1、Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Gastric Cancer with S-1, an Oral Fluoropyrimidine -ACTS-GC,Introduction,Meta-analyses have shown that adjuvant chemotherapy is effective in treating gastric cancer.However, the effectiveness of specific regimens has not been verified in large clinical trials.,Background,Adv

2、anced gastric cancer can respond to S-1, an oral fluoropyrimidine. We tested S-1 as adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with curatively resected gastric cancer.,METHODS,Patients in Japan with stage II or III gastric cancer who underwent gastrectomy with extended (D2) lymph-node dissection were randoml

3、y assigned to undergo surgery followed by adjuvant therapy with S-1 or to undergo surgery only.,METHODS,In the S-1 group, administration of S-1 was started within 6 weeks after surgery and continued for 1 year. The treatment regimen consisted of 6-week cycles in which, in principle, 80 mg of oral S-

4、1 per square meter of body-surface area per day was given for 4 weeks and no chemotherapy was given for the following 2 weeks. The primary end point was overall survival.,Eligibility Criteria,The criteria for eligibility were histologically proven gastric cancer of stage II , IIIA, or IIIB; D2 or mo

5、re extensive lymph-node dissection with R0 surgery ; no hepatic, peritoneal, or distant metastasis; no tumor cells in peritoneal fluid on cytologic analysis; an age of 20 to 80 years; no previous treatment for cancer except for the initial gastric resection for the primary lesion; and adequate organ

6、 function.,Study Design and Treatment,The primary end point was overall survival; secondary end points were relapse-free survival and the degree of safety of S-1.Patients were enrolled, within 6 weeks after surgery and randomly assigned to either the S-1 group or the surgery-only group.,Study Design

7、 and Treatment,Patients assigned to the S-1 group received two oral doses of 40 mg of S-1 per square meter of body-surface area per day, for 4 weeks, followed by 2 weeks of no chemotherapy. This 6-week cycle was repeated during the first year after surgery. The surgery-only group received no antican

8、cer treatment after surgery, unless there was a confirmed relapse. Patients in both groups were to be followed up for 5 years postoperatively.,RESULTS,We randomly assigned 529 patients to the S-1 group and 530 patients to the surgeryonly group between October 2001 and December 2004. The trial was st

9、opped on the recommendation of the independent data and safety monitoring committee, because the first interim analysis, performed 1 year after enrollment was completed, showed that the S-1 group had a higher rate of overall survival than the surgery-only group (P = 0.002).,RESULTS,Analysis of follo

10、w-up data showed that the 3-year overall survival rate was 80.1% in the S-1 group and 70.1% in the surgery-only group. The hazard ratio for death in the S-1 group, as compared with the surgery-only group, was 0.68 (95% confidence interval, 0.52 to 0.87; P = 0.003).,RESULTS,Adverse events of grade 3

11、or grade 4 (defined according to the Common Toxicity Criteria of the National Cancer Institute) that were relatively common in the S-1 group were anorexia (6.0%), nausea (3.7%), and diarrhea (3.1%).,Overall Survival and Relapse-Free Survival,The hazard ratio for death in the S-1 group, as compared w

12、ith the surgery-only group, was 0.68 . The 3-year overall survival rate was 80.1% in the S-1 group and 70.1% in the surgery-only group. The hazard ratio for relapse in the S-1 group, as compared with the surgery-only group, was 0.62.,Overall Survival and Relapse-Free Survival,Overall Survival and Re

13、lapse-Free Survival,The rate of relapse-free survival at 3 years was 72.2% in the S-1 group and 59.6% in the surgery-only group. Among eligible patients, the hazard ratio for death in the S-1 group, as compared with the surgery-only group, was 0.66 .,Overall Survival and Relapse-Free Survival,Site o

14、f First Relapse,Common sites of first relapse were the peritoneum,hematogenous sites, and lymph nodes (Table3). Local relapse occurred in 7 patients in theS-1 group (1.3%) and in 15 patients in the surgery-only group (2.8%). Postoperative treatment with S-1 reduced the frequencies of peritoneal and

15、lymph-node relapses.,Site of First Relapse,In the surgery-only group,84 patients (15.8%) had peritoneal relapse, and 46patients (8.7%) had lymph-node relapse. In the S-1group, 59 patients (11.2%) had peritoneal relapse,and 27 (5.1%) had lymph-node relapse.,Subgroup Analysis,The overall survival of e

16、ligible patients was analyzed according to sex, age, cancer stage, tumor stage, nodal stage, and histologic type.There was no significant interaction between the treatment group and any of the variables studied.,Hazard Ratios for Death and P Values for the Interaction of Treatment Group and Baseline

17、 Characteristic among Eligible Patients.,DISCUSSION,1. Few large-scale trials have compared postoperative adjuvant therapy with surgery alone among patients with gastric cancer. Such large trials have been performed by the INT-0116 study and the MAGIC trial.,The INT-0116 study, showed that adjuvant

18、chemoradiotherapy prolonged overall survival and relapse-free survival. Most patients in the INT-0116 study underwent either D0 or D1 surgery, with only 10% undergoing D2 surgery. The characteristics of patients in the INT-0116 study differed from those in our trial.,DISCUSSION,In the MAGIC trial, c

19、onducted mainly in the United Kingdom, perioperative and postoperative chemotherapy with epirubicin, cisplatin, and infused fluorouracil significantly prolonged overall survival and relapse-free survival. In that study, D2 surgery was not performed as a standard procedure.,DISCUSSION,2.The survival

20、rate 3 years after surgery was 80.5% in the S-1 group and 70.1% in the surgery-only group. The results may change marginally at the 5-year follow-up. However, the number of events in the surgery-only group has already reached nearly 80% of that initially predicted for 5 years.,DISCUSSION,At the firs

21、t interim analysis, the predicted probability that overall survival in the S-1 group would be significantly better than that in the surgery-only group at final analysis was estimated to be 99.3%.,DISCUSSION,3.Although it has sometimes been suggested that there may be differences in certain aspects o

22、f gastric cancer in Japan and the West, there have been no significant differences identified between Japan and the United Kingdom with regard to possible genetic influences or between Japan and European countries in the distribution of important prognostic factors.,DISCUSSION,Moreover, Italian inve

23、stigators have reported that pancreas-preserving D2 dissection performed at centers with experience in this procedure can provide a survival benefit. If adequate D2 dissection were performed, we believe that treatment outcomes in Western countries would be similar to those in Japan. We acknowledge that the results of our trial may not be valid in countries where D2 surgery is not considered the standard operation.,DISCUSSION,4