接手段。漢譯英時則要適當增加關(guān)聯(lián)詞語，把原文的這種內(nèi)在聯(lián)系揭示出來，以避免句子結(jié)構(gòu)松散或脫節(jié)。 漢語傾向于用重復(fù)手段，英語傾向于用替代手段。漢譯英中必要的時候要避免重復(fù)，多用代詞或其它的形式替代。 漢語中最常見的省略是主語的省略，謂語的省略則較少，而英語句子一般不能省略主語，會話英語中省略

7、謂語的現(xiàn)象較多。漢譯英時要恰當?shù)靥砑又髡Z，注意譯文句子結(jié)構(gòu)的完整。,漢英兩種語言的部分語篇銜接手段在使用上各有偏重。,Discussion:,Comment on two students translation: whose is better in achieving the cohesion of a text?,Coherence devices,Unlike cohesion, coherence refers to the overall sense of unity in a passage. The sense is in turn fulfilled through a ce

8、rtain structure, organization or pattern with a guiding topic or theme. Though it is not so easy to identify as cohesion, it will, after all, be embodied and detected through some devices like text markers, lexical coherence, and text pattern, etc.,Text markers as coherence device indicate the relat

9、ionship between different parts of text in the same way cohesive conjunction signals cohesion. They usually involve the use of conjunctions as well. Lexical coherence refers to the role played by the selection of vocabulary in organizing relations on the text level. Compared with lexical cohesion, l

10、exical coherence contributes to textual unity in a similar way but work at rather global levels. The topical pattern involves the dividing of a topic into its components or logical parts and each component represents a main section of information. Five patterns of organization are chronological, spa

11、tial, compare-and-contrast, advantage-disadvantage, cause-effect, problem-solution.,Tendencies in terms of coherence,漢語： 意合 信息紛雜 “畫龍點睛” 邏輯關(guān)系松散 先因后果,英語： 形合 信息清晰易懂 “開門見山” 邏輯關(guān)系嚴謹 先果后因,篇章的連貫性也是篇章內(nèi)聚力的體現(xiàn)。它一方面通過篇章標示詞如連詞和副詞來取得，更重要的一方面則取決于各概念或命題之間與主題的語義邏輯上的聯(lián)系。翻譯時除充分利用篇章標示詞外，還要特別注意吃透原文，理順文字底層的聯(lián)系，譯于字里行間，并且要充分注

12、意兩種語言在謀篇布局方面的差異，努力再現(xiàn)原文語義結(jié)構(gòu)上的連貫性。,Summary,This lecture has provided a glimpse of theories, evidence and applications of cohesion and coherence from a textual perspective and in terms of pedagogical implications of the research . Though cohesion and coherence are semantic relations, they manifest themselves in this way or that by means of certain devices. There are some overlaps among cohesive and coherent dev