1、英語(yǔ)四六級(jí)輔導(dǎo)講座,外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院 林馥嫌,英語(yǔ)四六級(jí)考試各部分的分值,備注：上表為四級(jí)考試結(jié)構(gòu)。六級(jí)考試結(jié)構(gòu)與其有兩點(diǎn)差異：1、閱讀部分考察簡(jiǎn)短回答和精讀；2、完型部分有時(shí)會(huì)被改錯(cuò)題目所代替。,短對(duì)話聽(tīng)力?？贾?四級(jí)短對(duì)話常考處,一、轉(zhuǎn)折引起的說(shuō)話人態(tài)度及談?wù)撝攸c(diǎn)的變化 but, however,CET-4 2010-12,13 (205-230) Combine her training with dieting Repeat the training every three days. Avoid excessive physical training Include weightlift

2、ing in the program.,CET-6 2010-6,14 (230-250) He regrets having published the article. Most readers do not share his viewpoint. Not many people have read his article. The woman is only trying to console him.,二. 理解歸納題型,What does that imply / mean? What can we learn / infer from the conversation?,CET-

3、4 2010-6,17 (443-502) Few students understand Prof. Johnsons lectures. Few students meet Prof. Johnsons requirements. Many students find Prof. Johnsons lectures boring. Many students have dropped Prof. Johnsons class.,CET-6 2010-12,13 (205-223) There is no replacement for the handle. There is no mat

4、ch for the suitcase. The suitcase is not worth fixing. The suitcase can be fixed in time.,三、建議句型的考查,表示建議：Why not.?/ Why dont you.?/ Wouldnt.？/How about? / Maybe 表示反對(duì) Should.he/she/we/they.be doing.? 表示責(zé)怪的意思：Shouldnt.?,CET-6 2010-12,16 (345-400) Look for a shirt of a more suitable color and size. Rep

5、lace the shirt with one of some other material. Visit the shirt with one of some other material. Get a discount on the shirt she is going to buy.,CET-6 2010-6,15 (304-325) Leave Daisy alone for the time being. Go see Daisy immediately. Apologize to Daisy again by phone. Buy Daisy a new notebook.,四、場(chǎng)

6、景、人物關(guān)系的推測(cè),CET-6 2010-12,17 (415-442) At a “Lost and Found” At a reception desk. At a trade fair. At an exhibition.,五. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣題型,這屬于一種隱性考法，用虛擬語(yǔ)氣表達(dá)一種抱怨、后悔等情緒，主要體現(xiàn)虛擬語(yǔ)氣的關(guān)鍵詞有： if, if only, I only wish., couldnt have done something.without.等。,CET-4 2010-12,12. (2) A Her new responsibilities in the company. B

7、 What her job prospects are. C What the customers feedback is. D The directors opinion of her work.,短對(duì)話聽(tīng)力?？贾?一、轉(zhuǎn)折引起的說(shuō)話人態(tài)度及談?wù)撝攸c(diǎn)的變化 二. 理解歸納題型 三、建議句型的考查 四、場(chǎng)景、人物關(guān)系的推測(cè) 五. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣題型,短對(duì)話聽(tīng)力投機(jī)小技巧,1.視聽(tīng)反向原則，就是聽(tīng)到不選， 2.同義替換的一般是答案 3.答案相反的，其中一個(gè)是解 4.答案相似的，兩個(gè)都不是解,CET-4 2010-12,17 (420-445) He owns a piece of land in t

8、he downtown area. He has enough money to buy a house. He can finally do what he has dreamed of. He is moving into a bigger apartment.,CET-6 2010-6,11 (55-115) The man failed to keep his promise. The woman has a poor memory. The man borrowed the book from the library. The woman does not need the book

9、 anymore.,四六級(jí)長(zhǎng)對(duì)話,CET-4 2010-12 19 A) She was a bank manager. B) She was a victim of the robbery. C) She was a defense layer. D) She was a witness to the crime.,20 A tall man with dark hair and a moustache. A youth with a distinguishing mark on his face. A thirty-year-old guy wearing a light sweater.

10、 A medium-sized young man carrying a gun.,21 Identify the suspect from pictures. Go upstairs to sign some documents. Have her photo taken for their files. Verify the record of what she had said.,四六級(jí)聽(tīng)力短文,一. 題型,1. 主旨題 一般占30%,提問(wèn)方式： What is the main idea/topic of this passage? What does the passage main

11、ly discuss? What can we learn from the passage? What is the passage mainly about?,選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)：短語(yǔ)方式出現(xiàn) 解題技巧： （1）注意首句和尾句 （2）概括的是答案，具體的不是 （3）一般深刻的結(jié)論是答案，膚淺的不是,2. 細(xì)節(jié)題 一般占到60%左右,考點(diǎn) (1) 轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系考點(diǎn) But, however, otherwise, unfortunately, unexpectedly, surprisingly,(2) 首末句考點(diǎn)形式 首3句尾3句 (3) 最高級(jí)考點(diǎn) -est, most (4) 邏輯關(guān)系考點(diǎn) beca

12、use, so, as, although(句首), though (句中，句尾), eitheror，neithernor,therefore, once, if, thats why,短文(長(zhǎng)對(duì)話)解題小技巧,一種叫視聽(tīng)基本式原則，很簡(jiǎn)單，就是你聽(tīng)到的東西被看到，同時(shí)你看到的東西又被聽(tīng)到，某一個(gè)選項(xiàng)被集中的單詞很多的話，那我們一般選這個(gè)選項(xiàng)是沒(méi)有問(wèn)題的。,CET-4 2010-12,26 (1230-16) They cannot see the firefighter because of the smoke. They do not realize the danger they ar

13、e in. They cannot hear the firefighters for the noise. They mistake the firefighters for monsters.,27 He travels all over America to help out fires. He often teaches children what to do during a fire. He teaches Spanish in a San Francisco community. He provides oxygen masks to children free of charg

14、e.,28 He saved the life of his brother choking on food. He rescued a student form a big fire. He is very good at public speaking. He gives informative talks to young children.,29 Firefighters play an important role in America. Kids play an importance role in America. Carelessness can result in trage

15、dies. Informative speeches can save lives.,CET-4 2010-12,26 They cannot see the firefighter because of the smoke. They do not realize the danger they are in. They cannot hear the firefighters for the noise. They mistake the firefighters for monsters.,27 He travels all over America to help out fires.

16、 He often teaches children what to do during a fire. He teaches Spanish in a San Francisco community. He provides oxygen masks to children free of charge.,28 He saved the life of his brother choking on food. He rescued a student form a big fire. He is very good at public speaking. He gives informati

17、ve talks to young children.,29 Firefighters play an important role in America. Kids play an importance role in America. Carelessness can result in tragedies. Informative speeches can save lives.,短文解題小技巧,長(zhǎng)對(duì)話和短文 投機(jī)取巧原則,順序原則：行文順序和題目一致 主題原則：頭三尾三 聽(tīng)即原則：聽(tīng)見(jiàn)什么選什么 重讀原則：語(yǔ)音辨別，讀多次。 邏輯原則： 原因最常考 because, so, as 轉(zhuǎn)折

18、原則：轉(zhuǎn)折次?？?but，however,yet 最高級(jí)原則： 光明原則：事情都向好的方向發(fā)展,復(fù)合式聽(tīng)寫(xiě),關(guān)于聽(tīng)力的訓(xùn)練方法,Step 1 聽(tīng)第一遍時(shí)認(rèn)真做題 Step 2 再精聽(tīng)4-5次，達(dá)到全文記錄 Step 3 對(duì)照文字材料找答案和考點(diǎn) Step 4 朗讀全文 培養(yǎng)語(yǔ)感 提高語(yǔ)速,四六級(jí)閱讀,快速閱讀 10% 選詞填空（四級(jí)），完成句子（六級(jí)）：5% 篇章閱讀：20%,快速閱讀,一. 快速閱讀13大命題原則,主旨處常考 并列，遞進(jìn)，轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系 舉例或列舉處 解釋說(shuō)明或補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明 觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度處 引用處 方式方法,邏輯關(guān)系處 因果與目的意圖 比較對(duì)比 時(shí)間數(shù)字 特殊句式強(qiáng)調(diào)處 否定處,二. 快速

19、閱讀八大定位法則,(一) 專(zhuān)有名詞定位法,1. 人名 CET-6 2010-6-1 How did Erin White feel upon seeing Barack Obamas victory in the election? Excited B) Victorious Anxious D) Relieved As Erin White watched the election results head towards victor for Barack Obama, she felt a burden lifting from her shoulders.,2. 地名 CET-4 20

20、10-12-3,What does a study in Sweden show? The natural environment can help children learn better. More access to nature makes children less likely to fall ill. A good playground helps kids develop their physical abilities. Natural views can prevent children from developing ADHD.,A study in Sweden in

21、dicated that kindergarten children who could play in a natural environment had less illness and greater physical ability than children used only to a normal playground.,2. 地名 CET-4 2010-12-3,What does a study in Sweden show? The natural environment can help children learn better. More access to natu

22、re makes children less likely to fall ill. A good playground helps kids develop their physical abilities. Natural views can prevent children from developing ADHD.,3.其它 CET-4 2010-12-5,What does the author suggest we do to help children with ADHD? A Find more effective drugs for them. B Provide more

23、green spaces for them. C Place them under more personal care. D Engage them in more meaningful activities.,One of the great problems of modern childhood is ADHD, now increasingly and expensively treated with drugs. Yet one study after another indicates that contact with nature gives huge benefits to

24、 ADHD children. However, we spend money on drugs rather than on green places.,（二）對(duì)象定位：主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ),CET-4 2010-12-1 What is the authors profound belief? A People instinctively seek nature in different ways. B People should spend most of their lives in the wild. C People have quite different perceptions of n

25、ature. D People must make more efforts to study nature.,It is my profound belief that not only do we all need nature, but we all seek nature, whether we know we are doing so or not.,（三） 標(biāo)題段落定位 （四） 行為語(yǔ)言定位：動(dòng)作或某人說(shuō)的話 （五） 事件定位 （六） 現(xiàn)象定位 （七） 修飾語(yǔ)定位 （八） 時(shí)間數(shù)字定位,三. 快速閱讀設(shè)題方式,1. 同義轉(zhuǎn)換 肯定-雙重否定 換詞法-換同義詞或近義詞,CET-4 2

26、010-12,10. The five suggestions the author gives at the end of the passage are meant to seek_ with the natural world. Five ways to find harmony with the natural world. WalkSitDrinkLearnTravel,harmony,2. 段落主旨，強(qiáng)對(duì)比強(qiáng)轉(zhuǎn)折后,CET-4 2010-12,8. It is extremely harmful to think that humanity and the natural worl

27、d can be_. but the very idea that humanity and the natural world are separable things is profoundly damaging.,separated / separable/,仔細(xì)閱讀,仔細(xì)閱讀?？继?句子結(jié)構(gòu)， 語(yǔ)義邏輯， 連接詞， 時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)， 冠詞，,不定式搭配， 詞義復(fù)現(xiàn)， 上下文的并列關(guān)系 單復(fù)數(shù) 搭配,選詞填空（四級(jí)）步驟,1. 確定填空處的詞性 經(jīng)常是實(shí)詞，包括動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞和副詞。動(dòng)詞可能以第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)、過(guò)去式、過(guò)去分詞和ing形式出現(xiàn)；名詞可能以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)；形容詞可能以比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)

28、形式出現(xiàn)。 2. 根據(jù)所提供的詞匯及句子的結(jié)構(gòu)、語(yǔ)法和語(yǔ)篇等信息，通過(guò)邏輯推理、對(duì)比等手段最后確定答案。 3. 重讀文章,完成句子（六級(jí)）,解題技巧：定位法則+同義替換,（一）專(zhuān)有名詞定位 （二）主語(yǔ)，并于定位 （三） 標(biāo)題段落定位 （四） 行為語(yǔ)言定位：動(dòng)作或某人說(shuō)的話 （五） 事件定位 （六） 現(xiàn)象定位 （七） 修飾語(yǔ)定位 （八） 時(shí)間數(shù)字定位,CET-6 2011-6 47. Instead of directly saying no to your boss, you should find out _. The first rule of saying no to the boss

29、is dont say no. She probably has something in mind when she makes suggestions, and its up to you to find out what.,What is in your bosss mind,CET-6 2011-6,48. The authors second warning is that we should avoid running a greater risk by _ _. The second rule is dont raise the stakes by challenging her

30、 authority.,challenging our bosss authority,篇章閱讀,一. 篇章閱讀命題原則,主旨處?？?篇首、篇尾、段首、段尾 并列，遞進(jìn)， firstly, secondly, not onlybut also, in addition, furthermore, moreover, above all, on one hand, on the other hand 轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度處 舉例或列舉處 解釋說(shuō)明或補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明 比較對(duì)比 引用處,行為方式處 邏輯關(guān)系處 因果與目的意圖 特殊句式處 特殊標(biāo)點(diǎn)處 指示詞,二. 解題技巧,語(yǔ)義理解 ：結(jié)合上下文及文章主旨進(jìn)行

31、判斷。,1. 根據(jù)定義猜測(cè)詞義,我們?cè)陂喿x文章時(shí)，不能因?yàn)樯~的存在而卻步，相反隨著對(duì)全文的理解，會(huì)逐漸明白某個(gè)生詞的詞義。有些文章常常采取直接定義的方法，來(lái)解釋說(shuō)明生詞的詞義。,2. 根據(jù)解釋猜測(cè)詞義,解釋與定義有時(shí)很相似，但是它不如定義那樣詳盡、嚴(yán)密，盡管如此，它為我們提供的信息已足夠猜測(cè)詞義使用了。,3. 根據(jù)復(fù)述猜測(cè)詞義,復(fù)述也是一種解釋方式，即換用不同的詞語(yǔ)重新表達(dá)同一內(nèi)容。復(fù)述部分可以是單詞、短語(yǔ)，也可以是從句或者句子。 In other words, that is to say, that is,4. 根據(jù)舉例猜測(cè)詞義,在閱讀過(guò)程中，短文中常常出現(xiàn)for example，suc

32、h as，asas等這一類(lèi)的詞語(yǔ)，它對(duì)我們認(rèn)識(shí)生詞幫助很大。它通過(guò)恰當(dāng)?shù)呐e例能更清楚、更生動(dòng)地表達(dá)詞義。,5. 根據(jù)對(duì)比和類(lèi)比關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義,對(duì)比（表示不同）： “but”，“unlike”，“in spite of”，“despite”，“however” 類(lèi)比（表示相同）： like, as, just as, also,CET-4 2010-12,57. By “a one-way street” (Line 1, Para. 1), the author means _. A university researchers know little about the commercial

33、world B there is little exchange between industry and academia C few industrial scientists would quit to work in a university D few university professors are willing to do industrial research,It is pretty much a one-way street. While it may be common for university researchers to try their luck in t

34、he commercial world, there is very little traffic in the opposite direction.,CET-4 2010-12,64. It can be inferred from the context that the “flip side” (Line 4, Para. 2) refers to _. A the disadvantages of being married B the emotional problems arising from marriage C the responsibility of taking ca

35、re of ones family D the consequence of a broken marriage,Likewise, a married man who smokes more than a pack a day is likely to live as long as a divorced man who doesnt smoke. Theres a flip side, however, as partners are more likely to become ill or die in the couple of years following their spouse

36、s death, and caring for a spouse with mental disorder can leave you with some of the same severe problems.,6. 根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義,一定的原因?qū)е乱欢ńY(jié)果，只要確認(rèn)了這一邏輯關(guān)系，無(wú)論生詞出現(xiàn)在原因方面，還是出現(xiàn)在結(jié)果方面，都可以根據(jù)這種因果關(guān)系來(lái)推測(cè)其詞義。,CET-4 2010-12,58. The word “deterrent” (Line 2, Para. 1) most probably refers to something that _. A keeps someone

37、 from taking action B helps to move the traffic C attracts peoples attention D brings someone a financial burden,Pay has always been the biggest deterrent, as people with families often feel they cannot afford the drop in salary when moving to a university job.,7. 根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法識(shí)別生詞 1詞干：patient (名人，病人) 加前綴：i

38、mpatient(形容詞，不耐心的)再加后綴：impatiently(副詞，不耐心地) 2詞干：state(動(dòng)詞，陳述，聲明)加前綴：restate(動(dòng)詞，重申) 再加后綴：restatement(名詞，重新陳述)。,語(yǔ)義題解題技巧總結(jié)：聯(lián)系上下文,三. 閱讀理解試題干擾項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn),干擾項(xiàng)的目的就是擾亂你的思維，使你不能輕易或僅憑胡亂猜測(cè)就能找到答案。干擾項(xiàng)不僅語(yǔ)言復(fù)雜，而且欺騙性強(qiáng)，兩個(gè)語(yǔ)言水平相同，對(duì)文章理解差不多的考生會(huì)因?yàn)閷?duì)干擾項(xiàng)的辨別能力不同，而答題正確率不一樣，因而為了提高辨別錯(cuò)誤或干擾信息的能力，有必要分析干擾項(xiàng)的種種變化及其性質(zhì),道正認(rèn)為這一方面是關(guān)鍵所在。,(一)以假亂真，亦即

39、文章中根本沒(méi)有此意思，硬是編造一個(gè)信息，組成一個(gè)選項(xiàng)，以假亂真，以迷惑和干擾考生，它具有兩種表現(xiàn)形式： 1. 欺騙性的信息是利用文章中出現(xiàn)的一些詞。 2. 欺騙性的信息是利用基本常識(shí)和一般的看法。,CET-4 2010-12,63. Linda Waites studies support the idea that _. A older men should quit smoking to stay healthy B marriage can help make up for ill health C the married are happier than the unmarried D

40、 unmarried people are likely to suffer in later life,(二) 偷梁換柱，亦即用原文的結(jié)構(gòu)和大部分的詞匯，只是在不起眼的地方換了幾個(gè)詞，造成意思的變化。 (三) 張冠李戴，亦即將文章作者的觀點(diǎn)與文章中他人的觀點(diǎn)混淆起來(lái)。,(四)以偏概全，亦即在猜測(cè)文章或段落大意、標(biāo)題以及釋義題中，干擾項(xiàng)總是以偏概全，具體表現(xiàn)為： 1. 把文章中的次要觀點(diǎn)、細(xì)節(jié)混進(jìn)體現(xiàn)文章主要觀點(diǎn)、中心思想的選項(xiàng)。2. 把超過(guò)文章討論的東西亦作為歸納或結(jié)論混進(jìn)選項(xiàng)，所以提醒考生，在做歸納性、概括性題目時(shí)，要注意選項(xiàng)的歸納分寸，不要被歸納不夠或歸納過(guò)頭的選項(xiàng)所迷惑,66. Wha

41、t can be inferred from the last paragraph? A Its important that we develop a social network when young. B To stay healthy, one should have a proper social network. C Getting a divorce means risking a reduced life span. D We should share our social networks with each other.,A life partner, children a

42、nd good friends are all recommended if you aim to live to 100. The ultimate social network is still being mapped out, but Christakis says: “People are interconnected, so their health is interconnected.”,66. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A Its important that we develop a social networ

43、k when young. B To stay healthy, one should have a proper social network. C Getting a divorce means risking a reduced life span. D We should share our social networks with each other.,篇章閱讀投機(jī)原則,“中心思想是解”,對(duì)一主題題型“中心思想是解”非常好理解。但大家一定要注意到大多數(shù)細(xì)節(jié)題也符合“中心思想是解”，因?yàn)楹芏嗉?xì)節(jié)刀是圍繞中心的細(xì)枝末節(jié)。,“隱蔽處有解”,指方章中的或一名話的隱蔽之處，常見(jiàn)有同位語(yǔ)、插入

44、語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、長(zhǎng)句后半句、從句、副詞、不定式等。,“合理項(xiàng)不是解；不合理項(xiàng)是解；,合理項(xiàng)是指合理的選項(xiàng)，合理項(xiàng)主要分為兩種情況:一種是生活常識(shí)，另一種是在不看文章的前提下，問(wèn)題與答案極其吻合。,CET-4 2010-12,63. Linda Waites studies support the idea that _. A older men should quit smoking to stay healthy B marriage can help make up for ill health C the married are happier than the unmarried D unm

45、arried people are likely to suffer in later life,“照抄原文不是解；同義替換是解”,如果選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)照抄原文的情況，有時(shí)選項(xiàng)同文章中的某句話一模一樣，此選項(xiàng)高度可疑，而某選項(xiàng)通過(guò)同義替換，或詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換如由名詞轉(zhuǎn)換成動(dòng)詞，則“同義替換是解”。,“含義肯定的不是解，含義不肯定的是解”,“can” “could” “may” “usually” “most” “more or less” “relatively” “be likely to”,Yes!,CET-4 2009-12,64. What do we learn about European un

46、iversities from the passage? A) The tuitions they charge have been rising considerably. B) Their operation is under strict government supervision. C) They are strengthening their position by globalization. D) Most of their revenues come from the government.,“not definitely” “possible” “suspicion” “n

47、ot necessarily” “dubious” “hesitate” “suggest” “potential” “trend” “threat” . “unknown”,Yes!,“absolutely” “must” “always” “never” “the most” “all” “only” (CET-6 2010-6 52) “any” “none” “No” “entirely” , “最高級(jí)” ,No,CET-6 2010-12,61. When he submitted his papers in 1905, Einstein _. A forgot to make fo

48、otnotes and citations B was little known in academic circles C was known as a young genius in math calculations D knew nothing about the format of academic papers,57. What do scientists seem to agree upon, judging from the first two paragraphs? A Einstein pushed mathematics almost to its limits. B I

49、t will take another Einstein to build a unified theory. C No physicist is likely to surpass Einstein in the next 200 years. D It will be some time before a new Einstein emerges.,“極端的不是解，中庸是解”,“具體的不是解，概括性的是解”,只見(jiàn)樹(shù)木，不見(jiàn)森林，這是很多學(xué)生閱讀的一個(gè)階段，命題者常利用這一點(diǎn)“欺負(fù)”考生，將解做成概括性的選項(xiàng)，干擾項(xiàng)使用具體的內(nèi)容，使同學(xué)犯瞎子摸象的錯(cuò)誤。,“both” “various”

50、“and” “many” “general” “not onlybut also” “系表結(jié)構(gòu)” “some” “certain”,Yes!,Some An illustration will make the point clear；consider the case of., 做比較 只有通過(guò)比較，你才會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)二者的相同點(diǎn)（through comparison）和不同點(diǎn)（through contrast）。 相似的比較：in comparison, compared with , likewise, similarly, in the same manner 相反的比較：on the oth

51、er hand, conversely, whereas, while, instead, nevertheless, on the contrary, by contrast，in contrast, unlike, instead, but, different from, however, nevertheless, otherwise, yet, 換言之 I am enthusiastic about you. That is to say, I love you. I am wild about you. In other words, I have fallen in love w

52、ith you. I cannot bear it. That is to say, I cannot put up with it or I am fed up with it. 更多短語(yǔ)： in more difficult language, in simpler words, in simpler terms, put it more simply ，in other words, that is, namely,5. 主體段落結(jié)構(gòu)： 主題句+1 2 3原則（+總結(jié)）,套用中心句+1、2、3模式。即，每段第一句是Topic sentence，改編自該段相對(duì)應(yīng)的提綱，后面的1、2、3是鏈

53、接詞，每個(gè)1、2、3后接分支觀點(diǎn)。這種表達(dá)，中心突出，層次分明，同時(shí)也節(jié)省了考生構(gòu)思結(jié)構(gòu)的麻煩。,對(duì)主題句常有以下要求: (1)意義完整:主題句必須是一個(gè)意義完整、符合語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的句子; (2)表意清晰:主題句不能包含兩種或兩種以上的意義,要易于識(shí)別、確認(rèn); (3)避免籠統(tǒng)而抽象的概述.如:The book is interesting in content. 比The book is interesting. 更好些. (4)不宜采用問(wèn)句的形式,像Is it worthwhile to go after fashion? 不宜作為主題句.主題句是作者思維的起點(diǎn)、切題的準(zhǔn)繩、闡述的對(duì)象,拓展好主

54、題句關(guān)系到文章的成敗.本文就如何拓展主題句從語(yǔ)言形式上和內(nèi)容上加以闡述.,比如，05年6月To write a short essay in honor of teachers on the occasion of Teachers Day 提綱： 1：向老師致以節(jié)日的問(wèn)候 2：從一件難忘的事情回憶老師對(duì)我們的教誨和無(wú)私的奉獻(xiàn) 3：我如何報(bào)答老師的關(guān)愛(ài),第一段就簡(jiǎn)要致詞表示問(wèn)候就行。 第二段：topic sentence: 昨天發(fā)生了這樣一見(jiàn)難忘的事情。First, 早上我生病了;second, 他送我到醫(yī)院;third, 他用自己的錢(qián)幫我付醫(yī)藥費(fèi)。Conclusion: 所以我很感動(dòng)。 第三

55、段：topic sentence: 我要做三件事情回報(bào)他。First,second,third,順序詞,1）first, second, third, last（不推薦，原因：俗） 2）firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally（不推薦，原因：俗） 3）the first, the second, the third, the last（不推薦，原因：俗） 4）in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly（不推薦，原因：俗）,5）to begin with, then, fur

56、thermore, finally（強(qiáng)烈推薦） 6）to start with, next, in addition, finally（強(qiáng)烈推薦） 7）first and foremost, besides, last but not least（強(qiáng)烈推薦） 8）most important of all, moreover, finally 9）on the one hand, on the other hand（適用于兩點(diǎn)的情況） 10）for one thing, for another thing（適用于兩點(diǎn)的情況）,6. 模板： 說(shuō)明原因型,Nowadays, there are m

57、ore and more 某種現(xiàn)象 in 某種場(chǎng)合. It is estimated that 相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù). Why have there been so many 某種現(xiàn)象?Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows. The first one is 原因一. Besides, 原因二. The third one is 原因三. To sum up, the main cause of 某種現(xiàn)象 is due to 最主要原因. It is high time that something were done upon it. For one th

58、ing, 解決辦法一. On the other hand, 解決辦法二. All these measures will certainly reduce the number of 某種現(xiàn)象.,Nowadays, there are more and more ghost writers 槍手 in Chinas examinations / 中國(guó)的考場(chǎng). It is estimated that 5% examinees are ghost writers / 5%的應(yīng)試者是槍手. Why have there been so many ghost writers / 槍手? Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows. The first one is hirers ignorance / 雇主無(wú)知. Besides, hir