1、長江流域生物多樣性特征與自然保護The Features and the Conservation of Biodiversity in the Yangtze Basin,陳家寬 黃心一 Jiakuan Chen Xinyi Huang 復(fù)旦大學(xué)生物多樣性研究所 Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University,長江流域生物多樣性Biodiversity in Yangtze River Basin,1.長江流域生物多樣性,Biodiversity in Yangtze River basin,全長6300千米,中國第一大河，世界第三大河

2、 6300km long, the longest river in China and the third longest river in the world. 流經(jīng)11個省市,流域面積1,800,000平方千米，占我國面積的19% Goes through 10 provinces or municipalities. Drainage area is 1,800,000 km2，covering one fifth of China. 流域人口占全國人口的1/3 Cover one third population of the whole China.,(1)長江流域特征 Featu

3、res of Yangtze River basin,1.長江流域生物多樣性,Biodiversity in Yangtze River basin,流域地理位置經(jīng)、緯度跨度大，因此光照、氣溫、降雨量、土壤類型等自然因素在流域內(nèi)差異極大。 Longitude and latitude of stretch range of the Yangtze River basin is very wide, natural conditions (light source, temperature, rainfall and soil type) are very different.,(1)長江流域特

4、征 Features of Yangtze River basin,1.長江流域生物多樣性,Biodiversity in Yangtze River basin,地質(zhì)構(gòu)造極為復(fù)雜，跨揚子準地臺與華南褶皺系，秦嶺褶皺系，松潘甘孜褶皺系四大地質(zhì)構(gòu)造單元。 Geological structure is very complex, consisting of four components: Yangtze quasi-platform, south China, Qingling Mountains, Songpanganzi fold.,(1)長江流域特征 Features of Yangtz

5、e River basin,1.長江流域生物多樣性,Biodiversity in Yangtze River basin,. 經(jīng)歷過重大地質(zhì)事件，包括第三、四紀冰期，同時塑造出多樣的地貌類型，包括高原、山地、丘陵、河流和湖泊。 A number of geological events: the Tertiary and Quaternary glaciers resulted in the formation of plateaus, mountains ,hills, plains and lakes.,(1)長江流域特征 Features of Yangtze River basin,

6、物理條件 Physical condition,地質(zhì)歷史 Geological history,人類活動 Human activities,influence,生物多樣性 Biodiversity,反映 reflect,1.長江流域生物多樣性,Biodiversity in Yangtze River basin,(1)長江流域生物多樣性特征 Features of biodiversity in Yangtze River basin,影響 influence,influence,1.長江流域生物多樣性,Biodiversity in Yangtze River basin,(1)長江流域生

7、物多樣性特征 Features of biodiversity in Yangtze River basin,一、具有國際意義的生物多樣性地區(qū)多，包括秦嶺太白山地區(qū)，川西高山峽谷地區(qū)，兩湖平原濕地區(qū)域等。 1.Large number of important areas with international interest in biodiversity, such as Qinling Mountains, West Sichuan Canyon and wetlands in Dongting-Poyang Lake Plains.,influence,1.長江流域生物多樣性,Biod

8、iversity in Yangtze River basin,(1)長江流域生物多樣性特征 Features of biodiversity in Yangtze River basin,二、各種生物類群中的關(guān)鍵類群都有。 2.Contain a large number of key taxa. 三、三個層次（生態(tài)系統(tǒng)、物種、遺傳）上上午多樣性程度極高 3.Has a great biodiversity at genetic, species and ecosystem levels.,influence,1.長江流域生物多樣性,Biodiversity in Yangtze River

9、 basin,(1)長江流域生物多樣性特征 Features of biodiversity in Yangtze River basin,四、主要栽培植物、家養(yǎng)動物和淡水魚類種質(zhì)資源豐富 4. Abundant in germplasm resouces of major cultivated crops, domestic animals including freshwater fish.,influence,1.長江流域生物多樣性,Biodiversity in Yangtze River basin,(2)流域生物多樣性受到各種形式人類活動的影響 The biodiversity o

10、f the Yangtze River Basin has been threatened by human disturbance in a great diversity of ways,水利工程建設(shè) construction of water conservancy projects 砍伐森林 deforestation 城市化 urbanization 墾荒種田 reclamation of wastland 圍湖造田 reclamation of land from lakes 濫捕與養(yǎng)殖 fishery and aquaculture 大規(guī)模基本建設(shè)(如鐵路，公路和港口) cons

11、truction of infrastructure（e.g., railway highways and ports）,influence,1.長江流域生物多樣性,Biodiversity in Yangtze River basin,(2)流域生物多樣性受到各種形式人類活動的影響 The biodiversity of the Yangtze River Basin has been threatened by human disturbance in a great diversity of ways,這些活動帶來了經(jīng)濟的繁榮，但同時導(dǎo)致了大量環(huán)境問題的出現(xiàn) First, these a

12、ctivities have brought about the economic prosperity, on the other hand, they cause a number of environmental problems,景觀破碎化 Fragmentation of landscape 植被破壞 Destruction of vegetation 土壤侵蝕 Soil erosion 江湖隔離 Separation of river from lakes 湖泊面積減少Sharp reduction in lake area 水污染 Water pollution,生物賴以生存的自

13、然生境退化 Degradation of natural habitats on which organisms depend,生態(tài)系統(tǒng)衰退Retrogression of ecosystems 瀕危物種增多 An increase in the number of endangered species 遺傳多樣性下降 An unacceptable loss of genetic diversity,influence,1.長江流域生物多樣性,Biodiversity in Yangtze River basin,(2)流域生物多樣性受到各種形式人類活動的影響 The biodiversit

14、y of the Yangtze River Basin has been threatened by human disturbance in a great diversity of ways,流域內(nèi)人類破壞生物多樣性的兩個典型方式： In the basin, there are two typical forms of the human disturbance:,水利工程建設(shè) Water conservancy projects,圍湖造田 Reclamation of land from lakes,influence,1.長江流域生物多樣性,Biodiversity in Yang

15、tze River basin,(2)流域生物多樣性受到各種形式人類活動的影響 The biodiversity of the Yangtze River Basin has been threatened by human disturbance in a great diversity of ways,水利工程的影響 Water conservancy projects,上游干支流水電資源豐富 The upper reaches of the Yangtze River and its tributaries have potential hydro-electric resources.

16、 我國發(fā)展對能源的需求量大 Our country has a high demand of energy for development.,三峽大壩和諸多上游水利工程建設(shè) Construction of Magadam (the Three-Gorges dam) and many water conservancy projects in upper reaches.,自然生境破碎化 Fragmentation of the natural habitats,陸生植物和水生動物受到深遠影響，尤其是洄游性魚類 Have profound effects on terrestrial plan

17、ts and aquatic animals, especially migratory fishes.,influence,1.長江流域生物多樣性,Biodiversity in Yangtze River basin,(2)流域生物多樣性受到各種形式人類活動的影響 The biodiversity of the Yangtze River Basin has been threatened by human disturbance in a great diversity of ways,圍湖造田 Reclamation of land from lakes,中下游流域內(nèi)有強烈的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展需

18、求 There is a high demand of economic development in the drainage area of middle and lower reaches.,水利工程建設(shè)，圍湖造田 Water conservancy projects, reclamation of land from lake and fishery in middle and lower reaches.,江湖隔離，湖泊濕地面積縮小Separation of river from lakes and sharp reduction in lake area.,瀕危物種增加，水生植被退

19、化，魚類小型化，水污染 Increase in the number of endangered species, appearance of small-sized fishes, degradation of aquatic vegetation, and water pollution.,influence,2.長江流域生物多樣性與經(jīng)濟協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展的建議,Strategies for co-ordinate the economic development with biodiversity conservation,一、盡快成立“長江流域生物多樣性研究中心”，對關(guān)鍵地區(qū)，關(guān)鍵類群進行搶救性

20、研究 1.To found a research center for biodiversity in the Yangtse River basin as soon as possible so that the important habitats and the key taxa can be protected or rescued.,influence,2.長江流域生物多樣性與經(jīng)濟協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展的建議,Strategies for co-ordinate the economic development with biodiversity conservation,二、提供三個層次的生物多

21、樣性清單 2.To provide a compete list of biodiversity of three levels (genetic, species and ecosystem). 三、重新確定必要的、可行的保護區(qū)域 3.To establish nature reserves which constitute representative examples of genetic, species and ecosystem diversity in the basin.,influence,2.長江流域生物多樣性與經(jīng)濟協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展的建議,Strategies for co-ord

22、inate the economic development with biodiversity conservation,四、對可供繼續(xù)利用的生物多樣性做出有關(guān)潛力的評價 4.To evaluate biotic resources which are of sustainable use 五、對現(xiàn)有和將來采用的與社會經(jīng)濟活動方式對生物多樣性的影響做出評價 5.To assess the impacts of the current social and economic activities on biodiversity,influence,2.長江流域生物多樣性與經(jīng)濟協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展的建議,S

23、trategies for co-ordinate the economic development with biodiversity conservation,六、對長江流域的社會與經(jīng)濟發(fā)展作出中、長期規(guī)劃，該規(guī)劃應(yīng)與生物多樣性保護及可持續(xù)利用相協(xié)調(diào) 6. To plan the short- and long-term social economic development of the basin so that the development and the sustainable use of biodiversity can be co-ordinated,influence,2

24、.長江流域生物多樣性與經(jīng)濟協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展的建議,Strategies for co-ordinate the economic development with biodiversity conservation,七、對公眾進行相關(guān)教育 4.To make people of all social strata aware of the significance of biodiversity conservation by making full use of all kinds of media. 八、投入并籌集必要的經(jīng)費 5.To invest and/or raise necessary c

25、apital in/for scientific research.,長江流域生物多樣性保護 以中下游濕地為例Conservation in Yangtze River Basin: Take the case of conservation of wetland in Middle and Lower Reaches Basin,3.長江中下游濕地保護的重要性,The significance of protecting wetlands in Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River,一、干流江面寬展曲折，支流密布，淡水流量大 Wide mains

26、tream ，so many anabranches and high flux of freshwater 二、密集分布著通江、淺水、變化劇烈的湖泊群 Densely distributes shallow lakes which connect rivers and change severely 三、河漫灘、湖濱、海濱沼澤發(fā)育良好 Everglades are well developed at shore of rivers, lakes and sea,(1)特有的流域濕地結(jié)構(gòu) proper structure of wetlands,這樣的濕地系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)在地球同緯度地區(qū)是唯一的！,T

27、his structure is one and only in the same latitude on the earth!,The significance of protecting wetlands in Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River,3.長江中下游濕地保護的重要性,(2)維護豐富的生物多樣性 conserving profuse biodiversity,一、獨特的草型湖泊 初級生產(chǎn)力高 Distinctive grass-grown lakes，High primary productivity 二、水生生物多樣性高 High

28、 aquatic biodiversity 三、大量珍稀特有種 Many rare endemic species,3.長江中下游濕地保護的重要性,the significance of protecting wetlands in Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River,(3)保障流域生態(tài)安全 safeguarding ecological security,調(diào)蓄洪水 regulating and storing floods 供應(yīng)優(yōu)質(zhì)水源,凈化水體 providing high-quality water, purifying water 調(diào)節(jié)氣

29、候, 凈化空氣 regulating climate, purifying air 是強大碳匯 being significant carbon sink,3.長江中下游濕地保護的重要性,The significance of protecting wetlands in Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River,第一產(chǎn)業(yè)（農(nóng)、漁業(yè)） primary industry,(4)與社會經(jīng)濟發(fā)展聯(lián)系緊密 tightly connect with the social-economic development,第二產(chǎn)業(yè)（運輸業(yè)） secondary indus

30、try,第三產(chǎn)業(yè)（城市供水，旅游業(yè)） tertiary industry,4.長江中下游濕地保護-建立自然保護區(qū),(1)最近一次官方統(tǒng)計（2008.12） latest official statistic（Oct, 2008）,W:內(nèi)陸濕地與水域生態(tài)系統(tǒng)類型（wetlands ecosystem） A:野生動物類型（wild animal） V:野生植物類型（wild vegetation） T:總計（total）,N:國家級（managed by Nation） P:省級（ managed by province） Ci:市級（ managed by city） Co:縣級（ manage

31、d by county）,Conservation of wetlands in Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River-Construction of Wetland Nature Reserves,(2)發(fā)展歷史分析 development history,2000年后，流域內(nèi)濕地自然 保護區(qū)數(shù)量迅猛發(fā)展,內(nèi)陸濕地與水域類型濕地自然保護區(qū)比重在發(fā)展過程中不斷增加,Quantity of nature reserves grew fast after 2000,Proportion of wetlands ecosystem type nature

32、 reserves have been increasing during development,4.長江中下游濕地保護-建立自然保護區(qū),Conservation of wetlands in Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River-Construction of Wetland Nature Reserves,(3)行政主管部門情況 administrative departments,濕地自然保護區(qū)主管部門比例,國家級濕地自然保護區(qū)主管部門比例,Proportion of different administrative departments

33、 of all wetland nature reserves,Proportion of different administrative departments of wetland nature reserves managed by Nation,4.長江中下游濕地保護-建立自然保護區(qū),Conservation of wetlands in Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River-Construction of Wetland Nature Reserves,(4)空間分布現(xiàn)狀 spatial distribution,分布于不同的各省級行政

34、單位,distribute in different provinces,4.長江中下游濕地保護-建立自然保護區(qū),Conservation of wetlands in Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River-Construction of Wetland Nature Reserves,(4)空間分布現(xiàn)狀 spatial distribution,分布于不同的一級支流流域,distribute in different first level branches,Middle reaches of mainstream,Hanjiang river,

35、Dongting lake,Poyang lake,Tai lake,Lower reaches of mainstream,4.長江中下游濕地保護-建立自然保護區(qū),Conservation of wetlands in Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River-Construction of Wetland Nature Reserves,長江中下游流域濕地自然保護區(qū)（截止2008.12）,4.長江中下游濕地保護-建立自然保護區(qū),Conservation of wetlands in Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River-Construction of Wetland Nature Reserves,(5)流域濕地自然保護區(qū)與長江濕地網(wǎng)絡(luò) wetland nature reserves in drainage area and the “Network”,4.長江中下游濕地保護-建立自然保護區(qū),Conservation of wetlands in Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River-Construction of Wetland Nature Reserve