1、第十二章 內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng),Endocrine System,一、內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)的組成與基本功能,結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)： 無導(dǎo)管 毛細(xì)血管豐富（有孔或血竇） 腺細(xì)胞排列成團(tuán)、束或圍成濾泡,Communication by the Nervous and Endocrine Systems,Neuron,Nerve impulse,Neurotransmitter,Target cells,Target cells,(b) Endocrine system,(a) Nervous system,Endocrine cells,Hormone in bloodstream,二、內(nèi)分泌細(xì)胞與激素,二、內(nèi)分泌細(xì)胞與激素分類

2、,分泌含氮激素細(xì)胞,分泌類固醇激素細(xì)胞,胚胎來源,外或內(nèi)胚層,中胚層,內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng),RER發(fā)達(dá),SER發(fā)達(dá),線粒體,一般,管泡狀嵴,脂滴,少,較多,分泌顆粒,有, 膜包裹,無,受體部位,在靶細(xì)胞膜上,在靶細(xì)胞胞質(zhì)內(nèi),分泌激素,氨基酸、 類肽類、蛋白質(zhì)類,腎上腺素、性激素,釋放方式,出胞方式 擴(kuò)散方式,疏水性激素和親水性激素,Blood,Transport protein,Free hormones,Bound hormone,Hydrophobic hormone,Tissue fluid,Receptor in nucleus,Second- messenger activation,Recept

3、or in plasma membrane,Target cell,Hydrophilic hormone,Hydrophobic（疏水性激素） penetrate plasma membrane and enter nucleus act directly on the genes estrogen, progesterone, thyroid hormone act on nuclear receptors take several hours to days to show effect due to lag for protein synthesis Hydrophilic（親水性激素

4、） cannot penetrate target cell must stimulate indirectly,Enzyme Amplification,hormones are extraordinarily potent chemicals one hormone molecule can trigger the synthesis of many enzyme molecules very small stimulus can produce very large effect,Hormone,Activated enzymes,Metabolic product,Great effe

5、ct,Small stimulus,Reaction cascade (time),cAMP and protein kinase,電鏡觀察,三、內(nèi)分泌器官,下丘腦與垂體 松果體 甲狀腺 甲狀旁腺 腎上腺 睪丸和卵巢（生殖系統(tǒng)）,The function of endocrine system,Modulate metabolism Growth and development Keep the stabilization of microenvironment,In conjunction with the nervous system, endocrine system coordinat

6、e and integrate the functions of all the tissues and organs in the body.,第一節(jié) 下丘腦與垂體,垂體的發(fā)生與分部,垂體,腺垂體,神經(jīng)垂體,神經(jīng)部,漏斗和 正中隆起,結(jié)節(jié)部,遠(yuǎn)側(cè)部(前葉),中間部,后葉,腺垂體的結(jié)構(gòu)、功能及其與下丘腦的關(guān)系,嗜酸性細(xì)胞（acidophil） 嗜堿性細(xì)胞（basophil） 嫌色細(xì)胞（chromophobe cell） 濾泡星形細(xì)胞,Cells and hormones of the anterior pituitary,A.K. Christensen,生長激素？,生長激素？,嗜酸性細(xì)胞,生

7、長激素細(xì)胞：STH,催乳激素細(xì)胞：PRL,嗜堿性細(xì)胞,促甲狀腺激素細(xì)胞：TSH,促性腺激素細(xì)胞：FSH，LH,促腎上皮質(zhì)腺激素細(xì)胞：ACTH，LPH，B-END,嫌色細(xì)胞,濾泡星形細(xì)胞(folliculostellate cell):GFAP,黑素細(xì)胞刺激素細(xì)胞:a-MSH,垂體上動脈,初級毛細(xì)血管網(wǎng),次級毛細(xì)血管網(wǎng),垂體門微靜脈,靜脈竇,垂體下動脈,毛細(xì)血管網(wǎng),靜脈竇,垂體的血管分布,垂體門脈系統(tǒng),無髓神經(jīng)纖維 赫林體（Herring body） 垂體細(xì)胞（pituicyte） 毛細(xì)血管,神經(jīng)垂體的結(jié)構(gòu)、功能及其與下丘腦的關(guān)系,下丘腦垂體束,抗利尿激素（ADH） 催產(chǎn)素（OX）,Key po

8、int:為什么說下丘腦與腺垂體在功能上是一個整體,與神經(jīng)垂體在結(jié)構(gòu)和功能上是一個整體？,第二節(jié) 松果體,松果體細(xì)胞（pinealocyte） 神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞 無髓神經(jīng)纖維,分泌：褪黑素（melatonin）,2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,三位科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)了細(xì)胞是如何精確調(diào)控24小時晝夜節(jié)律,第三節(jié) 甲狀腺,Thyroid capillary（有孔毛細(xì)血管） beds, corrosion vascular cast, SEM,Stan Erlandsen Medical Histology slide set, slide MH 9/D/5,

9、濾泡上皮細(xì)胞,濾泡上皮細(xì)胞:單層立方上皮 Follicular epithelial cell,膠質(zhì)：碘化的甲狀腺球蛋白,微絨毛、分泌顆粒、膠質(zhì)小泡,功能：分泌甲狀腺素,合成,儲存,碘化,重吸收,分解,釋放入血,碘泵,濾泡旁細(xì)胞,T4、T3,T3,T4的功能： 增加基礎(chǔ)代謝，調(diào)節(jié)脂類代謝，影響胎兒生長發(fā)育和神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的發(fā)育。,T3,T4？TSH？,濾泡旁細(xì)胞（parafollicular cell),功能,1. 降鈣素（calcitonin）,成骨細(xì)胞,血鈣,+,2. 生長抑素,-,甲狀腺素,-,第四節(jié) 甲狀旁腺,主細(xì)胞 Chief cell,嗜酸性細(xì)胞 Oxyphilic cell,甲狀旁腺素

10、 Parathyroid hormone,成骨細(xì)胞,腸、腎小管,破骨細(xì)胞,鈣吸收,血鈣,+,+,第五節(jié) 腎上腺,Adrenal gland,Kidney,Adrenal cortex,Adrenal medulla,(a),(b),Connective tissue capsule,Adrenal cortex,Adrenal medulla,Zona glomerulosa,Zona fasciculata,Zona reticularis,Suprarenal vein,zonaglomerulosa（球狀帶） 15%，細(xì)胞較小，核染色深，含少量脂滴。分泌鹽皮質(zhì)激素（保鈉排鉀）。 zona

11、 fasciculata（束狀帶） 78%，細(xì)胞較大，核染色淺，富含脂滴。分泌糖皮質(zhì)激素（ 促進(jìn)糖異生）。 zona reticularis（網(wǎng)狀帶） 7%，細(xì)胞較小，含少量脂滴和大量脂褐素，染色深。分泌雄激素，少量糖皮質(zhì)激素。 髓質(zhì)（中央靜脈）,皮質(zhì),髓質(zhì)細(xì)胞（嗜鉻細(xì)胞，chromaffin cell ）： 細(xì)胞較大，嗜堿性，核染色淺，嗜鉻顆粒有膜包被，大部分含腎上腺素，少部分含去甲腎上腺素 神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞：散在于髓質(zhì)細(xì)胞之間,髓質(zhì),Bile duct,Duodenum,Tail of pancreas,Head of pancreas,(a),(b) Pancreatic islet,Panc

12、reatic ducts,Beta cell,Delta cell,Alpha cell,(c),Pancreatic islet,Exocrine acinus,Pancreas,exocrine digestive gland and endocrine cell clusters (pancreatic islets),彌散神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)( Diffuse Neuroendocrine System,DNES),skin keratinocytes make cholecalciferol （維生素D3）using UV from sun liver involved in the pr

13、oduction of at least five hormones converts cholecalciferol into calcidiol secretes angiotensinogen (血管緊張素原) secretes 15% of erythropoietin (紅細(xì)胞生成素) Hepcidin（鐵調(diào)節(jié)蛋白） promotes intestinal absorption of iron et.al. kidneys plays role in production of three hormones converts calcidiol to calcitriol, the

14、active form of vitamin D secrete renin （腎素）that converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I produce 85% of erythropoietin,heart cardiac muscle secretes atrial and brain natriuretic peptides（心鈉素） in response to an increase in blood pressure lowers blood pressure stomach and small intestine: at least ten enteric hormones coordinate digestive motility and glandular secretion adipose tissue secretes leptin（瘦素） - slows appetite osseous tissue osteocalcin secr