1、商務(wù)英語翻譯,College Business English A Course for Translation,第一章 商務(wù)英語翻譯基礎(chǔ)知識(shí),next,第一節(jié) 翻譯的概念,分類,過程及方法,next,一. The Definition of Translation .關(guān)于翻譯的幾種定義 Translation is a process through which information expressed in the source( or: original) language is conveyed in the target language (a process through wh

2、ich information is conveyed from the source language to the target language). It is a communication crossing different languages, different cultures and different societies. 翻譯是一門藝術(shù).(Translation is a fine art.)-林語堂翻譯論 翻譯是一門科學(xué)-董秋斯 Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the close

3、st natural equivalent of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.-尤金奈達(dá),.廣義的翻譯是指語言與語言，語言變體與語言變體，語言與非語言等的代碼轉(zhuǎn)換和基本信息的傳達(dá) .狹義的翻譯是一種語言活動(dòng)，是把一種語言表達(dá)的內(nèi)容忠實(shí)地用另一種語言表達(dá)出來,二.翻譯的分類 The classification of translation .按所涉及的兩種代碼的性質(zhì)分為： 語內(nèi)翻譯（intralingual translation)：同一種語言間不同語言變體的翻譯 語

4、際翻譯（interlingual translation）：不同語言間的翻譯，是狹義翻譯的研究對(duì)象 語符翻譯（ interseniotic translation）：用非文字符號(hào)解釋文字符號(hào) .按翻譯主體的性質(zhì)分為人工翻譯和機(jī)器翻譯兩類,next,exercise,.按照翻譯的工具和成品形式可分為口譯和筆譯 .按翻譯的客體即所譯資料的性質(zhì)可分為 文學(xué)翻譯（literary translation)：包括詩歌，小說，戲劇等文學(xué)作品的翻譯，著重情感內(nèi)容和修辭特征的表達(dá) 實(shí)用翻譯(pragmatic translation)：包括科技，商務(wù)，公文等資料的翻譯，著重實(shí)際內(nèi)容的表達(dá),三.翻譯的過程 翻譯

5、的過程是理解和表達(dá)的有機(jī)結(jié)合翻譯的關(guān)鍵在于對(duì)原文的理解，要真正理解原文，譯者必須有扎實(shí)的語言功底和相關(guān)專業(yè)背景知識(shí)，并熟知英漢兩種文化知識(shí)，否則譯者就不能真正理解，從而產(chǎn)生誤差 例：Cannot Beat the Real Thing.(美國可口可樂廣告） 不能打敗真正的商品 擋不住的誘惑！,next,后者簡單明了的把原文的真正含義表達(dá)了出來，能達(dá)到打動(dòng)消費(fèi)者的目的 表達(dá)階段就是譯者把自己從原文所理解的內(nèi)容用目的語重新表達(dá)出來表達(dá)的好壞主要取決與對(duì)原文的理解深度和對(duì)譯文語言的餓修養(yǎng)程度理解原文不是易事，表達(dá)亦然 例：As we obtained a clean B/L, you will se

6、e that the goods were slopped in good order. We suggest, therefore, that you lodge your claim with it. 由于我們獲得了清潔提單，所以你們將明白貨物在裝運(yùn)時(shí)情況良好，且被安放的井井有條由此看來我們建議你們可以向該輪船公司提出索賠 我方已獲得清潔提單一張，貴方諒必清楚貨物裝船時(shí)狀況良好，因此建議貴方可依此向該輪船公司提出索賠,四.翻譯的方法 .直譯和意譯是翻譯的兩大基本方法 Literal translation and free translation .所謂直譯是指翻譯時(shí)要求譯文與原文在詞語，

7、語法結(jié)構(gòu)及表達(dá)方式上保持一致的方法 例：Many investors no longer treat a stock as an instrument of ownership in a corporation but only as a derivative of economic factors, risks and potentials. 許多投資者不再把他們擁有的股票看作是擁有某一公司一部分權(quán)益的工具，而只是將它視為經(jīng)濟(jì)因素，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，潛力的衍生物,See more,next,.意譯是指擺脫原文形式的束縛而傳達(dá)原文的內(nèi)容 During Federal Reserve Chairman Gr

8、eenspans nearly 20 years as the world most powerful central banker, the U.S has suffered only one recession, a brief one in 1990-1991. 格林斯潘作為全球最有實(shí)力的中央銀行的掌舵人，在其近年的任期中，美國僅在年間遭受過一次短暫的經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條 本句意譯主要體現(xiàn)在句子結(jié)構(gòu)層面上，將only one recession和a brief one in 1990-1991進(jìn)一步融合，更加符合漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣,討論翻譯的概念，分類，過程及方法并提出自己的看法和觀點(diǎn) 將下列漢語譯成英

9、語： .語內(nèi)翻譯 .語際翻譯 .語符翻譯 .文學(xué)翻譯 .實(shí)用翻譯 .功能對(duì)等 .機(jī)器翻譯 .目的語 .源語,從商務(wù)英語翻譯教程這門課的名稱來看， 他有兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞，一個(gè)商務(wù)英語，一個(gè)翻譯。這門課就圍繞這兩方面來進(jìn)行。 說到翻譯呢，對(duì)于一個(gè)優(yōu)秀的翻譯人員的話，理論是基礎(chǔ)，實(shí)踐是真理。 也就是說，實(shí)踐對(duì)于學(xué)好翻譯來說是至關(guān)重要的。如果只掌握了理論，而不去實(shí)踐，是不能成為好的翻譯人員的。相反，沒有理論系統(tǒng)的學(xué)習(xí)，而有大量的翻譯實(shí)踐，有可能是以為合格的翻譯者。 而商務(wù)英語翻譯除了關(guān)系著翻譯，還涉及到很多商貿(mào)知識(shí)。,翻譯理論,在我國，文字翻譯最早開始于春秋時(shí)期的越人歌，迄今大約有2500年的歷史，對(duì)翻譯標(biāo)

10、準(zhǔn)的爭論也有1000多年，但有關(guān)翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在翻譯界迄今還沒有達(dá)成“共識(shí)”，即還沒有一個(gè)大家都認(rèn)同的翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 翻譯是一門推敲的，無唯一答案的課程。 國內(nèi)外翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)百家爭鳴、白花齊放。,信、達(dá)、雅”。 1898年，嚴(yán)復(fù)在天演論的譯例言中說：“譯事之難：信、達(dá)、雅。求其信，已大難矣！顧信矣，不達(dá)，雖譯，猶不譯也，則達(dá)尚焉?！焙髞硪话憔桶选靶?、達(dá)、雅”當(dāng)作翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 用今天的話來說，“信”就是忠實(shí)準(zhǔn)確，“達(dá)”就是通順流暢，“雅”就是文字古雅。,“功能對(duì)等”。 “功能對(duì)等”（Functional Equivalence）翻譯準(zhǔn)則是由美國著名翻譯家尤金.奈達(dá)（Eugene A . Nida）博士提出的。

11、在眾多的國外翻譯家中，奈達(dá)的翻譯理論可以說對(duì)我國的影響最大。他認(rèn)為，翻譯的預(yù)期目的主要是原文與譯文在信息內(nèi)容、說話方式、文體、風(fēng)格、語言、文化、社會(huì)因素諸方面達(dá)到對(duì)等。,綜觀國內(nèi)外翻譯家們的觀點(diǎn)，可以得出結(jié)論：中外翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)其實(shí)質(zhì)上有一致性，即：信息對(duì)等。 說到底，不管什么樣的翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，都離不開一個(gè)“真”字，換言之，譯文應(yīng)該是原文信息的真實(shí)反映，譯者最大限度地將原文作者所賦予原文語言文字的“任務(wù)”轉(zhuǎn)譯到譯文里。,譯者應(yīng)具備的能力,翻譯過程是一個(gè)語言轉(zhuǎn)化的過程，涉及跨語言，跨文化的內(nèi)容。 外語水平能力 母語水平能力 知識(shí)水平能力商務(wù)英語專業(yè)行話 術(shù)語 應(yīng)用水平能力 只有通過練習(xí)實(shí)踐，才能真正提高譯

12、者的翻譯水平,第二節(jié) 商務(wù)語言特點(diǎn)及翻譯技巧,next,商務(wù)英語（Business English）是一種包含各種商務(wù)活動(dòng)內(nèi)容、適合商業(yè)需要的專門用途的英語，這些商務(wù)活動(dòng)涉及技術(shù)引進(jìn)、國際旅游、海外投資、對(duì)外貿(mào)易、招商引資、對(duì)外勞務(wù)承包與合同、國際金融、涉外保險(xiǎn)、國際運(yùn)輸?shù)?。商?wù)英語源于普通英語，具有普通英語的語言學(xué)特征，但又是商務(wù)知識(shí)和英語的綜合，因而又具有獨(dú)特性。,商務(wù)英語的特點(diǎn)和翻譯原則,一、商務(wù)英語的語言特點(diǎn),二、商務(wù)英語翻譯的原則,Sec 6,Sec 4,Sec 2,Sec 1,Sec8,Sec 7,返回,1 專業(yè)術(shù)語豐富 作為專門用途英語，商務(wù)英語與商務(wù)活動(dòng)密切相關(guān)，承載著對(duì)外貿(mào)易

13、和國際商務(wù)等方面的信息交流，其突出特點(diǎn)就體現(xiàn)在專業(yè)術(shù)語的大量運(yùn)用。例如： The distributor agrees to accept, on presentation, and to pay with exchange, sight draft against bill of lading attached。 譯文：經(jīng)銷商同意在提示時(shí)予以承兌，憑所附提單以即期匯票的方式支付。 上面短短的一句話中，包含了大量的專業(yè)術(shù)語，如：distributor經(jīng)銷商、accept承兌、on presentation提示、sight draft 即期匯票、bill of lading提單等。不難看出，沒有

14、對(duì)商務(wù)知識(shí)的深入了解和專業(yè)術(shù)語的熟練掌握，要進(jìn)行商務(wù)英語的翻譯必然舉步維艱。又如“negotiation”一詞，通常作“談判”解，而在“negotiation of the relative draft”（議付有關(guān)匯票）中則表示“議付”解，與普通英語中的含義相去甚遠(yuǎn)。在做商務(wù)英語的翻譯時(shí)，譯者必須懂得商務(wù)專業(yè)相關(guān)知識(shí)，避免將專業(yè)術(shù)語通俗化，否則輕則鬧出笑話，重則造成嚴(yán)重的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。,一、商務(wù)英語的語言特點(diǎn)（1）,Sec 6,Sec 4,Sec 2,Sec 1,Sec8,Sec 7,返回,2用詞正式、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)而又靈活豐富 商務(wù)活動(dòng)大多具有正式、莊重的特點(diǎn)，與之相適應(yīng)，商務(wù)英語用詞一般也較為正式、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)

15、，以書面語為主，尤其是商務(wù)信函、法律文書、協(xié)議或合同等公文文體，多使用一些正式，甚至是冷僻的詞匯。如：使用prior to/previous to而非before；expiry 而非end；certify 而非prove；solicit 而非seek；appoint 而非make an appointment of；continue而非keep on；in the name of 而非like；along the lines of 而非like；for the purpose of 而非for； in the event of 而非 if；with reference to 而非about等。

16、同時(shí)，商務(wù)英語詞匯又具有靈活多樣的特點(diǎn)。不同的介詞、詞序以及單復(fù)數(shù)變化等都會(huì)導(dǎo)致詞義發(fā)生重大變化，并給翻譯帶來一定的困難。例如：property in goods 貨權(quán)、property of goods貨物的屬性、appearance surface 外表、surface appearance 表面狀況。,一、商務(wù)英語的語言特點(diǎn)（2）,Sec 6,Sec 4,Sec 2,Sec 1,Sec8,Sec 7,返回,3 句子結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)范而復(fù)雜 商務(wù)英語的語句往往具有結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、邏輯嚴(yán)密的特點(diǎn)，力求最大限度地實(shí)現(xiàn)表達(dá)效果的準(zhǔn)確性、時(shí)效性和邏輯性。在一些招標(biāo)文件、投標(biāo)文件和商務(wù)合同中，復(fù)雜的復(fù)合句、分割現(xiàn)象

17、、介詞短語、插入語、同位語、倒裝句、被動(dòng)語態(tài)等較為常見，這些句子結(jié)構(gòu)語義層次分明、信息量大、不易產(chǎn)生歧義，因此不僅有利于提高國際商務(wù)活動(dòng)的時(shí)效性，而且有利于加速商務(wù)信息的傳遞。例如： (1)This contract is made by and between the buyers and the sellers, whereby the buyers agree to buy and the sellers agree to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions stipulated

18、 below. 譯文：本合同由買賣雙方訂立，因此買賣雙方同意按照下面規(guī)定的條款買賣以下商品。,一、商務(wù)英語的語言特點(diǎn)（3）,Sec 6,Sec 4,Sec 2,Sec 1,Sec8,Sec 7,返回,(2)Should either party to this contract suffer damages because of any wrongful act or neglect of other party, claim shall be adjusted by agreement or arbitration. 譯文：如果由于他方的違約行為或疏忽而使本合同任何一方遭受損失，其索賠通過協(xié)

19、議或仲裁予以理算。 現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的商人越來越忙，他們使用的商務(wù)英語，尤其是在商務(wù)信函當(dāng)中使用的英語，更趨于口語化、簡單化，簡單句、并列句的使用越來越多，有時(shí)甚至使用省略句，如Subject to your confirmation.以你方確認(rèn)為準(zhǔn)；Thank you for your letter dated 7th October offering us Chinese embroideries. 貴方十月七日?qǐng)?bào)盤中國繡制品函悉，十分感謝。,一、商務(wù)英語的語言特點(diǎn)（4）,Sec 6,Sec 4,Sec 2,Sec 1,Sec8,Sec 7,返回,4 程式化的套語運(yùn)用廣泛 為了提高信息往來的效率和

20、促進(jìn)商務(wù)活動(dòng)的時(shí)效性，商務(wù)英語在長期的實(shí)踐中形成了各種固定的程式化套語。這既是商務(wù)英語句法有別于其他語體的一個(gè)顯著的特點(diǎn)，又是進(jìn)行商務(wù)英語翻譯的一個(gè)突破口和著眼點(diǎn)。例如： (1)This contract is made by and between the buyers and the sellers, whereby the buyers agree to buy and the sellers agree to sell the undermentioned commodity subject to the terms and conditions stipulated below. 譯

21、文：買賣雙方同意按一下條款購買、出售下列商品并簽訂本合同。,一、商務(wù)英語的語言特點(diǎn)（5）,Sec 6,Sec 4,Sec 2,Sec 1,Sec8,Sec 7,返回,(2)The shipper shall be liable for all damage caused by such goods to the ship and/or cargo on board. 譯文：如果上述貨物對(duì)船舶和（或）船上其他貨物造成任何損害，托運(yùn)人應(yīng)付全責(zé)。 在上面兩個(gè)例子中，whereby，undermentioned commodity，subject to the terms and conditions

22、 stipulated below，be liable for 等都是程式化的套語，也是商務(wù)英語遣詞造句的典型模式，要做好商務(wù)英語翻譯，熟練掌握這些程式化的套語是不可或缺的。 禮儀套語： We shall appreciate your. 若能. 我們將甚為感謝 Be subject to ones confirmation. 以某人確認(rèn)為有效 We arrange to open an L/C. 我們安排開立信用證 It gives us great pleasure to acknowledge receipt of 請(qǐng)接受我方對(duì).的真摯謝意,一、商務(wù)英語的語言特點(diǎn)（6）,Sec 6,Se

23、c 4,Sec 2,Sec 1,Sec8,Sec 7,返回,商務(wù)英語翻譯同普通英語翻譯或者文學(xué)翻譯有很大的區(qū)別，譯者除了要有扎實(shí)的雙語基本功和熟練的翻譯技巧，還必須具備豐富的商務(wù)專業(yè)知識(shí)，了解商務(wù)各個(gè)領(lǐng)域的語言特點(diǎn)和表達(dá)法。,二、商務(wù)英語翻譯的原則（1）,Sec 6,Sec 4,Sec 2,Sec 1,Sec8,Sec 7,返回,1 熟悉商務(wù)英語翻譯的性質(zhì)、特點(diǎn) 英語語言基礎(chǔ)、科技常識(shí)、商務(wù)業(yè)務(wù)知識(shí)是構(gòu)成商務(wù)英語翻譯的三大要素。商務(wù)英語翻譯在內(nèi)容上涉及商務(wù)活動(dòng)的各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)；在表達(dá)方式上，感情色彩比較弱，使用的成語、諺語、俗語較少，程式化較為明顯。因此，商務(wù)常識(shí)和業(yè)務(wù)流程應(yīng)該是商務(wù)英語翻譯的主要依

24、據(jù)。例如： The bank in Ecuador will instruct its agent bank in the United States to establish a letter of credit. Price: RMB 30 per yard, C.I.F., C. 5%, Lagos. Payment: by confirmed, irrevocable L/C payable by draft at sight to be opened 30 days before the time of shipment.,二、商務(wù)英語翻譯的原則（2）,Sec 6,Sec 4,Sec

25、 2,Sec 1,Sec8,Sec 7,返回,譯文：厄瓜多爾銀行將通知其在美國的代理銀行出具信用證。價(jià)格為：成本、保險(xiǎn)加運(yùn)費(fèi)到拉格斯，每碼30元人民幣，包括5%的傭金。付款方式為：使用保兌的、不可撤銷的即期信用證支付。信用證應(yīng)于裝運(yùn)期前30天開出。 不了解相應(yīng)的商務(wù)常識(shí)根本無法準(zhǔn)確地翻譯上文。上文中的一些常見商務(wù)詞語，如establish a letter of credit， C.I.F, C. 5%， Lagos， Payment: by confirmed, irrevocable L/C payable by draft at sight to be opened 30 days be

26、fore the time of shipment，其中文表達(dá)方式是相對(duì)固定的。,二、商務(wù)英語翻譯的原則（3）,Sec 6,Sec 4,Sec 2,Sec 1,Sec8,Sec 7,返回,例如 Balance 和 Insurance policy 的正確的譯文是 銀行余額 保險(xiǎn)單 more or less clause 在國際貿(mào)易中譯為 溢短裝條款。 shipping advice 是 裝運(yùn)通知 是出口商發(fā)給進(jìn)口商的而 shipping instructions 則是 裝運(yùn)指令 是進(jìn)口商發(fā)給出口商的 又如 介詞 ex 與 per 有各自不同的含義 英譯由某輪船運(yùn)來的貨物時(shí)用 ex 由某輪船 運(yùn)

27、走 用 per 而由某輪船承運(yùn) 用 by,2遵循商務(wù)英語翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 商務(wù)英語翻譯遵循忠實(shí)（faithfulness）、地道（idiomaticness）、統(tǒng)一（consistency）的原則。忠實(shí)是指譯文所傳遞的信息同原文所傳遞的信息要保持一致，或者說要保持信息等值。地道是指譯文的語言和行文方式都要符合商務(wù)文獻(xiàn)的語言規(guī)范和行文規(guī)范，即所給出的譯文讀起來應(yīng)該像內(nèi)行人用譯語寫就的文章，給讀者以專業(yè)化的感受。其中的專業(yè)術(shù)語要對(duì)應(yīng)國際通用的漢語譯語，即遵循商務(wù)英語翻譯中一個(gè)十分重要的原則術(shù)語對(duì)等（terminology equivalence）翻譯原則。統(tǒng)一是指在商務(wù)英語翻譯過程中所采用的一些概念、術(shù)

28、語等在任何時(shí)候都應(yīng)該保持統(tǒng)一，不能隨意更改。例如：,二、商務(wù)英語翻譯的原則（4）,Sec 6,Sec 4,Sec 2,Sec 1,Sec8,Sec 7,返回,(1) Western Europe has been hit harder than the United States and Japan. Some relatively self-reliant developing countries, such as India, have been partly insulated. 譯文：西歐受到的經(jīng)濟(jì)影響要比美國、日本大。經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退至今只在一定程度上影響到了諸如印度等一些相對(duì)自力更生的發(fā)展

29、中國家。 此處，hit harder than. 的含義為：受到的影響比要大；have been partly insulated 的含義為：至今只受到部分影響；insulated 為物理學(xué)中常用的動(dòng)詞，意思是使其絕緣，而partly insulated部分絕緣則只能根據(jù)上文中的“經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退”轉(zhuǎn)譯為“只受到部分影響”，從而達(dá)到了忠實(shí)的原則。同時(shí)，由于漢語中多使用主動(dòng)語態(tài)，因此英語句中的被動(dòng)語態(tài)應(yīng)該按照準(zhǔn)確、地道的原則變?yōu)橹鲃?dòng)語態(tài)。,二、商務(wù)英語翻譯的原則（5）,Sec 6,Sec 4,Sec 2,Sec 1,Sec8,Sec 7,返回,(2) Exchange is the core conce

30、pt of marketing. For an exchange to take place, several conditions must be satisfied. Of course, at least two parties must participate, and each must have something of value to the other. Each party also must want to deal with the other party and each must be free to accept or reject the others offe

31、r. Finally, each party must be able to communicate and deliver. 譯文：交換是營銷的核心概念。為使交換發(fā)生，必須滿足幾個(gè)條件：第一，必須存在交換的雙方；第二，每方都擁有對(duì)方所需要的物品或價(jià)值；第三，每方都想要與對(duì)方交換；第四，雙方都能自主地接受或拒絕對(duì)方的報(bào)價(jià)；第五，雙方都有能力進(jìn)行溝通和交貨。,二、商務(wù)英語翻譯的原則（6）,Sec 6,Sec 4,Sec 2,Sec 1,Sec8,Sec 7,返回,此處的譯文，在風(fēng)格上與原文一樣平實(shí)，幾乎都是采用直譯的方式再現(xiàn)了原文的信息，雖然增加了“第一”、“第二”、“第三”等，但絲毫沒有增加任

32、何額外信息，這種增詞、減詞的方法正是忠實(shí)于原文信息的具體表現(xiàn)。同時(shí)，譯文采用地道的漢語商務(wù)語言，使譯文做到了準(zhǔn)確。譯文中的一些術(shù)語，比如exchange 無一例外地被翻譯成“交換”，做到了前后統(tǒng)一，使讀者非常清楚。 從上面的例子可以看出，要準(zhǔn)確地進(jìn)行商務(wù)翻譯，譯者不僅要有扎實(shí)的雙語基本功、熟練的翻譯技巧、豐富的商務(wù)專業(yè)知識(shí)，還要熟知不同商務(wù)文本的文體格式和術(shù)語，行文用字力求符合行業(yè)規(guī)范。遇到不懂得專業(yè)術(shù)語時(shí)，切不可望文生義，要多查閱相關(guān)商務(wù)領(lǐng)域的詞典如漢英對(duì)外貿(mào)易詞典、實(shí)用外貿(mào)英漢詞典等，或請(qǐng)教相關(guān)商務(wù)專業(yè)人士。唯有如此，譯文才能保持與原文的風(fēng)格、文本功能、句法結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞特點(diǎn)的一致，做到原文與

33、譯文的“信息等值”。,二、商務(wù)英語翻譯的原則（7）,Sec 6,Sec 4,Sec 2,Sec 1,Sec8,Sec 7,返回,第四節(jié) 商務(wù)英語翻譯技巧介紹,next,Methods and techniques,翻譯的形式 直譯 (literal translation) 不等于對(duì)譯 意譯 (free translation) 活譯 (dynamic equivalence translation),They dont know their right hand from their left. I gave my youth to the sea and I came home and g

34、ave my wife my old age. All roads lead to Rome. I want to hit the sack and get some Zs. Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful, nor is it a way to make social problems evaporate.,Maybe he has cut off his own head and destroyed himself. Cast pearls before swine. She was born wit

35、h a silver spoon in her mouth. I threw myself in a chair. He has to make a terrible decision.,詞類轉(zhuǎn)換 (P.8, 106, 236),英語名詞轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語動(dòng)詞 （與英語中名詞轉(zhuǎn)為動(dòng)詞詞義不同）All I wanted was to go somewhere, all I wanted was a change. 我只不過是想到別的地方去，我只想換換空氣。 英語名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語形容詞，副詞He noticed a very close agreement between the two countries

36、 on the problem. 他注意到兩國在這問題上的意見是非常一致的。,The application of electronic computers makes for a tremendous rise in labour productivity. There is considerable debate about how best and how much to reduce income inequality. The board of directors will hold a consultation about the matter. The firm has a la

37、rge business connection.,There is a large attendance at the Fair. Withdraw of offer Revocation of offer Termination of offer Without his consent or confirmation She is a real beauty. Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.,We find difficulty in solving this problem. It is our great p

38、leasure to note that shipbuilding industry is developing vigorously. The blockade was a success.,人稱代詞的省略 英語冠詞的省略The blood-red sun sank below the horizon. 火紅的太陽沉入地平線。 增減法增詞法An American officer slipped on a banana skin. 一個(gè)美國軍官踩在香蕉皮上滑到了。減詞法Could you help me in any way?你能幫幫我嗎？,翻譯中的省略, 增減,Dont put your h

39、ands in your pocket. I am afraid she will come. We had much rain last summer. We live and learn. They say he is a genius. Give him an inch and hell take an ell. Liquids are like solids in that they have definite volume. The average American changes his or her job nine or ten times during his or her

40、working life.,In most cases, bona fide party to an international sales contract will do his best to perform his duties either as a seller or a buyer. It is not rare that either party to a contract may fail to perform his duties, or his performance is inconsistent with the terms provided on the contr

41、act. The atom is the smallest particle of an element. Go into the garden and give an eye to the children. He has an eye for beauty. Please give me the letter you received yesterday.,She is quite a beauty. He is the man I want to see. Take the medicine. The dean had a lot of work to do before the mee

42、ting. Science demands of men great efforts and complete devotion. In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communique. I could knit when I was seven.,Steel and iron products are often coated lest they should rust. A

43、ir is a mixture of gases. Things in the universe are changing all the time. The design is considered practical. Matter can be changed into energy and energy into matter. This is the first step toward the solution of air pollution.,Our railway system is being improved. The lion is the king of the ani

44、mals. Reports of new successes keep pouring in. Studies serve for delight, for ornament or for ability. At the meeting he made a speech, eloquent and energetic. These early cars were slow, clumsy, and inefficient. He is queer.,Arrangements have been made to give the foreign guests a warm welcome. Wh

45、ere was his smile and hearty hand grasp. Once you are in, you wouldnt be allowed to get out. He entered the room, his coat covered with snow and his nose red with cold. There are still many difficulties ahead which we must not overlook.,It seems incredible that he has finished the work so soon. He b

46、elieves it necessary to learn some rules before doing it. The day when he was born remains unknown. Early to rise and early to bed makes a man healthy. The year of 1949 saw the founding of the Peoples Republic of China.,You dont look very well today. He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast u

47、p his eyes, but said nothing. Rumors had already spread along the streets and lanes.,被動(dòng)句的翻譯,英語中的被動(dòng)句既可以譯成主動(dòng)句， 又可以譯成被動(dòng)句，還可以根據(jù)漢語表達(dá)形式譯成無主句，判斷句等。 It was founded in 1993它創(chuàng)建于1993年 （主動(dòng)句） They are ratified by members parliaments.它們經(jīng)成員國議會(huì)批準(zhǔn)。（主動(dòng)句） If the scheme is approved, work on the project will start immed

48、iately.如果方案被批準(zhǔn)了，這項(xiàng)工程將立即動(dòng)工。（被動(dòng)句）,Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.給了他們兩天的時(shí)間來做準(zhǔn)備。（無主句） Printing was introduced into Europe from China.印刷術(shù)是從中國傳入歐洲的。（判斷句） Our price has already been closely calculated.我方價(jià)格是經(jīng)過精密核算的。（判斷句）,有些英語的被動(dòng)語態(tài)譯成中文時(shí)，可以按中文習(xí)慣加上 受，被，給， 讓給，遭到，把，使，由，為所，用，靠，予

49、以等。 Vegetable oil has been known from antiquity.植物油自古以來就為人們所熟悉。 She was blamed for everything her sister did. The lights have been turned on by him.,The crops were washed away by the flood. The finished products must be carefully inspected before delivery. He was elected chairman of the Students Uni

50、on. Boats are moved by oars or by the wind.,合并法：將兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上詞義相同或相近的詞組翻譯成一個(gè)詞。 單詞合并Toms father is dead and gone.湯姆的父親死了。 He suffered aches and pains all over. She was frightened into shaking and trembling. null and void 無效 terms and conditions 條款 few and far between 稀少 free and clear 無,句子合并she waited, bu

51、t in vain.她白等了。 He was born poor and poor he remained all his life. The train had left before he got to the station. Study hard before it is too late.,定語從句的翻譯,五大步驟區(qū)分主從緊縮主干辨析詞義調(diào)整搭配潤飾詞語。 定語從句?？勺g為：定語結(jié)構(gòu)，并列結(jié)構(gòu)，謂語結(jié)構(gòu)，獨(dú)立句，簡單句，狀語結(jié)構(gòu)等。,譯為定語結(jié)構(gòu),較短的定語從句比較容易理解與其它成分之間的關(guān)系，翻譯時(shí)，可將從句譯為定語結(jié)構(gòu)，“的”字結(jié)構(gòu)，直接放在被修飾詞的前面。只要句子較短，無論是限

52、定性定語從句，還是非限定性定語從句，都可以采用這種方法。,A crane can be defined as a machine which lifts heavy pads and displaces them horizontally. Congress made public a survey of human rights in 105 countries that received U. S. aid. The sun, which had hidden all day, now came out in all its splendor. If one object is charg

53、ed with the same kind of electricity as appears on another near by, the two objects will repel each other.,譯為并列結(jié)構(gòu),有些定語從句與主句的關(guān)聯(lián)不大緊密，或意思比較獨(dú)立，在邏輯上有追述，描寫，轉(zhuǎn)折等作用。這是一般把定語從句譯為前置或后置的并列結(jié)構(gòu)。 翻譯非限定定語從句，這種方法更加常見。,Archimedes principle applies to liquids, by which we mean all liquids and gases. At dinner I found my

54、self placed between Mrs. Bradley and a shy drab girl, who seemed even younger than the others. Isabel was a tall girl with the oval face, straight nose, fine eyes and full mouth that appeared to be characteristic of the family. You compare her with your English women who wolf down from three to five

55、 meat meals a day; naturally you find her a sylph.,譯為謂語結(jié)構(gòu),將原主句的主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)壓縮成漢語的詞組作譯文的主語，把定語從句轉(zhuǎn)譯為謂語，合并成一個(gè)句子。 We are a nation that must beg to stay alive. She had a balance at her bankers which would have made her beloved anywhere.,譯為獨(dú)立句,由于非限定性定語從句與主句的關(guān)系比較松散，所以很多情況下可以轉(zhuǎn)譯為獨(dú)立的句子，關(guān)系代詞只作為一般的代詞，從句也變?yōu)榫渥拥闹黧w。 Once

56、was a violent thunderstorm, the worst I had ever seen, which obscured my objective. He had talked to the vice-president, who assured him that everything that could be done would be done.,譯為簡單句,限定性定語從句與主句的關(guān)系比較密切，因此可以把主句和從句合并在一起，變成簡單句。這類句子常含有there be等結(jié)構(gòu)。 Is it history you are reading? The oil tanker c

57、arries crude oil to a refinery, where the oil is processed. There were men in the crowd who had stood there every day for a month.,譯成狀語從句,有些從句形式上是定語從句，但在語法功能及深層含以上卻起著狀語從句的作用，表示時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，原因，結(jié)果，目的，讓步，條件，假設(shè)等。 To make an atom bomb we have to use uranium 235, in which all the atoms are available for fission.

58、,We recognize the need to establish and develop institutions which help to tame the unbridled exercise of power. He would be a rash man who should venture to defy world public opinion and act arbitrarily.,Formality has always characterized their relationship. Most U.S. spy satellites are designed to

59、 burn up in the earths atmosphere after completing their missions. He is not very familiar with the biological terms. They returned game and glee. The new contract would be good for ten years. Her voice rings through the whole house.,否定句的翻譯,雙重否定句：肯定譯法(正譯法）和否定譯法。 No children will be admitted unless accompanied by an adult.無大人陪伴，小孩不得入內(nèi)。 Dont come unless I telephone. There is no rule that has no exceptions.,There is no steel not containing carbon. Nothing is impossible to a willing heart. We shouldnt be care