1、Business English Reading Courseware,Book One,Chapter 2,Abstracts from Articles on Free Trade Policy 自由貿(mào)易政策文摘,made by Wang Jianna,單元教學(xué)目的,通過閱讀定位段落大意 。,本章閱讀技巧提示,如何閱讀定位段落大意？ 本章將涉及中心詞定位法，排除不含中心詞的選項(xiàng)定位的基本思路，是拿題干或選項(xiàng)中的細(xì)節(jié)關(guān)鍵詞跟意群(一般是段落)關(guān)鍵詞做比較，首先確定所定位段落，然后再以題干中的更細(xì)的內(nèi)容在意群中去找答案，即所謂“先意群后細(xì)節(jié)”。,定位的技巧是要在定位的地方有：1.如果題目中包含

2、數(shù)字，可以成為很好的題眼，因?yàn)閿?shù)字在文章中一般是以阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字的形式出現(xiàn)，比較容易尋找，方便快速定位。2. 留意人名、地名、機(jī)構(gòu)名稱等專有名詞：專有名詞都是以大寫字母開頭，與數(shù)字信息一樣，它們在文章中顯得比較突出，比較容易尋找，方便快速定位。,3. 留意比較關(guān)系：形容詞、副詞的比較級或最高級，或是表示比較的詞語或結(jié)構(gòu)，經(jīng)常會被作為設(shè)題題眼。4. 留意破折號、冒號、括號、引號等特殊標(biāo)點(diǎn)。5. 留意因果、并列、轉(zhuǎn)折等邏輯關(guān)系詞：邏輯關(guān)系處是快速閱讀的重要設(shè)題點(diǎn)之一，因此題目中的 because，since， so， therefore， but， while等邏輯關(guān)系詞語往往可以成為重要的信息定位點(diǎn)

3、之一。,但需要注意的是，題目可能會對原文中的邏輯關(guān)系詞語進(jìn)行替換，查找時(shí)要注意。另外，我們還可以利用邏輯關(guān)系判斷哪些信息是相對重要的信息，哪些信息是相對不重要的信息，從而簡化閱讀。,三段以上的篇章題從第二段開始定位(起始段落或句子一般不作為細(xì)節(jié)定位所在)真正細(xì)節(jié)題答案一般不在意群起始句。難定位的題目從選項(xiàng)中找定位線索，因?yàn)檫x項(xiàng)是從同一個(gè)角度來說的。一種情況是考段落或意群主題，定位與預(yù)想答案都比較簡單。,一種情況是考段落或意群中的特殊語言形式，如讓步，負(fù)評價(jià)和混合評價(jià)，對比和比較，如短文中的從句等。最難的一種情況是看不出或至少不能明顯看出，考什么內(nèi)容，總之所考查的似乎與段落主題沒有什么直接關(guān)系，

4、雖然也會出現(xiàn)與意群或段落主題無關(guān)或相反的選項(xiàng)，但其他的選項(xiàng)仍然需要做進(jìn)一步的判斷。,Step One,First, read Material One under teachers instructions. Then teacher gives hints or tips for reading. Finally, teacher checks the answers and gives explanations.,For the past two decades, the United States has pursued parallel but separate approaches

5、toward deepening bilateral trade relations with countries in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) and the Asia-Pacific region. For the past five years, similar initiatives have been launched with countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). In all three regions, the trade pacts build on th

6、e precedents established first by the Canada-US Free Trade Agreement (FTA) signed in January 1988, and then the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) signed in December 1992.,The Canada-US pact sparkeda run of proposals in the late 1980s for bilateral FTAs between the United States and South K

7、orea, Taiwan, the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), and Australia that resulted in stacks of economic studies but no negotiations. Similarly, the NAFTA catalyzed interest throughout Latin America in securing greater access to the US market and to US capital. Besides the exceptional US

8、 FTA with Israel (signed in 1985), no country in the MENA region expressed interest in a similar trade deal with the United States.,In both the LAC and Asia-Pacific regions, proposals for bilateral talks quickly were submerged into regional initiatives with similar long-run objectives but starkly di

9、fferent modalities. The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum launched its vision of free trade and investment in the region at its Bogor Summit in November 1994. A few weeks later, Western Hemisphere countries followed suit by committing to negotiate a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA

10、) at the Summit of the Americas in Miami in December 1994.,A decade later, the APEC and FTAA initiatives have achieved only modest results. The APEC process has been stalled by agricultural protectionism, financial crises, and the challenge of integrating China into the regional economy. The FTAA ta

11、lks have slogged along under the weight of trying to forge consensus among 34 widely disparate countries in terms of size and level of development. In both cases, new bilateral initiatives have sought to spur” competitive liberalization in the region to accelerate the pace of trade reform.,In the As

12、ia-Pacific, Singapore has taken the lead in constructing bilateral FTAs (with Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and the United States) that aim to establish a P-5 as the heart of an APEC free trade area. In addition to the US-Singapore pact, the United States also launched FTA negotiations with Thailan

13、d in June 2004. In Latin America, the United States has complemented the NAFTA by concluding FTA talks with Chile after a decade long engagement, and negotiating a similar deal with the Central American countries and the Dominican Republic.,In addition, talks are underway with three members of the A

14、ndean Community (Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru) and Panama. Taken together, the US initiatives have set out both carrots and sticks to provoke Brazil, the FTAA co-chair with the United States, and its Mercosur partners to work aggressively to conclude the FTAA negotiations. In the MENA region, FTA ini

15、tiatives began in the late 1990s as a complement to broader efforts to promote peace and stability in the Middle East.,The Clinton administration established the regional benchmark by concluding a pact with Jordan in 2000. The Bush administration secured congressional ratification of that FTA in 200

16、1, negotiated FTAs with Morocco (signed in 2003) and Bahrain (signed in 2004), and announced the long-term goal of achieving a Middle East FTA within a decade. In early 2005, US officials began FTA negotiations with Oman and the United Arab Emirates.,It examines the US trade initiatives in each regi

17、on and their impact on regional negotiations and the Doha Round. It starts with a discussion of the new regionalism in US trade policy, and examines US objectives and priorities in pursuing bilateral FTAs in the three regions.,Step Two,Students read Material Two themselves firstly. Then teacher chec

18、ks the answers without giving explanations.,vocabulary,1. precedent n. 先例,慣例 2. stack n. 堆,一大堆 3. modality n. 樣式, 形式 4. submerge v. 使浸沒, 潛入水中 5. ratification n. 批準(zhǔn), 認(rèn)可 6. feasibility n. 可行性,7. cross-border a. 跨境的 8. fealty n. 效忠, 忠誠 9. dispel v. 驅(qū)散,消除 10. falter vi. 動(dòng)搖,遲疑 11. unilateral a. 單方面的,單邊的,

19、12. bolster v. 支持,鼓勵(lì) 13. grumble vi. 抱怨；咕噥 n. 抱怨， 14. bail-out n. 財(cái)政資助 15. subsidy n. 津貼，補(bǔ)助金,16. bust v. 打破 17. beget v. 產(chǎn)生，引起 18. slump vi. 暴跌；突然倒下 n. 蕭條期 19. transparency n. 透明度,透光度,透徹性,單元注釋,1. gross domestic product 國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值（GDP），是衡量一個(gè)國家收入的重要指標(biāo)。它是所有貨物在給定時(shí)間內(nèi)（通常為一年），不包括來自國外的凈財(cái)產(chǎn)的收入，產(chǎn)生的總價(jià)值。,2. FTA FTA是

20、自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定 (Free Trade Agreement) 的英文簡稱,它是獨(dú)立關(guān)稅主體之間以自愿結(jié)合方式,就貿(mào)易自由化及其相關(guān)問題達(dá)成的協(xié)定。 3. NAFTA abbr. North American Free Trade Agreement 北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定 4. ASEAN abbr. = Association of Southeast Asian Nations 東南亞國家聯(lián)盟,5. APEC 亞太經(jīng)濟(jì)合作組織，是亞太地區(qū)的一個(gè)主要經(jīng)濟(jì)合作組織，1989年1月澳大利亞總理霍克訪問韓國時(shí)建議召開部長級會議，討論加強(qiáng)亞太經(jīng)濟(jì)合作問題。 6. Andean Community 安地斯組織

21、 1969年根據(jù)安地斯條約 (Andean Pact) 所成立的南美自由貿(mào)易組織. 現(xiàn)有玻利維亞、哥倫比亞、厄瓜多爾、秘魯和委內(nèi)瑞拉5個(gè)會員國. 委內(nèi)瑞拉于1973年加入, 而原始會員國智利則于1976年退出. 總部設(shè)在秘魯首都利馬。,7. Gulf Cooperation Council 波斯灣合作理事會， 由沙特阿拉伯、巴林、科威特、阿拉伯聯(lián)合酋長國、卡塔爾和阿曼六國組成。 8. Doha deal 多哈談判 9. China-Asean Free Trade Area (CAFTA) 中國東盟自貿(mào)區(qū) 10. equity investment 股權(quán)投資，指通過投資取得被投資單位的股份。是指企業(yè)（或者個(gè)人）購買的其他企業(yè)（準(zhǔn)備上市、未上市公司）的股票或以貨幣資金、無形資產(chǎn)和其他實(shí)物資產(chǎn)直接投資于其他單位，最終目的是為了獲得較大的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益，這種經(jīng)濟(jì)利益可以通過分得利潤或股利獲取，也可以通過其他方式取得。,11. 以下動(dòng)詞均有“沉浸、浸入”之意：imme